Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Alvestrand
Request for Comments: 8835 Google
Category: Standards Track January 2021
ISSN: 2070-1721
Transports for WebRTC
Abstract
This document describes the data transport protocols used by Web
Real-Time Communication (WebRTC), including the protocols used for
interaction with intermediate boxes such as firewalls, relays, and
NAT boxes.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8835.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Requirements Language
3. Transport and Middlebox Specification
3.1. System-Provided Interfaces
3.2. Ability to Use IPv4 and IPv6
3.3. Usage of Temporary IPv6 Addresses
3.4. Middlebox-Related Functions
3.5. Transport Protocols Implemented
4. Media Prioritization
4.1. Local Prioritization
4.2. Usage of Quality of Service -- DSCP and Multiplexing
5. IANA Considerations
6. Security Considerations
7. References
7.1. Normative References
7.2. Informative References
Acknowledgements
Author's Address
1. Introduction
WebRTC is a protocol suite aimed at real-time multimedia exchange
between browsers, and between browsers and other entities.
WebRTC is described in the WebRTC overview document [RFC8825], which
also defines terminology used in this document, including the terms
"WebRTC endpoint" and "WebRTC browser".
Terminology for RTP sources is taken from [RFC7656].
This document focuses on the data transport protocols that are used
by conforming implementations, including the protocols used for
interaction with intermediate boxes such as firewalls, relays, and
NAT boxes.
This protocol suite is intended to satisfy the security
considerations described in the WebRTC security documents, [RFC8826]
and [RFC8827].
This document describes requirements that apply to all WebRTC
endpoints. When there are requirements that apply only to WebRTC
browsers, this is called out explicitly.
2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Transport and Middlebox Specification
3.1. System-Provided Interfaces
The protocol specifications used here assume that the following
protocols are available to the implementations of the WebRTC
protocols:
UDP [RFC0768]: This is the protocol assumed by most protocol
elements described.
TCP [RFC0793]: This is used for HTTP/WebSockets, as well as TURN/TLS
and ICE-TCP.
For both protocols, IPv4 and IPv6 support is assumed.
For UDP, this specification assumes the ability to set the
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) of the sockets opened on a
per-packet basis, in order to achieve the prioritizations described
in [RFC8837] (see Section 4.2 of this document) when multiple media
types are multiplexed. It does not assume that the DSCPs will be
honored and does assume that they may be zeroed or changed, since
this is a local configuration issue.
Platforms that do not give access to these interfaces will not be
able to support a conforming WebRTC endpoint.
This specification does not assume that the implementation will have
access to ICMP or raw IP.
The following protocols may be used, but they can be implemented by a
WebRTC endpoint and are therefore not defined as "system-provided
interfaces":
TURN: Traversal Using Relays Around NAT [RFC8656]
STUN: Session Traversal Utilities for NAT [RFC5389]
ICE: Interactive Connectivity Establishment [RFC8445]
TLS: Transport Layer Security [RFC8446]
DTLS: Datagram Transport Layer Security [RFC6347]
3.2. Ability to Use IPv4 and IPv6
Web applications running in a WebRTC browser MUST be able to utilize
both IPv4 and IPv6 where available -- that is, when two peers have
only IPv4 connectivity to each other, or they have only IPv6
connectivity to each other, applications running in the WebRTC
browser MUST be able to communicate.
When TURN is used, and the TURN server has IPv4 or IPv6 connectivity
to the peer or the peer's TURN server, candidates of the appropriate
types MUST be supported. The "Happy Eyeballs" specification for ICE
[RFC8421] SHOULD be supported.
3.3. Usage of Temporary IPv6 Addresses
The IPv6 default address selection specification [RFC6724] specifies
that temporary addresses [RFC4941] are to be preferred over permanent
addresses. This is a change from the rules specified by [RFC3484].
For applications that select a single address, this is usually done
by the IPV6_PREFER_SRC_TMP preference flag specified in [RFC5014].
However, this rule, which is intended to ensure that privacy-enhanced
addresses are used in preference to static addresses, doesn't have
the right effect in ICE, where all addresses are gathered and
therefore revealed to the application. Therefore, the following rule
is applied instead:
When a WebRTC endpoint gathers all IPv6 addresses on its host, and
both nondeprecated temporary addresses and permanent addresses of
the same scope are present, the WebRTC endpoint SHOULD discard the
permanent addresses before exposing addresses to the application
or using them in ICE. This is consistent with the default policy
described in [RFC6724].
If some, but not all, of the temporary IPv6 addresses are marked
deprecated, the WebRTC endpoint SHOULD discard the deprecated
addresses, unless they are used by an ongoing connection. In an
ICE restart, deprecated addresses that are currently in use MAY be
retained.
3.4. Middlebox-Related Functions
The primary mechanism for dealing with middleboxes is ICE, which is
an appropriate way to deal with NAT boxes and firewalls that accept
traffic from the inside, but only from the outside if it is in
response to inside traffic (simple stateful firewalls).
ICE [RFC8445] MUST be supported. The implementation MUST be a full
ICE implementation, not ICE-Lite. A full ICE implementation allows
interworking with both ICE and ICE-Lite implementations when they are
deployed appropriately.
In order to deal with situations where both parties are behind NATs
of the type that perform endpoint-dependent mapping (as defined in
[RFC5128], Section 2.4), TURN [RFC8656] MUST be supported.
WebRTC browsers MUST support configuration of STUN and TURN servers,
from both browser configuration and an application.
Note that other work exists around STUN and TURN server discovery and
management, including [RFC8155] for server discovery, as well as
[RETURN].
In order to deal with firewalls that block all UDP traffic, the mode
of TURN that uses TCP between the WebRTC endpoint and the TURN server
MUST be supported, and the mode of TURN that uses TLS over TCP
between the WebRTC endpoint and the TURN server MUST be supported.
See Section 3.1 of [RFC8656], for details.
In order to deal with situations where one party is on an IPv4
network and the other party is on an IPv6 network, TURN extensions
for IPv6 MUST be supported.
TURN TCP candidates, where the connection from the WebRTC endpoint's
TURN server to the peer is a TCP connection, [RFC6062] MAY be
supported.
However, such candidates are not seen as providing any significant
benefit, for the following reasons.
First, use of TURN TCP candidates would only be relevant in cases
where both peers are required to use TCP to establish a connection.
Second, that use case is supported in a different way by both sides
establishing UDP relay candidates using TURN over TCP to connect to
their respective relay servers.
Third, using TCP between the WebRTC endpoint's TURN server and the
peer may result in more performance problems than using UDP, e.g.,
due to head of line blocking.
ICE-TCP candidates [RFC6544] MUST be supported; this may allow
applications to communicate to peers with public IP addresses across
UDP-blocking firewalls without using a TURN server.
If TCP connections are used, RTP framing according to [RFC4571] MUST
be used for all packets. This includes the RTP packets, DTLS packets
used to carry data channels, and STUN connectivity check packets.
The ALTERNATE-SERVER mechanism specified in Section 11 of [RFC5389]
(300 Try Alternate) MUST be supported.
The WebRTC endpoint MAY support accessing the Internet through an
HTTP proxy. If it does so, it MUST include the "ALPN" header as
specified in [RFC7639], and proxy authentication as described in
Section 4.3.6 of [RFC7231] and [RFC7235] MUST also be supported.
3.5. Transport Protocols Implemented
For transport of media, secure RTP is used. The details of the RTP
profile used are described in "Media Transport and Use of RTP in
WebRTC" [RFC8834], which mandates the use of a circuit breaker
[RFC8083] and congestion control (see [RFC8836] for further
guidance).
Key exchange MUST be done using DTLS-SRTP, as described in [RFC8827].
For data transport over the WebRTC data channel [RFC8831], WebRTC
endpoints MUST support SCTP over DTLS over ICE. This encapsulation
is specified in [RFC8261]. Negotiation of this transport in the
Session Description Protocol (SDP) is defined in [RFC8841]. The SCTP
extension for I-DATA [RFC8260] MUST be supported.
The setup protocol for WebRTC data channels described in [RFC8832]
MUST be supported.
| Note: The interaction between DTLS-SRTP as defined in [RFC5764]
| and ICE as defined in [RFC8445] is described in Section 6 of
| [RFC8842]. The effect of this specification is that all ICE
| candidate pairs associated with a single component are part of
| the same DTLS association. Thus, there will only be one DTLS
| handshake, even if there are multiple valid candidate pairs.
WebRTC endpoints MUST support multiplexing of DTLS and RTP over the
same port pair, as described in the DTLS-SRTP specification
[RFC5764], Section 5.1.2, with clarifications in [RFC7983]. All
application-layer protocol payloads over this DTLS connection are
SCTP packets.
Protocol identification MUST be supplied as part of the DTLS
handshake, as specified in [RFC8833].
4. Media Prioritization
In the WebRTC prioritization model, the application tells the WebRTC
endpoint about the priority of media and data that is controlled from
the API.
In this context, a "flow" is used for the units that are given a
specific priority through the WebRTC API.
For media, a "media flow", which can be an "audio flow" or a "video
flow", is what [RFC7656] calls a "media source", which results in a
"source RTP stream" and one or more "redundancy RTP streams". This
specification does not describe prioritization between the RTP
streams that come from a single media source.
All media flows in WebRTC are assumed to be interactive, as defined
in [RFC4594]; there is no browser API support for indicating whether
media is interactive or noninteractive.
A "data flow" is the outgoing data on a single WebRTC data channel.
The priority associated with a media flow or data flow is classified
as "very-low", "low", "medium", or "high". There are only four
priority levels in the API.
The priority settings affect two pieces of behavior: packet send
sequence decisions and packet markings. Each is described in its own
section below.
4.1. Local Prioritization
Local prioritization is applied at the local node, before the packet
is sent. This means that the prioritization has full access to the
data about the individual packets and can choose differing treatment
based on the stream a packet belongs to.
When a WebRTC endpoint has packets to send on multiple streams that
are congestion controlled under the same congestion control regime,
the WebRTC endpoint SHOULD cause data to be emitted in such a way
that each stream at each level of priority is being given
approximately twice the transmission capacity (measured in payload
bytes) of the level below.
Thus, when congestion occurs, a high-priority flow will have the
ability to send 8 times as much data as a very-low-priority flow if
both have data to send. This prioritization is independent of the
media type. The details of which packet to send first are
implementation defined.
For example, if there is a high-priority audio flow sending 100-byte
packets and a low-priority video flow sending 1000-byte packets, and
outgoing capacity exists for sending > 5000 payload bytes, it would
be appropriate to send 4000 bytes (40 packets) of audio and 1000
bytes (one packet) of video as the result of a single pass of sending
decisions.
Conversely, if the audio flow is marked low priority and the video
flow is marked high priority, the scheduler may decide to send 2
video packets (2000 bytes) and 5 audio packets (500 bytes) when
outgoing capacity exists for sending > 2500 payload bytes.
If there are two high-priority audio flows, each will be able to send
4000 bytes in the same period where a low-priority video flow is able
to send 1000 bytes.
Two example implementation strategies are:
* When the available bandwidth is known from the congestion control
algorithm, configure each codec and each data channel with a
target send rate that is appropriate to its share of the available
bandwidth.
* When congestion control indicates that a specified number of
packets can be sent, send packets that are available to send using
a weighted round-robin scheme across the connections.
Any combination of these, or other schemes that have the same effect,
is valid, as long as the distribution of transmission capacity is
approximately correct.
For media, it is usually inappropriate to use deep queues for
sending; it is more useful to, for instance, skip intermediate frames
that have no dependencies on them in order to achieve a lower
bitrate. For reliable data, queues are useful.
Note that this specification doesn't dictate when disparate streams
are to be "congestion controlled under the same congestion control
regime". The issue of coupling congestion controllers is explored
further in [RFC8699].
4.2. Usage of Quality of Service -- DSCP and Multiplexing
When the packet is sent, the network will make decisions about
queueing and/or discarding the packet that can affect the quality of
the communication. The sender can attempt to set the DSCP field of
the packet to influence these decisions.
Implementations SHOULD attempt to set QoS on the packets sent,
according to the guidelines in [RFC8837]. It is appropriate to
depart from this recommendation when running on platforms where QoS
marking is not implemented.
The implementation MAY turn off use of DSCP markings if it detects
symptoms of unexpected behavior such as priority inversion or
blocking of packets with certain DSCP markings. Some examples of
such behaviors are described in [ANRW16]. The detection of these
conditions is implementation dependent.
A particularly hard problem is when one media transport uses multiple
DSCPs, where one may be blocked and another may be allowed. This is
allowed even within a single media flow for video in [RFC8837].
Implementations need to diagnose this scenario; one possible
implementation is to send initial ICE probes with DSCP 0, and send
ICE probes on all the DSCPs that are intended to be used once a
candidate pair has been selected. If one or more of the DSCP-marked
probes fail, the sender will switch the media type to using DSCP 0.
This can be carried out simultaneously with the initial media
traffic; on failure, the initial data may need to be resent. This
switch will, of course, invalidate any congestion information
gathered up to that point.
Failures can also start happening during the lifetime of the call;
this case is expected to be rarer and can be handled by the normal
mechanisms for transport failure, which may involve an ICE restart.
Note that when a DSCP causes nondelivery, one has to switch the whole
media flow to DSCP 0, since all traffic for a single media flow needs
to be on the same queue for congestion control purposes. Other flows
on the same transport, using different DSCPs, don't need to change.
All packets carrying data from the SCTP association supporting the
data channels MUST use a single DSCP. The code point used SHOULD be
that recommended by [RFC8837] for the highest-priority data channel
carried. Note that this means that all data packets, no matter what
their relative priority is, will be treated the same by the network.
All packets on one TCP connection, no matter what it carries, MUST
use a single DSCP.
More advice on the use of DSCPs with RTP, as well as the relationship
between DSCP and congestion control, is given in [RFC7657].
There exist a number of schemes for achieving quality of service that
do not depend solely on DSCPs. Some of these schemes depend on
classifying the traffic into flows based on 5-tuple (source address,
source port, protocol, destination address, destination port) or
6-tuple (5-tuple + DSCP). Under differing conditions, it may
therefore make sense for a sending application to choose any of the
following configurations:
* Each media stream carried on its own 5-tuple
* Media streams grouped by media type into 5-tuples (such as
carrying all audio on one 5-tuple)
* All media sent over a single 5-tuple, with or without
differentiation into 6-tuples based on DSCPs
In each of the configurations mentioned, data channels may be carried
in their own 5-tuple or multiplexed together with one of the media
flows.
More complex configurations, such as sending a high-priority video
stream on one 5-tuple and sending all other video streams multiplexed
together over another 5-tuple, can also be envisioned. More
information on mapping media flows to 5-tuples can be found in
[RFC8834].
A sending implementation MUST be able to support the following
configurations:
* Multiplex all media and data on a single 5-tuple (fully bundled)
* Send each media stream on its own 5-tuple and data on its own
5-tuple (fully unbundled)
The sending implementation MAY choose to support other
configurations, such as bundling each media type (audio, video, or
data) into its own 5-tuple (bundling by media type).
Sending data channel data over multiple 5-tuples is not supported.
A receiving implementation MUST be able to receive media and data in
all these configurations.
5. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
6. Security Considerations
WebRTC security considerations are enumerated in [RFC8826].
Security considerations pertaining to the use of DSCP are enumerated
in [RFC8837].
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4571] Lazzaro, J., "Framing Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)
and RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Packets over Connection-
Oriented Transport", RFC 4571, DOI 10.17487/RFC4571, July
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4571>.
[RFC4594] Babiarz, J., Chan, K., and F. Baker, "Configuration
Guidelines for DiffServ Service Classes", RFC 4594,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4594, August 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4594>.
[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy
Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in
IPv6", RFC 4941, DOI 10.17487/RFC4941, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.
[RFC5389] Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., Matthews, P., and D. Wing,
"Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", RFC 5389,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5389, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5389>.
[RFC5764] McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for the Secure
Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 5764,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5764, May 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5764>.
[RFC6062] Perreault, S., Ed. and J. Rosenberg, "Traversal Using
Relays around NAT (TURN) Extensions for TCP Allocations",
RFC 6062, DOI 10.17487/RFC6062, November 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6062>.
[RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.
[RFC6544] Rosenberg, J., Keranen, A., Lowekamp, B. B., and A. B.
Roach, "TCP Candidates with Interactive Connectivity
Establishment (ICE)", RFC 6544, DOI 10.17487/RFC6544,
March 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6544>.
[RFC6724] Thaler, D., Ed., Draves, R., Matsumoto, A., and T. Chown,
"Default Address Selection for Internet Protocol Version 6
(IPv6)", RFC 6724, DOI 10.17487/RFC6724, September 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6724>.
[RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.
[RFC7235] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication", RFC 7235,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7235, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7235>.
[RFC7639] Hutton, A., Uberti, J., and M. Thomson, "The ALPN HTTP
Header Field", RFC 7639, DOI 10.17487/RFC7639, August
2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7639>.
[RFC7656] Lennox, J., Gross, K., Nandakumar, S., Salgueiro, G., and
B. Burman, Ed., "A Taxonomy of Semantics and Mechanisms
for Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) Sources", RFC 7656,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7656, November 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7656>.
[RFC7983] Petit-Huguenin, M. and G. Salgueiro, "Multiplexing Scheme
Updates for Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)
Extension for Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)",
RFC 7983, DOI 10.17487/RFC7983, September 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7983>.
[RFC8083] Perkins, C. and V. Singh, "Multimedia Congestion Control:
Circuit Breakers for Unicast RTP Sessions", RFC 8083,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8083, March 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8083>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8260] Stewart, R., Tuexen, M., Loreto, S., and R. Seggelmann,
"Stream Schedulers and User Message Interleaving for the
Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 8260,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8260, November 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8260>.
[RFC8261] Tuexen, M., Stewart, R., Jesup, R., and S. Loreto,
"Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Encapsulation of
SCTP Packets", RFC 8261, DOI 10.17487/RFC8261, November
2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8261>.
[RFC8421] Martinsen, P., Reddy, T., and P. Patil, "Guidelines for
Multihomed and IPv4/IPv6 Dual-Stack Interactive
Connectivity Establishment (ICE)", BCP 217, RFC 8421,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8421, July 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8421>.
[RFC8445] Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive
Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network
Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", RFC 8445,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8445, July 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8445>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC8656] Reddy, T., Ed., Johnston, A., Ed., Matthews, P., and J.
Rosenberg, "Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN):
Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT
(STUN)", RFC 8656, DOI 10.17487/RFC8656, February 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8656>.
[RFC8825] Alvestrand, H., "Overview: Real-Time Protocols for
Browser-Based Applications", RFC 8825,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8825, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8825>.
[RFC8826] Rescorla, E., "Security Considerations for WebRTC",
RFC 8826, DOI 10.17487/RFC8826, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8826>.
[RFC8827] Rescorla, E., "WebRTC Security Architecture", RFC 8827,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8827, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8827>.
[RFC8831] Jesup, R., Loreto, S., and M. Tüxen, "WebRTC Data
Channels", RFC 8831, DOI 10.17487/RFC8831, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8831>.
[RFC8832] Jesup, R., Loreto, S., and M. Tüxen, "WebRTC Data Channel
Establishment Protocol", RFC 8832, DOI 10.17487/RFC8832,
January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8832>.
[RFC8833] Thomson, M., "Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation
(ALPN) for WebRTC", RFC 8833, DOI 10.17487/RFC8833,
January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8833>.
[RFC8834] Perkins, C., Westerlund, M., and J. Ott, "Media Transport
and Use of RTP in WebRTC", RFC 8834, DOI 10.17487/RFC8834,
January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8834>.
[RFC8836] Jesup, R. and Z. Sarker, Ed., "Congestion Control
Requirements for Interactive Real-Time Media", RFC 8836,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8836, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8836>.
[RFC8837] Jones, P., Dhesikan, S., Jennings, C., and D. Druta,
"Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) Packet Markings
for WebRTC QoS", RFC 8837, DOI 10.17487/RFC8837, January
2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8837>.
[RFC8841] Holmberg, C., Shpount, R., Loreto, S., and G. Camarillo,
"Session Description Protocol (SDP) Offer/Answer
Procedures for Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
over Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Transport",
RFC 8841, DOI 10.17487/RFC8841, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8841>.
[RFC8842] Holmberg, C. and R. Shpount, "Session Description Protocol
(SDP) Offer/Answer Considerations for Datagram Transport
Layer Security (DTLS) and Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
RFC 8842, DOI 10.17487/RFC8842, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8842>.
7.2. Informative References
[ANRW16] Barik, R., Welzl, M., and A. Elmokashfi, "How to say that
you're special: Can we use bits in the IPv4 header?", ANRW
'16: Proceedings of the 2016 Applied Networking Research
Workshop, pages 68-70, DOI 10.1145/2959424.2959442, July
2016, <https://irtf.org/anrw/2016/anrw16-final17.pdf>.
[RETURN] Schwartz, B. and J. Uberti, "Recursively Encapsulated TURN
(RETURN) for Connectivity and Privacy in WebRTC", Work in
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-rtcweb-return-02, 27
March 2017,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-rtcweb-return-02>.
[RFC3484] Draves, R., "Default Address Selection for Internet
Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3484,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3484, February 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3484>.
[RFC5014] Nordmark, E., Chakrabarti, S., and J. Laganier, "IPv6
Socket API for Source Address Selection", RFC 5014,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5014, September 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5014>.
[RFC5128] Srisuresh, P., Ford, B., and D. Kegel, "State of Peer-to-
Peer (P2P) Communication across Network Address
Translators (NATs)", RFC 5128, DOI 10.17487/RFC5128, March
2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5128>.
[RFC7657] Black, D., Ed. and P. Jones, "Differentiated Services
(Diffserv) and Real-Time Communication", RFC 7657,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7657, November 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7657>.
[RFC8155] Patil, P., Reddy, T., and D. Wing, "Traversal Using Relays
around NAT (TURN) Server Auto Discovery", RFC 8155,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8155, April 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8155>.
[RFC8699] Islam, S., Welzl, M., and S. Gjessing, "Coupled Congestion
Control for RTP Media", RFC 8699, DOI 10.17487/RFC8699,
January 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8699>.
Acknowledgements
This document is based on earlier draft versions embedded in
[RFC8825], which were the result of contributions from many RTCWEB
Working Group members.
Special thanks for reviews of earlier draft versions of this document
go to Eduardo Gueiros, Magnus Westerlund, Markus Isomaki, and Dan
Wing; the contributions from Andrew Hutton also deserve special
mention.
Author's Address
Harald Alvestrand
Google