| Rfc | 7298 |
|---|
| Title | Babel Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) Cryptographic
Authentication |
|---|
| Author | D. Ovsienko |
|---|
| Date | July 2014 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Obsoleted by | RFC8967 |
|---|
| Updates | RFC6126 |
|---|
| Status: | EXPERIMENTAL |
|---|
|
Independent Submission D. Ovsienko
Request for Comments: 7298 Yandex
Updates: 6126 July 2014
Category: Experimental
ISSN: 2070-1721
Babel Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC)
Cryptographic Authentication
Abstract
This document describes a cryptographic authentication mechanism for
the Babel routing protocol. This document updates RFC 6126. The
mechanism allocates two new TLV types for the authentication data,
uses Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC), and is both optional
and backward compatible.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently
of any other RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this
document at its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7298.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Requirements Language ......................................5
2. Cryptographic Aspects ...........................................5
2.1. Mandatory-to-Implement and Optional Hash Algorithms ........5
2.2. Definition of Padding ......................................6
2.3. Cryptographic Sequence Number Specifics ....................8
2.4. Definition of HMAC .........................................9
3. Updates to Protocol Data Structures ............................11
3.1. RxAuthRequired ............................................11
3.2. LocalTS ...................................................11
3.3. LocalPC ...................................................11
3.4. MaxDigestsIn ..............................................11
3.5. MaxDigestsOut .............................................12
3.6. ANM Table .................................................12
3.7. ANM Timeout ...............................................13
3.8. Configured Security Associations ..........................14
3.9. Effective Security Associations ...........................16
4. Updates to Protocol Encoding ...................................17
4.1. Justification .............................................17
4.2. TS/PC TLV .................................................19
4.3. HMAC TLV ..................................................20
5. Updates to Protocol Operation ..................................21
5.1. Per-Interface TS/PC Number Updates ........................21
5.2. Deriving ESAs from CSAs ...................................23
5.3. Updates to Packet Sending .................................25
5.4. Updates to Packet Receiving ...............................28
5.5. Authentication-Specific Statistics Maintenance ............30
6. Implementation Notes ...........................................31
6.1. Source Address Selection for Sending ......................31
6.2. Output Buffer Management ..................................31
6.3. Optimizations of Deriving Procedure for ESAs ..............32
6.4. Duplication of Security Associations ......................33
7. Network Management Aspects .....................................34
7.1. Backward Compatibility ....................................34
7.2. Multi-Domain Authentication ...............................35
7.3. Migration to and from Authenticated Exchange ..............36
7.4. Handling of Authentication Key Exhaustion .................37
8. Security Considerations ........................................38
9. IANA Considerations ............................................43
10. Acknowledgements ..............................................43
11. References ....................................................44
11.1. Normative References .....................................44
11.2. Informative References ...................................44
Appendix A. Figures and Tables ....................................47
Appendix B. Test Vectors ..........................................52
1. Introduction
Authentication of routing protocol exchanges is a common means of
securing computer networks. The use of protocol authentication
mechanisms helps in ascertaining that only the intended routers
participate in routing information exchange and that the exchanged
routing information is not modified by a third party.
[BABEL] ("the original specification") defines data structures,
encoding, and the operation of a basic Babel routing protocol
instance ("instance of the original protocol"). This document ("this
specification") defines data structures, encoding, and the operation
of an extension to the Babel protocol -- an authentication mechanism
("this mechanism"). Both the instance of the original protocol and
this mechanism are mostly self-contained and interact only at
coupling points defined in this specification.
A major design goal of this mechanism is transparency to operators
that is not affected by implementation and configuration specifics.
A complying implementation makes all meaningful details of
authentication-specific processing clear to the operator, even when
some of the operational parameters cannot be changed.
The currently established (see [RIP2-AUTH], [OSPF2-AUTH],
[ISIS-AUTH-A], [RFC6039], and [OSPF3-AUTH-BIS]) approach to an
authentication mechanism design for datagram-based routing protocols
such as Babel relies on two principal data items embedded into
protocol packets, typically as two integral parts of a single data
structure:
o A fixed-length unsigned integer, typically called a cryptographic
sequence number, used in replay attack protection.
o A variable-length sequence of octets, a result of the Hashed
Message Authentication Code (HMAC) construction (see [RFC2104])
computed on meaningful data items of the packet (including the
cryptographic sequence number) on one hand and a secret key on the
other, used in proving that both the sender and the receiver share
the same secret key and that the meaningful data was not changed
in transmission.
Depending on the design specifics, either all protocol packets or
only those packets protecting the integrity of protocol exchange are
authenticated. This mechanism authenticates all protocol packets.
Although the HMAC construction is just one of many possible
approaches to cryptographic authentication of packets, this mechanism
makes use of relevant prior experience by using HMAC as well, and its
solution space correlates with the solution spaces of the mechanisms
above. At the same time, it allows for a future extension that
treats HMAC as a particular case of a more generic mechanism.
Practical experience with the mechanism defined herein should be
useful in designing such a future extension.
This specification defines the use of the cryptographic sequence
number in detail sufficient to make replay attack protection strength
predictable. That is, an operator can tell the strength from the
declared characteristics of an implementation and, if the
implementation allows the changing of relevant parameters, the effect
of a reconfiguration as well.
This mechanism explicitly allows for multiple HMAC results per
authenticated packet. Since meaningful data items of a given packet
remain the same, each such HMAC result stands for a different secret
key and/or a different hash algorithm. This enables a simultaneous,
independent authentication within multiple domains. This
specification is not novel in this regard; for example, the Layer 2
Tunneling Protocol (L2TPv3) allows for one or two results per
authenticated packet ([RFC3931] Section 5.4.1), and Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET) protocols allow for several ([RFC7183] Section 6.1).
An important concern addressed by this mechanism is limiting the
amount of HMAC computations done per authenticated packet,
independently for sending and receiving. Without these limits, the
number of computations per packet could be as high as the number of
configured authentication keys (in the sending case) or as high as
the number of keys multiplied by the number of supplied HMAC results
(in the receiving case).
These limits establish a basic competition between the configured
keys and (in the receiving case) an additional competition between
the supplied HMAC results. This specification defines related data
structures and procedures in a way to make such competition
transparent and predictable for an operator.
Wherever this specification mentions the operator reading or changing
a particular data structure, variable, parameter, or event counter
"at runtime", it is up to the implementor how this is to be done.
For example, the implementation can employ an interactive command
line interface (CLI), a management protocol such as the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP), a means of inter-process
communication such as a local socket, or a combination of these.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119].
2. Cryptographic Aspects
2.1. Mandatory-to-Implement and Optional Hash Algorithms
[RFC2104] defines HMAC as a construction that can use any
cryptographic hash algorithm with a known digest length and internal
block size. This specification preserves this property of HMAC by
defining data processing that itself does not depend on any
particular hash algorithm either. However, since this mechanism is a
protocol extension case, there are relevant design considerations to
take into account.
Section 4.5 of [RFC6709] suggests selecting one hash algorithm as
mandatory to implement for the purpose of global interoperability
(Section 3.2 of [RFC6709]) and selecting another of distinct lineage
as recommended for implementation for the purpose of cryptographic
agility. This specification makes the latter property guaranteed,
rather than probable, through an elevation of the requirement level.
There are two mandatory-to-implement hash algorithms; each is
unambiguously defined and generally available in multiple
implementations.
An implementation of this mechanism MUST include support for two hash
algorithms:
o RIPEMD-160 (160-bit digest)
o SHA-1 (160-bit digest)
Besides that, an implementation of this mechanism MAY include support
for additional hash algorithms, provided each such algorithm is
publicly and openly specified and its digest length is 128 bits or
more (to meet the constraint implied in Section 2.2). Implementors
SHOULD consider strong, well-known hash algorithms as additional
implementation options and MUST NOT consider a hash algorithm if
meaningful attacks exist for it or it is commonly viewed as
deprecated.
In the latter case, it is important to take into account
considerations both common (such as those made in [RFC4270]) and
specific to the HMAC application of the hash algorithm. For example,
[RFC6151] considers MD5 collisions and concludes that new protocol
designs should not use HMAC-MD5, while [RFC6194] includes a
comparable analysis of SHA-1 that finds HMAC-SHA-1 secure for the
same purpose.
For example, the following hash algorithms meet these requirements at
the time of this writing (in alphabetical order):
o GOST R 34.11-94 (256-bit digest)
o SHA-224 (224-bit digest, SHA-2 family)
o SHA-256 (256-bit digest, SHA-2 family)
o SHA-384 (384-bit digest, SHA-2 family)
o SHA-512 (512-bit digest, SHA-2 family)
o Tiger (192-bit digest)
o Whirlpool (512-bit digest, 2nd rev., 2003)
The set of hash algorithms available in an implementation MUST be
clearly stated. When known weak authentication keys exist for a hash
algorithm used in the HMAC construction, an implementation MUST deny
the use of such keys.
2.2. Definition of Padding
Many practical applications of HMAC for authentication of datagram-
based network protocols (including routing protocols) involve the
padding procedure, a design-specific conditioning of the message that
both the sender and the receiver perform before the HMAC computation.
The specific padding procedure of this mechanism addresses the
following needs:
o Data Initialization
A design that places the HMAC result(s) computed for a message
inside that same message after the computation has to have
previously (i.e., before the computation) allocated in that
message some data unit(s) purposed specifically for those HMAC
result(s) (in this mechanism, it is the HMAC TLV(s); see
Section 4.3). The padding procedure sets the respective octets of
the data unit(s), in the simplest case to a fixed value known as
the padding constant.
The particular value of the constant is specific to each design.
For instance, in [RIP2-AUTH] as well as works derived from it
([ISIS-AUTH-B], [OSPF2-AUTH], and [OSPF3-AUTH-BIS]), the value is
0x878FE1F3. In many other designs (for instance, [RFC3315],
[RFC3931], [RFC4030], [RFC4302], [RFC5176], and [ISIS-AUTH-A]),
the value is 0x00.
However, the HMAC construction is defined on the basis of a
cryptographic hash algorithm, that is, an algorithm meeting a
particular set of requirements made for any input message. Thus,
any padding constant values, whether single- or multiple-octet, as
well as any other message-conditioning methods, don't affect
cryptographic characteristics of the hash algorithm and the HMAC
construction, respectively.
o Source Address Protection
In the specific case of datagram-based routing protocols, the
protocol packet (that is, the message being authenticated) often
does not include network-layer addresses, although the source and
(to a lesser extent) the destination address of the datagram may
be meaningful in the scope of the protocol instance.
In Babel, the source address may be used as a prefix next hop (see
Section 3.5.3 of [BABEL]). A well-known (see Section 2.3 of
[OSPF3-AUTH-BIS]) solution to the source address protection
problem is to set the first respective octets of the data unit(s)
above to the source address (yet setting the rest of the octets to
the padding constant). This procedure adapts this solution to the
specifics of Babel, which allows for the exchange of protocol
packets using both IPv4 and IPv6 datagrams (see Section 4 of
[BABEL]). Even though in the case of IPv6 exchange a Babel
speaker currently uses only link-local source addresses
(Section 3.1 of [BABEL]), this procedure protects all octets of an
arbitrary given source address for the reasons of future
extensibility. The procedure implies that future Babel extensions
will never use an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address as a packet source
address.
This procedure does not protect the destination address, which is
currently considered meaningless (Section 3.1 of [BABEL]) in the
same scope. A future extension that looks to add such protection
would likely use a new TLV or sub-TLV to include the destination
address in the protocol packet (see Section 4.1).
Description of the padding procedure:
1. Set the first 16 octets of the Digest field of the given HMAC
TLV to:
* the given source address, if it is an IPv6 address, or
* the IPv4-mapped IPv6 address (per Section 2.5.5.2 of
[RFC4291]) holding the given source address, if it is an IPv4
address.
2. Set the remaining (TLV Length - 18) octets of the Digest field of
the given HMAC TLV to 0x00 each.
For an example of a Babel packet with padded HMAC TLVs, see Table 3
in Appendix A.
2.3. Cryptographic Sequence Number Specifics
The operation of this mechanism may involve multiple local and
multiple remote cryptographic sequence numbers, each essentially
being a 48-bit unsigned integer. This specification uses the term
"TS/PC number" to avoid confusion with the route's (Section 2.5 of
[BABEL]) or node's (Section 3.2.1 of [BABEL]) sequence numbers of the
original Babel specification and to stress the fact that there are
two distinguished parts of this 48-bit number, each handled in its
specific way (see Section 5.1):
0 1 2 3 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 // 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-//+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TS // | PC |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-//+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
//
The high-order 32 bits are called "timestamp" (TS), and the low-order
16 bits are called "packet counter" (PC).
This mechanism stores, updates, compares, and encodes each TS/PC
number as two independent unsigned integers -- TS and PC,
respectively. Such a comparison of TS/PC numbers, as performed in
item 3 of Section 5.4, is algebraically equivalent to a comparison of
the respective 48-bit unsigned integers. Any byte order conversion,
when required, is performed on TS and PC parts independently.
2.4. Definition of HMAC
The algorithm description below uses the following nomenclature,
which is consistent with [FIPS-198]:
Text The data on which the HMAC is calculated (note item (b) of
Section 8). In this specification, it is the contents of a
Babel packet ranging from the beginning of the Magic field of
the Babel packet header to the end of the last octet of the
Packet Body field, as defined in Section 4.2 of [BABEL] (see
Figure 2 in Appendix A).
H The specific hash algorithm (see Section 2.1).
K A sequence of octets of an arbitrary, known length.
Ko The cryptographic key used with the hash algorithm.
B The block size of H, measured in octets rather than bits.
Note that B is the internal block size, not the digest length.
L The digest length of H, measured in octets rather than bits.
XOR The bitwise exclusive-or operation.
Opad The hexadecimal value 0x5C repeated B times.
Ipad The hexadecimal value 0x36 repeated B times.
The algorithm below is the original, unmodified HMAC construction as
defined in both [RFC2104] and [FIPS-198]; hence, it is different from
the algorithms defined in [RIP2-AUTH], [ISIS-AUTH-B], [OSPF2-AUTH],
and [OSPF3-AUTH-BIS] in exactly two regards:
o The algorithm below sets the size of Ko to B, not to L (L is not
greater than B). This resolves both ambiguity in XOR expressions
and incompatibility in the handling of keys that have length
greater than L but not greater than B.
o The algorithm below does not change the value of Text before or
after the computation. Padding a Babel packet before the
computation and placing the result inside the packet are both
performed elsewhere.
The intent of this is to enable the most straightforward use of
cryptographic libraries by implementations of this specification. At
the time of this writing, implementations of the original HMAC
construction coupled with hash algorithms of choice are generally
available.
Description of the algorithm:
1. Preparation of the Key
In this application, Ko is always B octets long. If K is B
octets long, then Ko is set to K. If K is more than B octets
long, then Ko is set to H(K) with the necessary amount of zeroes
appended to the end of H(K), such that Ko is B octets long. If K
is less than B octets long, then Ko is set to K with zeroes
appended to the end of K, such that Ko is B octets long.
2. First-Hash
A First-Hash, also known as the inner hash, is computed
as follows:
First-Hash = H(Ko XOR Ipad || Text)
3. Second-Hash
A Second-Hash, also known as the outer hash, is computed
as follows:
Second-Hash = H(Ko XOR Opad || First-Hash)
4. Result
The resulting Second-Hash becomes the authentication data that is
returned as the result of HMAC calculation.
Note that in the case of Babel the Text parameter will never exceed a
few thousand octets in length. In this specific case, the
optimization discussed in Section 6 of [FIPS-198] applies, namely,
for a given K that is more than B octets long, the following
associated intermediate results may be precomputed only once:
Ko, (Ko XOR Ipad), and (Ko XOR Opad).
3. Updates to Protocol Data Structures
3.1. RxAuthRequired
RxAuthRequired is a boolean parameter. Its default value MUST be
TRUE. An implementation SHOULD make RxAuthRequired a per-interface
parameter but MAY make it specific to the whole protocol instance.
The conceptual purpose of RxAuthRequired is to enable a smooth
migration from an unauthenticated Babel packet exchange to an
authenticated Babel packet exchange and back (see Section 7.3). The
current value of RxAuthRequired directly affects the receiving
procedure defined in Section 5.4. An implementation SHOULD allow the
operator to change the RxAuthRequired value at runtime or by means of
a Babel speaker restart. An implementation MUST allow the operator
to discover the effective value of RxAuthRequired at runtime or from
the system documentation.
3.2. LocalTS
LocalTS is a 32-bit unsigned integer variable. It is the TS part of
a per-interface TS/PC number. LocalTS is a strictly per-interface
variable not intended to be changed by the operator. Its
initialization is explained in Section 5.1.
3.3. LocalPC
LocalPC is a 16-bit unsigned integer variable. It is the PC part of
a per-interface TS/PC number. LocalPC is a strictly per-interface
variable not intended to be changed by the operator. Its
initialization is explained in Section 5.1.
3.4. MaxDigestsIn
MaxDigestsIn is an unsigned integer parameter conceptually purposed
for limiting the amount of CPU time spent processing a received
authenticated packet. The receiving procedure performs the most
CPU-intensive operation -- the HMAC computation -- only at most
MaxDigestsIn (Section 5.4 item 7) times for a given packet.
The MaxDigestsIn value MUST be at least 2. An implementation SHOULD
make MaxDigestsIn a per-interface parameter but MAY make it specific
to the whole protocol instance. An implementation SHOULD allow the
operator to change the value of MaxDigestsIn at runtime or by means
of a Babel speaker restart. An implementation MUST allow the
operator to discover the effective value of MaxDigestsIn at runtime
or from the system documentation.
3.5. MaxDigestsOut
MaxDigestsOut is an unsigned integer parameter conceptually purposed
for limiting the amount of a sent authenticated packet's space spent
on authentication data. The sending procedure adds at most
MaxDigestsOut (Section 5.3 item 5) HMAC results to a given packet.
The MaxDigestsOut value MUST be at least 2. An implementation SHOULD
make MaxDigestsOut a per-interface parameter but MAY make it specific
to the whole protocol instance. An implementation SHOULD allow the
operator to change the value of MaxDigestsOut at runtime or by means
of a Babel speaker restart, in a safe range. The maximum safe value
of MaxDigestsOut is implementation specific (see Section 6.2). An
implementation MUST allow the operator to discover the effective
value of MaxDigestsOut at runtime or from the system documentation.
3.6. ANM Table
The ANM (Authentic Neighbours Memory) table resembles the neighbour
table defined in Section 3.2.3 of [BABEL]. Note that the term
"neighbour table" means the neighbour table of the original Babel
specification, and the term "ANM table" means the table defined
herein. Indexing of the ANM table is done in exactly the same way as
indexing of the neighbour table, but its purpose, field set, and
associated procedures are different.
The conceptual purpose of the ANM table is to provide longer-term
replay attack protection than would be possible using the neighbour
table. Expiry of an inactive entry in the neighbour table depends on
the last received Hello Interval of the neighbour and typically
stands for tens to hundreds of seconds (see Appendixes A and B of
[BABEL]). Expiry of an inactive entry in the ANM table depends only
on the local speaker's configuration. The ANM table retains (for at
least the amount of seconds set by the ANM timeout parameter as
defined in Section 3.7) a copy of the TS/PC number advertised in
authentic packets by each remote Babel speaker.
The ANM table is indexed by pairs of the form (Interface, Source).
Every table entry consists of the following fields:
o Interface
An implementation-specific reference to the local node's interface
through which the authentic packet was received.
o Source
The source address of the Babel speaker from which the authentic
packet was received.
o LastTS
A 32-bit unsigned integer -- the TS part of a remote TS/PC number.
o LastPC
A 16-bit unsigned integer -- the PC part of a remote TS/PC number.
Each ANM table entry has an associated aging timer, which is reset by
the receiving procedure (Section 5.4 item 9). If the timer expires,
the entry is deleted from the ANM table.
An implementation SHOULD use persistent memory (NVRAM) to retain the
contents of the ANM table across restarts of the Babel speaker, but
only as long as both the Interface field reference and expiry of the
aging timer remain correct. An implementation MUST be clear
regarding if and how persistent memory is used for the ANM table. An
implementation SHOULD allow the operator to retrieve the current
contents of the ANM table at runtime. An implementation SHOULD allow
the operator to remove some or all ANM table entries at runtime or by
means of a Babel speaker restart.
3.7. ANM Timeout
ANM timeout is an unsigned integer parameter. An implementation
SHOULD make ANM timeout a per-interface parameter but MAY make it
specific to the whole protocol instance. ANM timeout is conceptually
purposed for limiting the maximum age (in seconds) of entries in the
ANM table that stand for inactive Babel speakers. The maximum age is
immediately related to replay attack protection strength. The
strongest protection is achieved with the maximum possible value of
ANM timeout set, but it may not provide the best overall result for
specific network segments and implementations of this mechanism.
Specifically, implementations unable to maintain the local TS/PC
number strictly increasing across Babel speaker restarts will reuse
the advertised TS/PC numbers after each restart (see Section 5.1).
The neighbouring speakers will treat the new packets as replayed and
discard them until the aging timer of the respective ANM table entry
expires or the new TS/PC number exceeds the one stored in the entry.
Another possible, but less probable, case could be an environment
that uses IPv6 for the exchange of Babel datagrams and that involves
physical moves of network-interface hardware between Babel speakers.
Even when performed without restarting the speakers, these physical
moves would cause random drops of the TS/PC number advertised for a
given (Interface, Source) index, as viewed by neighbouring speakers,
since IPv6 link-local addresses are typically derived from interface
hardware addresses.
Assuming that in such cases the operators would prefer to use a lower
ANM timeout value to let the entries expire on their own rather than
having to manually remove them from the ANM table each time, an
implementation SHOULD set the default value of ANM timeout to a value
between 30 and 300 seconds.
At the same time, network segments may exist with every Babel speaker
having its advertised TS/PC number strictly increasing over the
deployed lifetime. Assuming that in such cases the operators would
prefer using a much higher ANM timeout value, an implementation
SHOULD allow the operator to change the value of ANM timeout at
runtime or by means of a Babel speaker restart. An implementation
MUST allow the operator to discover the effective value of ANM
timeout at runtime or from the system documentation.
3.8. Configured Security Associations
A Configured Security Association (CSA) is a data structure
conceptually purposed for associating authentication keys and hash
algorithms with Babel interfaces. All CSAs are managed in finite
sequences, one sequence per interface (hereafter referred to as
"interface's sequence of CSAs"). Each interface's sequence of CSAs,
as an integral part of the Babel speaker configuration, MAY be
intended for persistent storage as long as this conforms with the
implementation's key-management policy. The default state of an
interface's sequence of CSAs is empty, which has a special meaning of
no authentication configured for the interface. The sending
(Section 5.3 item 1) and the receiving (Section 5.4 item 1)
procedures address this convention accordingly.
A single CSA structure consists of the following fields:
o HashAlgo
An implementation-specific reference to one of the hash algorithms
supported by this implementation (see Section 2.1).
o KeyChain
A finite sequence of elements (hereafter referred to as "KeyChain
sequence") representing authentication keys, each element being a
structure consisting of the following fields:
* LocalKeyID
An unsigned integer of an implementation-specific bit length.
* AuthKeyOctets
A sequence of octets of an arbitrary, known length to be used
as the authentication key.
* KeyStartAccept
The time that this Babel speaker will begin considering this
authentication key for accepting packets with authentication
data.
* KeyStartGenerate
The time that this Babel speaker will begin considering this
authentication key for generating packet authentication data.
* KeyStopGenerate
The time that this Babel speaker will stop considering this
authentication key for generating packet authentication data.
* KeyStopAccept
The time that this Babel speaker will stop considering this
authentication key for accepting packets with authentication
data.
Since there is no limit imposed on the number of CSAs per interface,
but the number of HMAC computations per sent/received packet is
limited (through MaxDigestsOut and MaxDigestsIn, respectively), it
may appear that only a fraction of the associated keys and hash
algorithms are used in the process. The ordering of elements within
a sequence of CSAs and within a KeyChain sequence is important to
make the association selection process deterministic and transparent.
Once this ordering is deterministic at the Babel interface level, the
intermediate data derived by the procedure defined in Section 5.2
will be deterministically ordered as well.
An implementation SHOULD allow an operator to set any arbitrary order
of elements within a given interface's sequence of CSAs and within
the KeyChain sequence of a given CSA. Regardless of whether this
requirement is or isn't met, the implementation MUST provide a means
to discover the actual element order used. Whichever order is used
by an implementation, it MUST be preserved across Babel speaker
restarts.
Note that none of the CSA structure fields is constrained to contain
unique values. Section 6.4 explains this in more detail. It is
possible for the KeyChain sequence to be empty, although this is not
the intended manner of using CSAs.
The KeyChain sequence has a direct prototype, which is the "key
chain" syntax item of some existing router configuration languages.
If an implementation already implements this syntax item, it is
suggested that the implementation reuse it, that is, implement a CSA
syntax item that refers to a key chain item rather than reimplement
the latter in full.
3.9. Effective Security Associations
An Effective Security Association (ESA) is a data structure
immediately used in sending (Section 5.3) and receiving (Section 5.4)
procedures. Its conceptual purpose is to determine a runtime
interface between those procedures and the deriving procedure defined
in Section 5.2. All ESAs are temporary data units managed as
elements of finite sequences that are not intended for persistent
storage. Element ordering within each such finite sequence
(hereafter referred to as "sequence of ESAs") MUST be preserved as
long as the sequence exists.
A single ESA structure consists of the following fields:
o HashAlgo
An implementation-specific reference to one of the hash algorithms
supported by this implementation (see Section 2.1).
o KeyID
A 16-bit unsigned integer.
o AuthKeyOctets
A sequence of octets of an arbitrary, known length to be used as
the authentication key.
Note that among the protocol data structures introduced by this
mechanism, the ESA structure is the only one not directly interfaced
with the system operator (see Figure 1 in Appendix A); it is not
immediately present in the protocol encoding, either. However, the
ESA structure is not just a possible implementation technique but an
integral part of this specification: the deriving (Section 5.2), the
sending (Section 5.3), and the receiving (Section 5.4) procedures are
defined in terms of the ESA structure and its semantics provided
herein. The ESA structure is as meaningful for a correct
implementation as the other protocol data structures.
4. Updates to Protocol Encoding
4.1. Justification
The choice of encoding is very important in the long term. The
protocol encoding limits various authentication mechanism designs and
encodings, which in turn limit future developments of the protocol.
Considering existing implementations of the Babel protocol instance
itself and related modules of packet analysers, the current encoding
of Babel allows for compact and robust decoders. At the same time,
this encoding allows for future extensions of Babel by three (not
excluding each other) principal means as defined in Sections 4.2 and
4.3 of [BABEL] and further discussed in [BABEL-EXTENSION]:
a. A Babel packet consists of a four-octet header followed by a
packet body, that is, a sequence of TLVs (see Figure 2 in
Appendix A). Besides the header and the body, an actual Babel
datagram may have an arbitrary amount of trailing data between
the end of the packet body and the end of the datagram. An
instance of the original protocol silently ignores such trailing
data.
b. The packet body uses a binary format allowing for 256 TLV types
and imposing no requirements on TLV ordering or number of TLVs of
a given type in a packet. [BABEL] allocates TLV types 0 through
10 (see Table 1 in Appendix A), defines the TLV body structure
for each, and establishes the requirement for a Babel protocol
instance to ignore any unknown TLV types silently. This makes it
possible to examine a packet body (to validate the framing and/or
to pick particular TLVs for further processing), taking into
account only the type (to distinguish between a Pad1 TLV and any
other TLV) and the length of each TLV, regardless of whether any
additional TLV types are eventually deployed (and if so, how
many).
c. Within each TLV of the packet body, there may be some extra data
after the expected length of the TLV body. An instance of the
original protocol silently ignores any such extra data. Note
that any TLV types without the expected length defined (such as
the PadN TLV) cannot be extended with the extra data.
Considering each of these three principal extension means for the
specific purpose of adding authentication data items to each protocol
packet, the following arguments can be made:
o The use of the TLV extra data of some existing TLV type would not
be a solution, since no particular TLV type is guaranteed to be
present in a Babel packet.
o The use of the TLV extra data could also conflict with future
developments of the protocol encoding.
o Since the packet trailing data is currently unstructured, using it
would involve defining an encoding structure and associated
procedures; this would add to the complexity of both specification
and implementation and would increase exposure to protocol attacks
such as fuzzing.
o A naive use of the packet trailing data would make it unavailable
to any future extension of Babel. Since this mechanism is
possibly not the last extension and since some other extensions
may allow no other embedding means except the packet trailing
data, the defined encoding structure would have to enable the
multiplexing of data items belonging to different extensions.
Such a definition is out of the scope of this work.
o Deprecating an extension (or only its protocol encoding) that uses
purely purpose-allocated TLVs is as simple as deprecating the
TLVs.
o The use of purpose-allocated TLVs is transparent for both the
original protocol and any its future extensions, regardless of the
embedding technique(s) used by the latter.
Considering all of the above, this mechanism uses neither the packet
trailing data nor the TLV extra data but uses two new TLV types:
type 11 for a TS/PC number and type 12 for an HMAC result (see
Table 1 in Appendix A).
4.2. TS/PC TLV
The purpose of a TS/PC TLV is to store a single TS/PC number. There
is exactly one TS/PC TLV in an authenticated Babel packet.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 11 | Length | PacketCounter |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Fields:
Type Set to 11 to indicate a TS/PC TLV.
Length The length, in octets, of the body, exclusive of the
Type and Length fields.
PacketCounter A 16-bit unsigned integer in network byte order --
the PC part of a TS/PC number stored in this TLV.
Timestamp A 32-bit unsigned integer in network byte order --
the TS part of a TS/PC number stored in this TLV.
Note that the ordering of PacketCounter and Timestamp in the TLV
structure is the opposite of the ordering of TS and PC in the TS/PC
number and the 48-bit equivalent (see Section 2.3).
Considering the expected length and the extra data as mentioned in
Section 4.3 of [BABEL], the expected length of a TS/PC TLV body is
unambiguously defined as 6 octets. The receiving procedure would
correctly process any TS/PC TLV with body length not less than the
expected length, ignoring any extra data (Section 5.4 items 3 and 9).
The sending procedure produces a TS/PC TLV with body length equal to
the expected length and the Length field, respectively, set as
described in Section 5.3 item 3.
Future Babel extensions (such as sub-TLVs) MAY modify the sending
procedure to include the extra data after the fixed-size TS/PC TLV
body defined herein, making adjustments to the Length TLV field, the
"Body length" packet header field, and output buffer management (as
explained in Section 6.2) necessary.
4.3. HMAC TLV
The purpose of an HMAC TLV is to store a single HMAC result. To
assist a receiver in reproducing the HMAC computation, LocalKeyID
modulo 2^16 of the authentication key is also provided in the TLV.
There is at least one HMAC TLV in an authenticated Babel packet.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 12 | Length | KeyID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Digest...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
Fields:
Type Set to 12 to indicate an HMAC TLV.
Length The length, in octets, of the body, exclusive of the
Type and Length fields.
KeyID A 16-bit unsigned integer in network byte order.
Digest A variable-length sequence of octets that is at least
16 octets long (see Section 2.2).
Considering the expected length and the extra data as mentioned in
Section 4.3 of [BABEL], the expected length of an HMAC TLV body is
not defined. The receiving and padding procedures process every
octet of the Digest field, deriving the field boundary from the
Length field value (Section 5.4 item 7 and Section 2.2,
respectively). The sending procedure produces HMAC TLVs with the
Length field precisely sizing the Digest field to match the digest
length of the hash algorithm used (Section 5.3 items 5 and 8).
The HMAC TLV structure defined herein is final. Future Babel
extensions MUST NOT extend it with any extra data.
5. Updates to Protocol Operation
5.1. Per-Interface TS/PC Number Updates
The LocalTS and LocalPC interface-specific variables constitute the
TS/PC number of a Babel interface. This number is advertised in the
TS/PC TLV of authenticated Babel packets sent from that interface.
There is only one property that is mandatory for the advertised TS/PC
number: its 48-bit equivalent (see Section 2.3) MUST be strictly
increasing within the scope of a given interface of a Babel speaker
as long as the protocol instance is continuously operating. This
property, combined with ANM tables of neighbouring Babel speakers,
provides them with the most basic replay attack protection.
Initialization and increment are two principal updates performed on
an interface TS/PC number. The initialization is performed when a
new interface becomes a part of a Babel protocol instance. The
increment is performed by the sending procedure (Section 5.3 item 2)
before advertising the TS/PC number in a TS/PC TLV.
Depending on the particular implementation method of these two
updates, the advertised TS/PC number may possess additional
properties that improve the replay attack protection strength. This
includes, but is not limited to, the methods below.
a. The most straightforward implementation would use LocalTS as a
plain wrap counter, defining the updates as follows:
initialization Set LocalPC to 0, and set LocalTS to 0.
increment Increment LocalPC by 1. If LocalPC wraps
(0xFFFF + 1 = 0x0000), increment LocalTS by 1.
In this case, the advertised TS/PC numbers would be reused after
each Babel protocol instance restart, making neighbouring
speakers reject authenticated packets until the respective ANM
table entries expire or the new TS/PC number exceeds the old (see
Sections 3.6 and 3.7).
b. A more advanced implementation could make use of any 32-bit
unsigned integer timestamp (number of time units since an
arbitrary epoch), such as the UNIX timestamp, if the timestamp
itself spans a reasonable time range and is guaranteed against a
decrease (such as one resulting from network time use). The
updates would be defined as follows:
initialization Set LocalPC to 0, and set LocalTS to 0.
increment If the current timestamp is greater than LocalTS,
set LocalTS to the current timestamp and LocalPC
to 0, then consider the update complete.
Otherwise, increment LocalPC by 1, and if LocalPC
wraps, increment LocalTS by 1.
In this case, the advertised TS/PC number would remain unique
across the speaker's deployed lifetime without the need for any
persistent storage. However, a suitable timestamp source is not
available in every implementation case.
c. Another advanced implementation could use LocalTS in a way
similar to the "wrap/boot count" suggested in Section 4.1 of
[OSPF3-AUTH-BIS], defining the updates as follows:
initialization Set LocalPC to 0. If there is a TS value stored
in NVRAM for the current interface, set LocalTS
to the stored TS value, then increment the stored
TS value by 1. Otherwise, set LocalTS to 0, and
set the stored TS value to 1.
increment Increment LocalPC by 1. If LocalPC wraps, set
LocalTS to the TS value stored in NVRAM for the
current interface, then increment the stored TS
value by 1.
In this case, the advertised TS/PC number would also remain
unique across the speaker's deployed lifetime, relying on NVRAM
for storing multiple TS numbers, one per interface.
As long as the TS/PC number retains its mandatory property stated
above, it is up to the implementor to determine which methods of TS/
PC number updates are available and whether the operator can
configure the method per interface and/or at runtime. However, an
implementation MUST disclose the essence of each update method it
includes, in a comprehensible form such as natural language
description, pseudocode, or source code. An implementation MUST
allow the operator to discover which update method is effective for
any given interface, either at runtime or from the system
documentation. These requirements are necessary to enable the
optimal (see Section 3.7) management of ANM timeout in a network
segment.
Note that wrapping (0xFFFFFFFF + 1 = 0x00000000) of LastTS is
unlikely, but possible, causing the advertised TS/PC number to be
reused. Resolving this situation requires replacing all
authentication keys of the involved interface. In addition to that,
if the wrap was caused by a timestamp reaching its end of epoch,
using this mechanism will be impossible for the involved interface
until some different timestamp or update implementation method is
used.
5.2. Deriving ESAs from CSAs
Neither receiving nor sending procedures work with the contents of an
interface's sequence of CSAs directly; both (Section 5.4 item 4 and
Section 5.3 item 4, respectively) derive a sequence of ESAs from the
sequence of CSAs and use the derived sequence (see Figure 1 in
Appendix A). There are two main goals achieved through this
indirection:
o Elimination of expired authentication keys and deduplication of
security associations. This is done as early as possible to keep
subsequent procedures focused on their respective tasks.
o Maintenance of particular ordering within the derived sequence of
ESAs. The ordering deterministically depends on the ordering
within the interface's sequence of CSAs and the ordering within
the KeyChain sequence of each CSA. The particular correlation
maintained by this procedure implements a concept of fair
(independent of the number of keys contained by each) competition
between CSAs.
The deriving procedure uses the following input arguments:
o input sequence of CSAs
o direction (sending or receiving)
o current time (CT)
The processing of input arguments begins with an empty output
sequence of ESAs and consists of the following steps:
1. Make a temporary copy of the input sequence of CSAs.
2. Remove all expired authentication keys from each KeyChain
sequence of the copy, that is, any keys such that:
* for receiving: KeyStartAccept is greater than CT or
KeyStopAccept is less than CT
* for sending: KeyStartGenerate is greater than CT or
KeyStopGenerate is less than CT
Note well that there are no special exceptions. Remove all
expired keys, even if there are no keys left after that (see
Section 7.4).
3. Use the copy to populate the output sequence of ESAs as follows:
3.1. When the KeyChain sequence of the first CSA contains at
least one key, use its first key to produce an ESA with
fields set as follows:
HashAlgo Set to HashAlgo of the current CSA.
KeyID Set to LocalKeyID modulo 2^16 of the current
key of the current CSA.
AuthKeyOctets Set to AuthKeyOctets of the current key of
the current CSA.
Append this ESA to the end of the output sequence.
3.2. When the KeyChain sequence of the second CSA contains at
least one key, use its first key the same way, and so forth
until all first keys of the copy are processed.
3.3. When the KeyChain sequence of the first CSA contains at
least two keys, use its second key the same way.
3.4. When the KeyChain sequence of the second CSA contains at
least two keys, use its second key the same way, and so
forth until all second keys of the copy are processed.
3.5. ...and so forth, until all keys of all CSAs of the copy are
processed, exactly once each.
In the description above, the ordinals ("first", "second", and so
on) with regard to keys stand for an element position after the
removal of expired keys, not before. For example, if a KeyChain
sequence was { Ka, Kb, Kc, Kd } before the removal and became
{ Ka, Kd } after, then Ka would be the "first" element and Kd
would be the "second".
4. Deduplicate the ESAs in the output sequence; that is, wherever
two or more ESAs exist that share the same (HashAlgo, KeyID,
AuthKeyOctets) triplet value, remove all of these ESAs except the
one closest to the beginning of the sequence.
The resulting sequence will contain zero or more unique ESAs, ordered
in a way deterministically correlated with the ordering of CSAs
within the original input sequence of CSAs and the ordering of keys
within each KeyChain sequence. This ordering maximizes the
probability of having an equal amount of keys per original CSA in any
N first elements of the resulting sequence. Possible optimizations
of this deriving procedure are outlined in Section 6.3.
5.3. Updates to Packet Sending
Perform the following authentication-specific processing after the
instance of the original protocol considers an outgoing Babel packet
ready for sending, but before the packet is actually sent (see
Figure 1 in Appendix A). After that, send the packet, regardless of
whether the authentication-specific processing modified the outgoing
packet or left it intact.
1. If the current outgoing interface's sequence of CSAs is empty,
finish authentication-specific processing and consider the packet
ready for sending.
2. Increment the TS/PC number of the current outgoing interface, as
explained in Section 5.1.
3. Add to the packet body (see the note at the end of this section)
a TS/PC TLV with fields set as follows:
Type Set to 11.
Length Set to 6.
PacketCounter Set to the current value of the LocalPC variable
of the current outgoing interface.
Timestamp Set to the current value of the LocalTS variable
of the current outgoing interface.
Note that the current step may involve byte order conversion.
4. Derive a sequence of ESAs, using the procedure defined in
Section 5.2, with the current interface's sequence of CSAs as the
input sequence of CSAs, the current time as CT, and "sending" as
the direction. Proceed to the next step even if the derived
sequence is empty.
5. Iterate over the derived sequence, using its ordering. For each
ESA, add to the packet body (see the note at the end of this
section) an HMAC TLV with fields set as follows:
Type Set to 12.
Length Set to 2 plus the digest length of HashAlgo of the
current ESA.
KeyID Set to KeyID of the current ESA.
Digest Size exactly equal to the digest length of HashAlgo of
the current ESA. Pad (see Section 2.2), using the
source address of the current packet (see Section 6.1).
As soon as there are MaxDigestsOut HMAC TLVs added to the current
packet body, immediately proceed to the next step.
Note that the current step may involve byte order conversion.
6. Increment the "Body length" field value of the current packet
header by the total length of TS/PC and HMAC TLVs appended to the
current packet body so far.
Note that the current step may involve byte order conversion.
7. Make a temporary copy of the current packet.
8. Iterate over the derived sequence again, using the same order and
number of elements. For each ESA (and, respectively, for each
HMAC TLV recently appended to the current packet body), compute
an HMAC result (see Section 2.4), using the temporary copy (not
the original packet) as Text, HashAlgo of the current ESA as H,
and AuthKeyOctets of the current ESA as K. Write the HMAC result
to the Digest field of the current HMAC TLV (see Table 4 in
Appendix A) of the current packet (not the copy).
9. After this point, allow no more changes to the current packet
header and body, and consider it ready for sending.
Note that even when the derived sequence of ESAs is empty, the packet
is sent anyway, with only a TS/PC TLV appended to its body. Although
such a packet would not be authenticated, the presence of the sole
TS/PC TLV would indicate authentication key exhaustion to operators
of neighbouring Babel speakers. See also Section 7.4.
Also note that it is possible to place the authentication-specific
TLVs in the packet's sequence of TLVs in a number of different valid
ways so long as there is exactly one TS/PC TLV in the sequence and
the ordering of HMAC TLVs relative to each other, as produced in
step 5 above, is preserved.
For example, see Figure 2 in Appendix A. The diagrams represent a
Babel packet without (D1) and with (D2, D3, D4) authentication-
specific TLVs. The optional trailing data block that is present in
D1 is preserved in D2, D3, and D4. Indexing (1, 2, ..., n) of the
HMAC TLVs means the order in which the sending procedure produced
them (and, respectively, the HMAC results). In D2, the added TLVs
are appended: the previously existing TLVs are followed by the TS/PC
TLV, which is followed by the HMAC TLVs. In D3, the added TLVs are
prepended: the TS/PC TLV is the first and is followed by the HMAC
TLVs, which are followed by the previously existing TLVs. In D4, the
added TLVs are intermixed with the previously existing TLVs and the
TS/PC TLV is placed after the HMAC TLVs. All three packets meet the
requirements above.
Implementors SHOULD use appending (D2) for adding the authentication-
specific TLVs to the sequence; this is expected to result in more
straightforward implementation and troubleshooting in most use cases.
5.4. Updates to Packet Receiving
Perform the following authentication-specific processing after an
incoming Babel packet is received from the local network stack but
before it is acted upon by the Babel protocol instance (see Figure 1
in Appendix A). The final action conceptually depends not only upon
the result of the authentication-specific processing but also on the
current value of the RxAuthRequired parameter. Immediately after any
processing step below accepts or refuses the packet, either deliver
the packet to the instance of the original protocol (when the packet
is accepted or RxAuthRequired is FALSE) or discard it (when the
packet is refused and RxAuthRequired is TRUE).
1. If the current incoming interface's sequence of CSAs is empty,
accept the packet.
2. If the current packet does not contain exactly one TS/PC TLV,
refuse it.
3. Perform a lookup in the ANM table for an entry having Interface
equal to the current incoming interface and Source equal to the
source address of the current packet. If such an entry does not
exist, immediately proceed to the next step. Otherwise, compare
the entry's LastTS and LastPC field values with the Timestamp
and PacketCounter values, respectively, of the TS/PC TLV of the
packet. That is, refuse the packet if at least one of the
following two conditions is true:
* Timestamp is less than LastTS
* Timestamp is equal to LastTS and PacketCounter is not greater
than LastPC
Note that the current step may involve byte order conversion.
4. Derive a sequence of ESAs, using the procedure defined in
Section 5.2, with the current interface's sequence of CSAs as
the input sequence of CSAs, current time as CT, and "receiving"
as the direction. If the derived sequence is empty, refuse the
packet.
5. Make a temporary copy of the current packet.
6. Pad (see Section 2.2) every HMAC TLV present in the temporary
copy (not the original packet), using the source address of the
original packet.
7. Iterate over all the HMAC TLVs of the original input packet (not
the copy), using their order of appearance in the packet. For
each HMAC TLV, look up all ESAs in the derived sequence such
that 2 plus the digest length of HashAlgo of the ESA is equal to
Length of the TLV and KeyID of the ESA is equal to the value of
KeyID of the TLV. Iterate over these ESAs in the relative order
of their appearance on the full sequence of ESAs. Note that
nesting the iterations the opposite way (over ESAs, then over
HMAC TLVs) would be wrong.
For each of these ESAs, compute an HMAC result (see
Section 2.4), using the temporary copy (not the original packet)
as Text, HashAlgo of the current ESA as H, and AuthKeyOctets of
the current ESA as K. If the current HMAC result exactly
matches the contents of the Digest field of the current HMAC
TLV, immediately proceed to the next step. Otherwise, if the
number of HMAC computations done for the current packet so far
is equal to MaxDigestsIn, immediately proceed to the next step.
Otherwise, follow the normal order of iterations.
Note that the current step may involve byte order conversion.
8. Refuse the input packet unless there was a matching HMAC result
in the previous step.
9. Modify the ANM table, using the same index as for the entry
lookup above, to contain an entry with LastTS set to the value
of Timestamp and LastPC set to the value of PacketCounter fields
of the TS/PC TLV of the current packet. That is, either add a
new ANM table entry or update the existing one, depending on the
result of the entry lookup above. Reset the entry's aging timer
to the current value of ANM timeout.
Note that the current step may involve byte order conversion.
10. Accept the input packet.
Before performing the authentication-specific processing above, an
implementation SHOULD perform those basic procedures of the original
protocol that don't take any protocol actions on the contents of the
packet but that will discard the packet if it is not sufficiently
well formed for further processing. Although the exact composition
of such procedures belongs to the scope of the original protocol, it
seems reasonable to state that a packet SHOULD be discarded early,
regardless of whether any authentication-specific processing is due,
unless its source address conforms to Section 3.1 of [BABEL] and is
not the receiving speaker's own address (see item (e) of Section 8).
Note that RxAuthRequired affects only the final action but not the
defined flow of authentication-specific processing. The purpose of
this is to preserve authentication-specific processing feedback (such
as log messages and event-counter updates), even with RxAuthRequired
set to FALSE. This allows an operator to predict the effect of
changing RxAuthRequired from FALSE to TRUE during a migration
scenario (Section 7.3) implementation.
5.5. Authentication-Specific Statistics Maintenance
A Babel speaker implementing this mechanism SHOULD maintain a set of
counters for the following events, per protocol instance and per
interface:
a. Sending an unauthenticated Babel packet through an interface
having an empty sequence of CSAs (Section 5.3 item 1).
b. Sending an unauthenticated Babel packet with a TS/PC TLV but
without any HMAC TLVs, due to an empty derived sequence of ESAs
(Section 5.3 item 4).
c. Sending an authenticated Babel packet containing both TS/PC and
HMAC TLVs (Section 5.3 item 9).
d. Accepting a Babel packet received through an interface having an
empty sequence of CSAs (Section 5.4 item 1).
e. Refusing a received Babel packet due to an empty derived sequence
of ESAs (Section 5.4 item 4).
f. Refusing a received Babel packet that does not contain exactly
one TS/PC TLV (Section 5.4 item 2).
g. Refusing a received Babel packet due to the TS/PC TLV failing the
ANM table check (Section 5.4 item 3). With possible future
extensions in mind, in implementations of this mechanism, this
event SHOULD leave out some small amount, per current (Interface,
Source, LastTS, LastPC) tuple, of the packets refused due to the
Timestamp value being equal to LastTS and the PacketCounter value
being equal to LastPC.
h. Refusing a received Babel packet missing any HMAC TLVs
(Section 5.4 item 8).
i. Refusing a received Babel packet due to none of the processed
HMAC TLVs passing the ESA check (Section 5.4 item 8).
j. Accepting a received Babel packet having both TS/PC and HMAC TLVs
(Section 5.4 item 10).
k. Delivery of a refused packet to the instance of the original
protocol due to the RxAuthRequired parameter being set to FALSE.
Note that the terms "accepting" and "refusing" are used in the sense
of the receiving procedure; that is, "accepting" does not mean a
packet delivered to the instance of the original protocol purely
because the RxAuthRequired parameter is set to FALSE. Event-counter
readings SHOULD be available to the operator at runtime.
6. Implementation Notes
6.1. Source Address Selection for Sending
Section 3.1 of [BABEL] allows for the exchange of protocol datagrams,
using IPv4, IPv6, or both. The source address of the datagram is a
unicast (link-local in the case of IPv6) address. Within an address
family used by a Babel speaker, there may be more than one address
eligible for the exchange and assigned to the same network interface.
The original specification considers this case out of scope and
leaves it up to the speaker's network stack to select one particular
address as the datagram source address, but the sending procedure
requires (Section 5.3 item 5) exact knowledge of the packet source
address for proper padding of HMAC TLVs.
As long as a network interface has more than one address eligible for
the exchange within the same address family, the Babel speaker SHOULD
internally choose one of those addresses for Babel packet sending
purposes and then indicate this choice to both the sending procedure
and the network stack (see Figure 1 in Appendix A). Wherever this
requirement cannot be met, this limitation MUST be clearly stated in
the system documentation to allow an operator to plan network address
management accordingly.
6.2. Output Buffer Management
An instance of the original protocol will buffer produced TLVs until
the buffer becomes full or a delay timer has expired. This is
performed independently for each Babel interface, with each buffer
sized according to the interface MTU (see Sections 3.1 and 4 of
[BABEL]).
Since TS/PC TLVs, HMAC TLVs, and any other TLVs -- and most likely
the TLVs of the original protocol -- share the same packet space (see
Figure 2 in Appendix A) and, respectively, the same buffer space, a
particular portion of each interface buffer needs to be reserved for
one TS/PC TLV and up to MaxDigestsOut HMAC TLVs. The amount (R) of
this reserved buffer space is calculated as follows:
R = St + MaxDigestsOut * Sh
R = 8 + MaxDigestsOut * (4 + Lmax)
St The size of a TS/PC TLV.
Sh The size of an HMAC TLV.
Lmax The maximum possible digest length in octets for a particular
interface. It SHOULD be calculated based on the particular
interface's sequence of CSAs but MAY be taken as the maximum
digest length supported by a particular implementation.
An implementation allowing for a per-interface value of MaxDigestsOut
or Lmax has to account for a different value of R across different
interfaces, even interfaces having the same MTU. An implementation
allowing for a runtime change to the value of R (due to MaxDigestsOut
or Lmax) has to take care of the TLVs already buffered by the time of
the change -- specifically, when the value of R increases.
The maximum safe value of the MaxDigestsOut parameter depends on the
interface MTU and maximum digest length used. In general, at least
200-300 octets of a Babel packet should always be available to data
other than TS/PC and HMAC TLVs. An implementation following the
requirements of Section 4 of [BABEL] would send packets of 512 octets
or larger. If, for example, the maximum digest length is 64 octets
and the MaxDigestsOut value is 4, the value of R would be 280,
leaving less than half of a 512-octet packet for any other TLVs. As
long as the interface MTU is larger or the digest length is smaller,
higher values of MaxDigestsOut can be used safely.
6.3. Optimizations of Deriving Procedure for ESAs
The following optimizations of the deriving procedure for ESAs can
reduce the amount of CPU time consumed by authentication-specific
processing, preserving an implementation's effective behaviour.
a. The most straightforward implementation would treat the deriving
procedure as a per-packet action, but since the procedure is
deterministic (its output depends on its input only), it is
possible to significantly reduce the number of times the
procedure is performed.
The procedure would obviously return the same result for the same
input arguments (sequence of CSAs, direction, CT) values.
However, it is possible to predict when the result will remain
the same, even for a different input. That is, when the input
sequence of CSAs and the direction both remain the same but CT
changes, the result will remain the same as long as CT's order on
the time axis (relative to all critical points of the sequence of
CSAs) remains unchanged. Here, the critical points are
KeyStartAccept and KeyStopAccept (for the receiving direction),
and KeyStartGenerate and KeyStopGenerate (for the sending
direction), of all keys of all CSAs of the input sequence. In
other words, in this case the result will remain the same as long
as (1) none of the active keys expire and (2) none of the
inactive keys enter into operation.
An implementation optimized in this way would perform the full
deriving procedure for a given (interface, direction) pair only
after an operator's change to the interface's sequence of CSAs or
after reaching one of the critical points mentioned above.
b. Considering that the sending procedure iterates over at most
MaxDigestsOut elements of the derived sequence of ESAs
(Section 5.3 item 5), there would be little sense, in the case of
the sending direction, in returning more than MaxDigestsOut ESAs
in the derived sequence. Note that a similar optimization would
be relatively difficult in the case of the receiving direction,
since the number of ESAs actually used in examining a particular
received packet (not to be confused with the number of HMAC
computations) depends on additional factors besides just
MaxDigestsIn.
6.4. Duplication of Security Associations
This specification defines three data structures as finite sequences:
a KeyChain sequence, an interface's sequence of CSAs, and a sequence
of ESAs. There are associated semantics to take into account during
implementation, in that the same element can appear multiple times at
different positions of the sequence. In particular, none of the CSA
structure fields (including HashAlgo, LocalKeyID, and AuthKeyOctets),
alone or in a combination, have to be unique within a given CSA, or
within a given sequence of CSAs, or within all sequences of CSAs of a
Babel speaker.
In the CSA space defined in this way, for any two authentication
keys, their one field (in)equality would not imply another field
(in)equality. In other words, it is acceptable to have more than one
authentication key with the same LocalKeyID or the same
AuthKeyOctets, or both at a time. It is a conscious design decision
that CSA semantics allow for duplication of security associations.
Consequently, ESA semantics allow for duplication of intermediate
ESAs in the sequence until the explicit deduplication (Section 5.2
item 4).
One of the intentions of this is to define the security association
management in a way that allows the addressing of some specifics of
Babel as a mesh routing protocol. For example, a system operator
configuring a Babel speaker to participate in more than one
administrative domain could find each domain using its own
authentication key (AuthKeyOctets) under the same LocalKeyID value,
e.g., a "well-known" or "default" value like 0 or 1. Since
reconfiguring the domains to use distinct LocalKeyID values isn't
always feasible, the multi-domain Babel speaker, using several
distinct authentication keys under the same LocalKeyID, would make a
valid use case for such duplication.
Furthermore, if the operator decided in this situation to migrate one
of the domains to a different LocalKeyID value in a seamless way, the
respective Babel speakers would use the same authentication key
(AuthKeyOctets) under two different LocalKeyID values for the time of
the transition (see also item (f) of Section 8). This would make a
similar use case.
Another intention of this design decision is to decouple security
association management from authentication key management as much as
possible, so that the latter, be it manual keying or a key-management
protocol, could be designed and implemented independently (as the
respective reasoning made in Section 3.1 of [RIP2-AUTH] still
applies). This way, the additional key-management constraints, if
any, would remain out of the scope of this authentication mechanism.
A similar thinking justifies the LocalKeyID field having a bit length
in an ESA structure definition, but not in that of the CSA.
7. Network Management Aspects
7.1. Backward Compatibility
Support of this mechanism is optional. It does not change the
default behaviour of a Babel speaker and causes no compatibility
issues with speakers properly implementing the original Babel
specification. Given two Babel speakers -- one implementing this
mechanism and configured for authenticated exchange (A) and another
not implementing it (B) -- these speakers would not distribute
routing information unidirectionally, form a routing loop, or
experience other protocol logic issues specific purely to the use of
this mechanism.
The Babel design requires a bidirectional neighbour reachability
condition between two given speakers for a successful exchange of
routing information. Apparently, neighbour reachability would be
unidirectional in the case above. The presence of TS/PC and HMAC
TLVs in Babel packets sent by A would be transparent to B, but a lack
of authentication data in Babel packets sent by B would make them
effectively invisible to the instance of the original protocol of A.
Unidirectional links are not specific to the use of this mechanism;
they naturally exist on their own and are properly detected and coped
with by the original protocol (see Section 3.4.2 of [BABEL]).
7.2. Multi-Domain Authentication
The receiving procedure treats a packet as authentic as soon as one
of its HMAC TLVs passes the check against the derived sequence of
ESAs. This allows for packet exchange authenticated with multiple
(hash algorithm, authentication key) pairs simultaneously, in
combinations as arbitrary as permitted by MaxDigestsIn and
MaxDigestsOut.
For example, consider three Babel speakers with one interface each,
configured with the following CSAs:
o speaker A: (hash algorithm H1; key SK1), (hash algorithm H1;
key SK2)
o speaker B: (hash algorithm H1; key SK1)
o speaker C: (hash algorithm H1; key SK2)
Packets sent by A would contain two HMAC TLVs each. Packets sent by
B and C would contain one HMAC TLV each. A and B would authenticate
the exchange between themselves, using H1 and SK1; A and C would use
H1 and SK2; B and C would discard each other's packets.
Consider a similar set of speakers configured with different CSAs:
o speaker D: (hash algorithm H2; key SK3), (hash algorithm H3;
key SK4)
o speaker E: (hash algorithm H2; key SK3), (hash algorithm H4;
keys SK5 and SK6)
o speaker F: (hash algorithm H3; keys SK4 and SK7), (hash
algorithm H5; key SK8)
Packets sent by D would contain two HMAC TLVs each. Packets sent by
E and F would contain three HMAC TLVs each. D and E would
authenticate the exchange between themselves, using H2 and SK3; D and
F would use H3 and SK4; E and F would discard each other's packets.
The simultaneous use of H4, SK5, and SK6 by E, as well as the use of
SK7, H5, and SK8 by F (for their own purposes), would remain
insignificant to D.
An operator implementing multi-domain authentication should keep in
mind that values of MaxDigestsIn and MaxDigestsOut may be different
both within the same Babel speaker and across different speakers.
Since the minimum value of both parameters is 2 (see Sections 3.4 and
3.5), when more than two authentication domains are configured
simultaneously it is advisable to confirm that every involved speaker
can handle a sufficient number of HMAC results for both sending and
receiving.
The recommended method of Babel speaker configuration for
multi-domain authentication is to not only use a different
authentication key for each domain but also a separate CSA for each
domain, even when hash algorithms are the same. This allows for fair
competition between CSAs and sometimes limits the consequences of a
possible misconfiguration to the scope of one CSA. See also item (f)
of Section 8.
7.3. Migration to and from Authenticated Exchange
It is common in practice to consider a migration to the authenticated
exchange of routing information only after the network has already
been deployed and put into active use. Performing the migration in a
way without regular traffic interruption is typically demanded, and
this specification allows a smooth migration using the RxAuthRequired
interface parameter defined in Section 3.1. This measure is similar
to the "transition mode" suggested in Section 5 of [OSPF3-AUTH-BIS].
An operator performing the migration needs to arrange configuration
changes as follows:
1. Decide on particular hash algorithm(s) and key(s) to be used.
2. Identify all speakers and their involved interfaces that need to
be migrated to authenticated exchange.
3. For each of the speakers and the interfaces to be reconfigured,
first set the RxAuthRequired parameter to FALSE, then configure
necessary CSA(s).
4. Examine the speakers to confirm that Babel packets are
successfully authenticated according to the configuration (for
instance, by examining ANM table entries and authentication-
specific statistics; see Figure 1 in Appendix A), and address any
discrepancies before proceeding further.
5. For each of the speakers and the reconfigured interfaces, set the
RxAuthRequired parameter to TRUE.
Likewise, temporarily setting RxAuthRequired to FALSE can be used to
migrate smoothly from an authenticated packet exchange back to an
unauthenticated one.
7.4. Handling of Authentication Key Exhaustion
This specification employs a common concept of multiple
authentication keys coexisting for a given interface, with two
independent lifetime ranges associated with each key (one for sending
and another for receiving). It is typically recommended that the
keys be configured using finite lifetimes, adding new keys before the
old keys expire. However, it is obviously possible for all keys to
expire for a given interface (for sending, receiving, or both).
Possible ways of addressing this situation raise their own concerns:
o Automatic switching to unauthenticated protocol exchange. This
behaviour invalidates the initial purposes of authentication and
is commonly viewed as unacceptable ([RIP2-AUTH] Section 5.1,
[OSPF2-AUTH] Section 3.2, and [OSPF3-AUTH-BIS] Section 3).
o Stopping routing information exchange over the interface. This
behaviour is likely to impact regular traffic routing and is
commonly viewed as "not advisable" ([RIP2-AUTH], [OSPF2-AUTH], and
[OSPF3-AUTH]), although [OSPF3-AUTH-BIS] is different in this
regard.
o The use of the "most recently expired" key over its intended
lifetime range. This behaviour is recommended for implementation
in [RIP2-AUTH], [OSPF2-AUTH], and [OSPF3-AUTH] but not in
[OSPF3-AUTH-BIS]. Such use of this key may become a problem, due
to an offline cryptographic attack (see item (f) of Section 8) or
a compromise of the key. In addition, distinguishing a recently
expired key from a key that has never been used may be impossible
after a router restart.
The design of this mechanism prevents automatic switching to
unauthenticated exchange and is consistent with similar
authentication mechanisms in this regard, but since the best choice
between two other options depends on local site policy, this decision
is left up to the operator rather than the implementor (in a way
resembling the "fail secure" configuration knob described in
Section 5.1 of [RIP2-AUTH]).
Although the deriving procedure does not allow for any exceptions in
the filtering of expired keys (Section 5.2 item 2), the operator can
trivially enforce one of the two remaining behaviour options through
local key-management procedures. In particular, when using the key
over its intended lifetime is preferable to regular traffic
disruption, the operator would explicitly leave the old key expiry
time open until the new key is added to the router configuration. In
the opposite case, the operator would always configure the old key
with a finite lifetime and bear associated risks.
8. Security Considerations
The use of this mechanism implies requirements common to the use of
shared authentication keys, including, but not limited to:
o holding the keys secret,
o including sufficient amounts of random bits into each key,
o rekeying on a regular basis, and
o never reusing a used key for a different purpose.
That said, proper design and implementation of a key-management
policy are out of the scope of this work. Many publications on this
subject exist and should be used for this purpose (BCP 107 [RFC4107],
BCP 132 [RFC4962], and [RFC6039] are suggested as starting points).
It is possible for a network that exercises rollover of
authentication keys to experience accidental expiration of all the
keys for a network interface, as discussed at greater length in
Section 7.4. With that and the guidance of Section 5.1 of
[RIP2-AUTH] in mind, in such an event the Babel speaker MUST send a
"last key expired" notification to the operator (e.g., via syslog,
SNMP, and/or other implementation-specific means), most likely in
relation to item (b) of Section 5.5. Also, any actual occurrence of
an authentication key expiration MUST cause a security event to be
logged by the implementation. The log item MUST include at least a
note that the authentication key has expired, the Babel routing
protocol instance(s) affected, the network interface(s) affected, the
LocalKeyID that is affected, and the current date/time. Operators
are encouraged to check such logs as an operational security
practice.
Considering particular attacks being in scope or out of scope on one
hand and measures taken to protect against particular in-scope
attacks on the other, the original Babel protocol and this
authentication mechanism are in line with similar datagram-based
routing protocols and their respective mechanisms. In particular,
the primary concerns addressed are:
a. Peer Entity Authentication
The Babel speaker authentication mechanism defined herein is
believed to be as strong as the class itself to which it belongs.
This specification is built on fundamental concepts implemented
for authentication of similar routing protocols: per-packet
authentication, the use of the HMAC construction, and the use of
shared keys. Although this design approach does not address all
possible concerns, it is so far known to be sufficient for most
practical cases.
b. Data Integrity
Meaningful parts of a Babel datagram are the contents of the
Babel packet (in the definition of Section 4.2 of [BABEL]) and
the source address of the datagram (Section 3.5.3 of [BABEL]).
This mechanism authenticates both parts, using the HMAC
construction, so that making any meaningful change to an
authenticated packet after it has been emitted by the sender
should be as hard as attacking the HMAC construction itself or
successfully recovering the authentication key.
Note well that any trailing data of the Babel datagram is not
meaningful in the scope of the original specification and does
not belong to the Babel packet. Integrity of the trailing data
is thus not protected by this mechanism. At the same time,
although any TLV extra data is also not meaningful in the same
scope, its integrity is protected, since this extra data is a
part of the Babel packet (see Figure 2 in Appendix A).
c. Denial of Service
Proper deployment of this mechanism in a Babel network
significantly increases the efforts required for an attacker to
feed arbitrary Babel packets into a protocol exchange (with the
intent of attacking a particular Babel speaker or disrupting the
exchange of regular traffic in a routing domain). It also
protects the neighbour table from being flooded with forged
speaker entries.
At the same time, this protection comes with a price of CPU time
being spent on HMAC computations. This may be a concern for
low-performance CPUs combined with high-speed interfaces, as
sometimes seen in embedded systems and hardware routers. The
MaxDigestsIn parameter, which is used to limit the maximum amount
of CPU time spent on a single received Babel packet, addresses
this concern to some extent.
d. Reflection Attacks
Given the approach discussed in item (b), the only potential
reflection attack on this mechanism could be replaying exact
copies of Babel packets back to the sender from the same source
address. The mitigation in this case is straightforward and is
discussed in Section 5.4.
The following in-scope concern is only partially addressed:
e. Replay Attacks
This specification establishes a basic replay protection measure
(see Section 3.6), defines a timeout parameter affecting its
strength (see Section 3.7), and outlines implementation methods
also affecting protection strength in several ways (see
Section 5.1). The implementor's choice of the timeout value and
particular implementation methods may be suboptimal due to, for
example, insufficient hardware resources of the Babel speaker.
Furthermore, it may be possible that an operator configures the
timeout and the methods to address particular local specifics,
and this further weakens the protection. An operator concerned
about replay attack protection strength should understand these
factors and their meaning in a given network segment.
That said, a particular form of replay attack on this mechanism
remains possible anyway. Whether there are two or more network
segments using the same CSA and there is an adversary that
captures Babel packets on one segment and replays on another (and
vice versa, due to the bidirectional reachability requirement for
neighbourship), some of the speakers on one such segment will
detect the "virtual" neighbours from another and may prefer them
for some destinations. This applies even more so as Babel
doesn't require a common pre-configured network prefix between
neighbours.
A reliable solution to this particular problem, which Section 4.5
of [RFC7186] discusses as well, is not currently known. It is
recommended that the operators use distinct CSAs for distinct
network segments.
The following in-scope concerns are not addressed:
f. Offline Cryptographic Attacks
This mechanism is obviously subject to offline cryptographic
attacks. As soon as an attacker has obtained a copy of an
authenticated Babel packet of interest (which gets easier to do
in wireless networks), he has all of the parameters of the
authentication-specific processing performed by the sender,
except for authentication key(s) and the choice of particular
hash algorithm(s). Since digest lengths of common hash
algorithms are well known and can be matched with those seen in
the packet, the complexity of this attack is essentially that of
the authentication key attack.
Viewing the cryptographic strength of particular hash algorithms
as a concern of its own, the main practical means of resisting
offline cryptographic attacks on this mechanism are periodic
rekeying and the use of strong keys with a sufficient number of
random bits.
It is important to understand that in the case of multiple keys
being used within a single interface (for multi-domain
authentication or during a key rollover) the strength of the
combined configuration would be that of the weakest key, since
only one successful HMAC test is required for an authentic
packet. Operators concerned about offline cryptographic attacks
should enforce the same strength policy for all keys used for a
given interface.
Note that a special pathological case is possible with this
mechanism. Whenever two or more authentication keys are
configured for a given interface such that all keys share the
same AuthKeyOctets and the same HashAlgo, but LocalKeyID modulo
2^16 is different for each key, these keys will not be treated as
duplicate (Section 5.2 item 4), but an HMAC result computed for a
given packet will be the same for each of these keys. In the
case of the sending procedure, this can produce multiple HMAC
TLVs with exactly the same value of the Digest field but
different values of the KeyID field. In this case, the attacker
will see that the keys are the same, even without knowledge of
the key itself. The reuse of authentication keys is not the
intended use case of this mechanism and should be strongly
avoided.
g. Non-repudiation
This specification relies on the use of shared keys. There is no
timestamp infrastructure and no key-revocation mechanism defined
to address the compromise of a shared key. Establishing the time
that a particular authentic Babel packet was generated is thus
not possible. Proving that a particular Babel speaker had
actually sent a given authentic packet is also impossible as soon
as the shared key is claimed compromised. Even if the shared key
is not compromised, reliably identifying the speaker that had
actually sent a given authentic Babel packet is not possible.
Since any of the speakers sharing a key can impersonate any other
speaker sharing the same key, it is only possible to prove that
the speaker belongs to the group sharing the key.
h. Confidentiality Violations
The original Babel protocol does not encrypt any of the
information contained in its packets. The contents of a Babel
packet are trivial to decode and thus can reveal network topology
details. This mechanism does not improve this situation in any
way. Since routing protocol messages are not the only kind of
information subject to confidentiality concerns, a complete
solution to this problem is likely to include measures based on
the channel security model, such as IPsec and Wi-Fi Protected
Access 2 (WPA2) at the time of this writing.
i. Key Management
Any authentication key exchange/distribution concerns are out of
scope. However, the internal representation of authentication
keys (see Section 3.8) allows implementations to use such diverse
key-management techniques as manual configuration, a provisioning
system, a key-management protocol, or any other means that comply
with this specification.
j. Message Deletion
Any message deletion attacks are out of scope. Since a datagram
deleted by an attacker cannot be distinguished from a datagram
naturally lost in transmission, and since datagram-based routing
protocols are designed to withstand a certain loss of packets,
the currently established practice is treating authentication
purely as a per-packet function, without any added detection of
lost packets.
9. IANA Considerations
At the time of publication of this document, the Babel TLV Types
namespace did not have an IANA registry. TLV types 11 and 12 were
assigned (see Table 1 in Appendix A) to the TS/PC and HMAC TLV types
by Juliusz Chroboczek, designer of the original Babel protocol.
Therefore, this document has no IANA actions.
10. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Randall Atkinson and Matthew Fanto for their comprehensive
work on [RIP2-AUTH] that initiated a series of publications on
routing protocol authentication, including this one. This
specification adopts many concepts belonging to the whole series.
Thanks to Juliusz Chroboczek, Gabriel Kerneis, and Matthieu Boutier.
This document incorporates many technical and editorial corrections
based on their feedback. Thanks to all contributors to Babel,
because this work would not be possible without the prior works.
Thanks to Dominic Mulligan for editorial proofreading of this
document. Thanks to Riku Hietamaki for suggesting the test vectors
section.
Thanks to Joel Halpern, Jim Schaad, Randall Atkinson, and Stephen
Farrell for providing (in chronological order) valuable feedback on
earlier versions of this document.
Thanks to Jim Gettys and Dave Taht for developing the CeroWrt
wireless router project and collaborating on many integration issues.
A practical need for Babel authentication emerged during research
based on CeroWrt that eventually became the very first use case of
this mechanism.
Thanks to Kunihiro Ishiguro and Paul Jakma for establishing the GNU
Zebra and Quagga routing software projects, respectively. Thanks to
Werner Koch, the author of Libgcrypt. The very first implementation
of this mechanism was made on a base of Quagga and Libgcrypt.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC:
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
February 1997.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006.
[FIPS-198] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "The
Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)", FIPS
PUB 198-1, July 2008.
[BABEL] Chroboczek, J., "The Babel Routing Protocol", RFC 6126,
April 2011.
11.2. Informative References
[RFC3315] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., Perkins, C.,
and M. Carney, "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for
IPv6 (DHCPv6)", RFC 3315, July 2003.
[RFC3931] Lau, J., Townsley, M., and I. Goyret, "Layer Two Tunneling
Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3)", RFC 3931, March 2005.
[RFC4030] Stapp, M. and T. Lemon, "The Authentication Suboption for
the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Relay Agent
Option", RFC 4030, March 2005.
[RFC4107] Bellovin, S. and R. Housley, "Guidelines for Cryptographic
Key Management", BCP 107, RFC 4107, June 2005.
[RFC4270] Hoffman, P. and B. Schneier, "Attacks on Cryptographic
Hashes in Internet Protocols", RFC 4270, November 2005.
[RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
December 2005.
[RIP2-AUTH]
Atkinson, R. and M. Fanto, "RIPv2 Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 4822, February 2007.
[RFC4962] Housley, R. and B. Aboba, "Guidance for Authentication,
Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Key Management",
BCP 132, RFC 4962, July 2007.
[RFC5176] Chiba, M., Dommety, G., Eklund, M., Mitton, D., and B.
Aboba, "Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote
Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 5176,
January 2008.
[ISIS-AUTH-A]
Li, T. and R. Atkinson, "IS-IS Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 5304, October 2008.
[ISIS-AUTH-B]
Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Li, T., Atkinson, R., White, R.,
and M. Fanto, "IS-IS Generic Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 5310, February 2009.
[OSPF2-AUTH]
Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Fanto, M., White, R., Barnes, M.,
Li, T., and R. Atkinson, "OSPFv2 HMAC-SHA Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 5709, October 2009.
[RFC6039] Manral, V., Bhatia, M., Jaeggli, J., and R. White, "Issues
with Existing Cryptographic Protection Methods for Routing
Protocols", RFC 6039, October 2010.
[RFC6151] Turner, S. and L. Chen, "Updated Security Considerations
for the MD5 Message-Digest and the HMAC-MD5 Algorithms",
RFC 6151, March 2011.
[RFC6194] Polk, T., Chen, L., Turner, S., and P. Hoffman, "Security
Considerations for the SHA-0 and SHA-1 Message-Digest
Algorithms", RFC 6194, March 2011.
[OSPF3-AUTH]
Bhatia, M., Manral, V., and A. Lindem, "Supporting
Authentication Trailer for OSPFv3", RFC 6506,
February 2012.
[RFC6709] Carpenter, B., Aboba, B., and S. Cheshire, "Design
Considerations for Protocol Extensions", RFC 6709,
September 2012.
[BABEL-EXTENSION]
Chroboczek, J., "Extension Mechanism for the Babel Routing
Protocol", Work in Progress, June 2014.
[OSPF3-AUTH-BIS]
Bhatia, M., Manral, V., and A. Lindem, "Supporting
Authentication Trailer for OSPFv3", RFC 7166, March 2014.
[RFC7183] Herberg, U., Dearlove, C., and T. Clausen, "Integrity
Protection for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)
and Optimized Link State Routing Protocol Version 2
(OLSRv2)", RFC 7183, April 2014.
[RFC7186] Yi, J., Herberg, U., and T. Clausen, "Security Threats for
the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)", RFC 7186,
April 2014.
Appendix A. Figures and Tables
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| authentication-specific statistics |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
^ | ^
| v |
| +-----------------------------------------------+ |
| | system operator | |
| +-----------------------------------------------+ |
| ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |
| | v | | | | | | | v |
+---+ +---------+ | | | | | | +---------+ +---+
| |->| ANM | | | | | | | | LocalTS |->| |
| R |<-| table | | | | | | | | LocalPC |<-| T |
| x | +---------+ | v | v | v +---------+ | x |
| | +----------------+ +---------+ +----------------+ | |
| p | | MaxDigestsIn | | | | MaxDigestsOut | | p |
| r |<-| ANM timeout | | CSAs | | |->| r |
| o | | RxAuthRequired | | | | | | o |
| c | +----------------+ +---------+ +----------------+ | c |
| e | +-------------+ | | +-------------+ | e |
| s | | Rx ESAs | | | | Tx ESAs | | s |
| s |<-| (temporary) |<----+ +---->| (temporary) |->| s |
| i | +-------------+ +-------------+ | i |
| n | +------------------------------+----------------+ | n |
| g | | instance of | output buffers |=>| g |
| |=>| the original +----------------+ | |
| | | protocol | source address |->| |
+---+ +------------------------------+----------------+ +---+
/\ | ||
|| v \/
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| network stack |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+
/\ || /\ || /\ || /\ ||
|| \/ || \/ || \/ || \/
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+
| speaker | | speaker | ... | speaker | | speaker |
+---------+ +---------+ +---------+ +---------+
Flow of control data : --->
Flow of Babel datagrams/packets: ===>
Figure 1: Interaction Diagram
P
|<---------------------------->| (D1)
| B |
| |<------------------------->|
| | |
+--+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+--+ P: Babel packet
|H |some |some | |some |some |T | H: Babel packet header
| |TLV |TLV | |TLV |TLV | | B: Babel packet body
| | | | | | | | T: optional trailing data block
+--+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+--+
P
|<----------------------------------------------------->| (D2)
| B |
| |<-------------------------------------------------->|
| | |
+--+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+------+------+...+------+--+
|H |some |some | |some |some |TS/PC |HMAC | |HMAC |T |
| |TLV |TLV | |TLV |TLV |TLV |TLV 1 | |TLV n | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+--+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+------+------+...+------+--+
P
|<----------------------------------------------------->| (D3)
| B |
| |<-------------------------------------------------->|
| | |
+--+------+------+...+------+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+--+
|H |TS/PC |HMAC | |HMAC |some |some | |some |some |T |
| |TLV |TLV 1 | |TLV n |TLV |TLV | |TLV |TLV | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+--+------+------+...+------+-----+-----+...+-----+-----+--+
P
|<------------------------------------------------------------>| (D4)
| B |
| |<--------------------------------------------------------->|
| | |
+--+-----+------+-----+------+...+-----+------+...+------+-----+--+
|H |some |HMAC |some |HMAC | |some |HMAC | |TS/PC |some |T |
| |TLV |TLV 1 |TLV |TLV 2 | |TLV |TLV n | |TLV |TLV | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
+--+-----+------+-----+------+...+-----+------+...+------+-----+--+
Figure 2: Babel Datagram Structure
+-------+-------------------------+---------------+
| Value | Name | Reference |
+-------+-------------------------+---------------+
| 0 | Pad1 | [BABEL] |
| 1 | PadN | [BABEL] |
| 2 | Acknowledgement Request | [BABEL] |
| 3 | Acknowledgement | [BABEL] |
| 4 | Hello | [BABEL] |
| 5 | IHU | [BABEL] |
| 6 | Router-Id | [BABEL] |
| 7 | Next Hop | [BABEL] |
| 8 | Update | [BABEL] |
| 9 | Route Request | [BABEL] |
| 10 | Seqno Request | [BABEL] |
| 11 | TS/PC | this document |
| 12 | HMAC | this document |
+-------+-------------------------+---------------+
Table 1: Babel TLV Types 0 through 12
+--------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Packet field | Packet octets (hexadecimal) | Meaning (decimal) |
+--------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Magic | 2a | 42 |
| Version | 02 | version 2 |
| Body length | 00:14 | 20 octets |
| [TLV] Type | 04 | 4 (Hello) |
| [TLV] Length | 06 | 6 octets |
| Reserved | 00:00 | no meaning |
| Seqno | 09:25 | 2341 |
| Interval | 01:90 | 400 (4.00 s) |
| [TLV] Type | 08 | 8 (Update) |
| [TLV] Length | 0a | 10 octets |
| AE | 00 | 0 (wildcard) |
| Flags | 40 | default router-id |
| Plen | 00 | 0 bits |
| Omitted | 00 | 0 bits |
| Interval | ff:ff | infinity |
| Seqno | 68:21 | 26657 |
| Metric | ff:ff | infinity |
+--------------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
Table 2: A Babel Packet without Authentication TLVs
+---------------+-------------------------------+-------------------+
| Packet field | Packet octets (hexadecimal) | Meaning (decimal) |
+---------------+-------------------------------+-------------------+
| Magic | 2a | 42 |
| Version | 02 | version 2 |
| Body length | 00:4c | 76 octets |
| [TLV] Type | 04 | 4 (Hello) |
| [TLV] Length | 06 | 6 octets |
| Reserved | 00:00 | no meaning |
| Seqno | 09:25 | 2341 |
| Interval | 01:90 | 400 (4.00 s) |
| [TLV] Type | 08 | 8 (Update) |
| [TLV] Length | 0a | 10 octets |
| AE | 00 | 0 (wildcard) |
| Flags | 40 | default router-id |
| Plen | 00 | 0 bits |
| Omitted | 00 | 0 bits |
| Interval | ff:ff | infinity |
| Seqno | 68:21 | 26657 |
| Metric | ff:ff | infinity |
| [TLV] Type | 0b | 11 (TS/PC) |
| [TLV] Length | 06 | 6 octets |
| PacketCounter | 00:01 | 1 |
| Timestamp | 52:1d:7e:8b | 1377664651 |
| [TLV] Type | 0c | 12 (HMAC) |
| [TLV] Length | 16 | 22 octets |
| KeyID | 00:c8 | 200 |
| Digest | fe:80:00:00:00:00:00:00:0a:11 | padding |
| | 96:ff:fe:1c:10:c8:00:00:00:00 | |
| [TLV] Type | 0c | 12 (HMAC) |
| [TLV] Length | 16 | 22 octets |
| KeyID | 00:64 | 100 |
| Digest | fe:80:00:00:00:00:00:00:0a:11 | padding |
| | 96:ff:fe:1c:10:c8:00:00:00:00 | |
+---------------+-------------------------------+-------------------+
Table 3: A Babel Packet with Each HMAC TLV Padded Using IPv6 Address
fe80::0a11:96ff:fe1c:10c8
+---------------+-------------------------------+-------------------+
| Packet field | Packet octets (hexadecimal) | Meaning (decimal) |
+---------------+-------------------------------+-------------------+
| Magic | 2a | 42 |
| Version | 02 | version 2 |
| Body length | 00:4c | 76 octets |
| [TLV] Type | 04 | 4 (Hello) |
| [TLV] Length | 06 | 6 octets |
| Reserved | 00:00 | no meaning |
| Seqno | 09:25 | 2341 |
| Interval | 01:90 | 400 (4.00 s) |
| [TLV] Type | 08 | 8 (Update) |
| [TLV] Length | 0a | 10 octets |
| AE | 00 | 0 (wildcard) |
| Flags | 40 | default router-id |
| Plen | 00 | 0 bits |
| Omitted | 00 | 0 bits |
| Interval | ff:ff | infinity |
| Seqno | 68:21 | 26657 |
| Metric | ff:ff | infinity |
| [TLV] Type | 0b | 11 (TS/PC) |
| [TLV] Length | 06 | 6 octets |
| PacketCounter | 00:01 | 1 |
| Timestamp | 52:1d:7e:8b | 1377664651 |
| [TLV] Type | 0c | 12 (HMAC) |
| [TLV] Length | 16 | 22 octets |
| KeyID | 00:c8 | 200 |
| Digest | c6:f1:06:13:30:3c:fa:f3:eb:5d | HMAC result |
| | 60:3a:ed:fd:06:55:83:f7:ee:79 | |
| [TLV] Type | 0c | 12 (HMAC) |
| [TLV] Length | 16 | 22 octets |
| KeyID | 00:64 | 100 |
| Digest | df:32:16:5e:d8:63:16:e5:a6:4d | HMAC result |
| | c7:73:e0:b5:22:82:ce:fe:e2:3c | |
+---------------+-------------------------------+-------------------+
Table 4: A Babel Packet with Each HMAC TLV Containing an HMAC Result
Appendix B. Test Vectors
The test vectors below may be used to verify the correctness of some
procedures performed by an implementation of this mechanism, namely:
o appending TS/PC and HMAC TLVs to the Babel packet body,
o padding the HMAC TLV(s),
o computation of the HMAC result(s), and
o placement of the result(s) in the TLV(s).
This verification isn't exhaustive. There are other important
implementation aspects that would require testing methods of
their own.
The test vectors were produced as follows.
1. A Babel speaker with a network interface with IPv6 link-local
address fe80::0a11:96ff:fe1c:10c8 was configured to use two CSAs
for the interface:
* CSA1={HashAlgo=RIPEMD-160, KeyChain={{LocalKeyID=200,
AuthKeyOctets=Key26}}}
* CSA2={HashAlgo=SHA-1, KeyChain={{LocalKeyId=100,
AuthKeyOctets=Key70}}}
The authentication keys above are:
* Key26 in ASCII:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
* Key26 in hexadecimal:
41:42:43:44:45:46:47:48:49:4a:4b:4c:4d:4e:4f:50
51:52:53:54:55:56:57:58:59:5a
* Key70 in ASCII:
This=key=is=exactly=70=octets=long.=ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ01234567
* Key70 in hexadecimal:
54:68:69:73:3d:6b:65:79:3d:69:73:3d:65:78:61:63
74:6c:79:3d:37:30:3d:6f:63:74:65:74:73:3d:6c:6f
6e:67:2e:3d:41:42:43:44:45:46:47:48:49:4a:4b:4c
4d:4e:4f:50:51:52:53:54:55:56:57:58:59:5a:30:31
32:33:34:35:36:37
The length of each key was picked to relate (using the terms
listed in Section 2.4) to the properties of its respective hash
algorithm as follows:
* the digest length (L) of both RIPEMD-160 and SHA-1 is 20
octets,
* the internal block size (B) of both RIPEMD-160 and SHA-1 is 64
octets,
* the length of Key26 (26) is greater than L but less than B,
and
* the length of Key70 (70) is greater than B (and thus greater
than L).
KeyStartAccept, KeyStopAccept, KeyStartGenerate, and
KeyStopGenerate were set to make both authentication keys valid.
2. The instance of the original protocol of the speaker produced a
Babel packet (PktO) to be sent from the interface. Table 2
provides a decoding of PktO, the contents of which are below:
2a:02:00:14:04:06:00:00:09:25:01:90:08:0a:00:40
00:00:ff:ff:68:21:ff:ff
3. The authentication mechanism appended one TS/PC TLV and two HMAC
TLVs to the packet body, updated the "Body length" packet header
field, and padded the Digest field of the HMAC TLVs, using the
link-local IPv6 address of the interface and the necessary amount
of zeroes. Table 3 provides a decoding of the resulting
temporary packet (PktT), the contents of which are below:
2a:02:00:4c:04:06:00:00:09:25:01:90:08:0a:00:40
00:00:ff:ff:68:21:ff:ff:0b:06:00:01:52:1d:7e:8b
0c:16:00:c8:fe:80:00:00:00:00:00:00:0a:11:96:ff
fe:1c:10:c8:00:00:00:00:0c:16:00:64:fe:80:00:00
00:00:00:00:0a:11:96:ff:fe:1c:10:c8:00:00:00:00
4. The authentication mechanism produced two HMAC results,
performing the computations as follows:
* For H=RIPEMD-160, K=Key26, and Text=PktT, the HMAC result is:
c6:f1:06:13:30:3c:fa:f3:eb:5d:60:3a:ed:fd:06:55
83:f7:ee:79
* For H=SHA-1, K=Key70, and Text=PktT, the HMAC result is:
df:32:16:5e:d8:63:16:e5:a6:4d:c7:73:e0:b5:22:82
ce:fe:e2:3c
5. The authentication mechanism placed each HMAC result into its
respective HMAC TLV, producing the final authenticated Babel
packet (PktA), which was eventually sent from the interface.
Table 4 provides a decoding of PktA, the contents of which are
below:
2a:02:00:4c:04:06:00:00:09:25:01:90:08:0a:00:40
00:00:ff:ff:68:21:ff:ff:0b:06:00:01:52:1d:7e:8b
0c:16:00:c8:c6:f1:06:13:30:3c:fa:f3:eb:5d:60:3a
ed:fd:06:55:83:f7:ee:79:0c:16:00:64:df:32:16:5e
d8:63:16:e5:a6:4d:c7:73:e0:b5:22:82:ce:fe:e2:3c
Interpretation of this process is to be done differently for the
sending and receiving directions (see Figure 1).
For the sending direction, given a Babel speaker configured using the
IPv6 address and the sequence of CSAs as described above, the
implementation SHOULD (see notes in Section 5.3) produce exactly the
temporary packet PktT if the original protocol instance produces
exactly the packet PktO to be sent from the interface. If the
temporary packet exactly matches PktT, the HMAC results computed
afterwards MUST exactly match the respective results above, and the
final authenticated packet MUST exactly match PktA above.
For the receiving direction, given a Babel speaker configured using
the sequence of CSAs as described above (but a different IPv6
address), the implementation MUST (assuming that the TS/PC check
didn't fail) produce exactly the temporary packet PktT above if its
network stack receives through the interface exactly the packet PktA
above from the source IPv6 address above. The first HMAC result
computed afterwards MUST match the first result above. The receiving
procedure doesn't compute the second HMAC result in this case, but if
the implementor decides to compute it anyway for verification
purposes, it MUST exactly match the second result above.
Author's Address
Denis Ovsienko
Yandex
16, Leo Tolstoy St.
Moscow 119021
Russia
EMail: infrastation@yandex.ru