Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Pauly
Request for Comments: 9221 E. Kinnear
Category: Standards Track Apple Inc.
ISSN: 2070-1721 D. Schinazi
Google LLC
March 2022
An Unreliable Datagram Extension to QUIC
Abstract
This document defines an extension to the QUIC transport protocol to
add support for sending and receiving unreliable datagrams over a
QUIC connection.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9221.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Specification of Requirements
2. Motivation
3. Transport Parameter
4. Datagram Frame Types
5. Behavior and Usage
5.1. Multiplexing Datagrams
5.2. Acknowledgement Handling
5.3. Flow Control
5.4. Congestion Control
6. Security Considerations
7. IANA Considerations
7.1. QUIC Transport Parameter
7.2. QUIC Frame Types
8. References
8.1. Normative References
8.2. Informative References
Acknowledgments
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
The QUIC transport protocol [RFC9000] provides a secure, multiplexed
connection for transmitting reliable streams of application data.
QUIC uses various frame types to transmit data within packets, and
each frame type defines whether the data it contains will be
retransmitted. Streams of reliable application data are sent using
STREAM frames.
Some applications, particularly those that need to transmit real-time
data, prefer to transmit data unreliably. In the past, these
applications have built directly upon UDP [RFC0768] as a transport
and have often added security with DTLS [RFC6347]. Extending QUIC to
support transmitting unreliable application data provides another
option for secure datagrams with the added benefit of sharing the
cryptographic and authentication context used for reliable streams.
This document defines two new DATAGRAM QUIC frame types that carry
application data without requiring retransmissions.
1.1. Specification of Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
2. Motivation
Transmitting unreliable data over QUIC provides benefits over
existing solutions:
* Applications that want to use both a reliable stream and an
unreliable flow to the same peer can benefit by sharing a single
handshake and authentication context between a reliable QUIC
stream and a flow of unreliable QUIC datagrams. This can reduce
the latency required for handshakes compared to opening both a TLS
connection and a DTLS connection.
* QUIC uses a more nuanced loss recovery mechanism than the DTLS
handshake. This can allow loss recovery to occur more quickly for
QUIC data.
* QUIC datagrams are subject to QUIC congestion control. Providing
a single congestion control for both reliable and unreliable data
can be more effective and efficient.
These features can be useful for optimizing audio/video streaming
applications, gaming applications, and other real-time network
applications.
Unreliable QUIC datagrams can also be used to implement an IP packet
tunnel over QUIC, such as for a Virtual Private Network (VPN).
Internet-layer tunneling protocols generally require a reliable and
authenticated handshake followed by unreliable secure transmission of
IP packets. This can, for example, require a TLS connection for the
control data and DTLS for tunneling IP packets. A single QUIC
connection could support both parts with the use of unreliable
datagrams in addition to reliable streams.
3. Transport Parameter
Support for receiving the DATAGRAM frame types is advertised by means
of a QUIC transport parameter (name=max_datagram_frame_size,
value=0x20). The max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter is an
integer value (represented as a variable-length integer) that
represents the maximum size of a DATAGRAM frame (including the frame
type, length, and payload) the endpoint is willing to receive, in
bytes.
The default for this parameter is 0, which indicates that the
endpoint does not support DATAGRAM frames. A value greater than 0
indicates that the endpoint supports the DATAGRAM frame types and is
willing to receive such frames on this connection.
An endpoint MUST NOT send DATAGRAM frames until it has received the
max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter with a non-zero value
during the handshake (or during a previous handshake if 0-RTT is
used). An endpoint MUST NOT send DATAGRAM frames that are larger
than the max_datagram_frame_size value it has received from its peer.
An endpoint that receives a DATAGRAM frame when it has not indicated
support via the transport parameter MUST terminate the connection
with an error of type PROTOCOL_VIOLATION. Similarly, an endpoint
that receives a DATAGRAM frame that is larger than the value it sent
in its max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter MUST terminate the
connection with an error of type PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.
For most uses of DATAGRAM frames, it is RECOMMENDED to send a value
of 65535 in the max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter to
indicate that this endpoint will accept any DATAGRAM frame that fits
inside a QUIC packet.
The max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter is a unidirectional
limit and indication of support of DATAGRAM frames. Application
protocols that use DATAGRAM frames MAY choose to only negotiate and
use them in a single direction.
When clients use 0-RTT, they MAY store the value of the server's
max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter. Doing so allows the
client to send DATAGRAM frames in 0-RTT packets. When servers decide
to accept 0-RTT data, they MUST send a max_datagram_frame_size
transport parameter greater than or equal to the value they sent to
the client in the connection where they sent them the
NewSessionTicket message. If a client stores the value of the
max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter with their 0-RTT state,
they MUST validate that the new value of the max_datagram_frame_size
transport parameter sent by the server in the handshake is greater
than or equal to the stored value; if not, the client MUST terminate
the connection with error PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.
Application protocols that use datagrams MUST define how they react
to the absence of the max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter.
If datagram support is integral to the application, the application
protocol can fail the handshake if the max_datagram_frame_size
transport parameter is not present.
4. Datagram Frame Types
DATAGRAM frames are used to transmit application data in an
unreliable manner. The Type field in the DATAGRAM frame takes the
form 0b0011000X (or the values 0x30 and 0x31). The least significant
bit of the Type field in the DATAGRAM frame is the LEN bit (0x01),
which indicates whether there is a Length field present: if this bit
is set to 0, the Length field is absent and the Datagram Data field
extends to the end of the packet; if this bit is set to 1, the Length
field is present.
DATAGRAM frames are structured as follows:
DATAGRAM Frame {
Type (i) = 0x30..0x31,
[Length (i)],
Datagram Data (..),
}
Figure 1: DATAGRAM Frame Format
DATAGRAM frames contain the following fields:
Length: A variable-length integer specifying the length of the
Datagram Data field in bytes. This field is present only when the
LEN bit is set to 1. When the LEN bit is set to 0, the Datagram
Data field extends to the end of the QUIC packet. Note that empty
(i.e., zero-length) datagrams are allowed.
Datagram Data: The bytes of the datagram to be delivered.
5. Behavior and Usage
When an application sends a datagram over a QUIC connection, QUIC
will generate a new DATAGRAM frame and send it in the first available
packet. This frame SHOULD be sent as soon as possible (as determined
by factors like congestion control, described below) and MAY be
coalesced with other frames.
When a QUIC endpoint receives a valid DATAGRAM frame, it SHOULD
deliver the data to the application immediately, as long as it is
able to process the frame and can store the contents in memory.
Like STREAM frames, DATAGRAM frames contain application data and MUST
be protected with either 0-RTT or 1-RTT keys.
Note that while the max_datagram_frame_size transport parameter
places a limit on the maximum size of DATAGRAM frames, that limit can
be further reduced by the max_udp_payload_size transport parameter
and the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the path between
endpoints. DATAGRAM frames cannot be fragmented; therefore,
application protocols need to handle cases where the maximum datagram
size is limited by other factors.
5.1. Multiplexing Datagrams
DATAGRAM frames belong to a QUIC connection as a whole and are not
associated with any stream ID at the QUIC layer. However, it is
expected that applications will want to differentiate between
specific DATAGRAM frames by using identifiers, such as for logical
flows of datagrams or to distinguish between different kinds of
datagrams.
Defining the identifiers used to multiplex different kinds of
datagrams or flows of datagrams is the responsibility of the
application protocol running over QUIC. The application defines the
semantics of the Datagram Data field and how it is parsed.
If the application needs to support the coexistence of multiple flows
of datagrams, one recommended pattern is to use a variable-length
integer at the beginning of the Datagram Data field. This is a
simple approach that allows a large number of flows to be encoded
using minimal space.
QUIC implementations SHOULD present an API to applications to assign
relative priorities to DATAGRAM frames with respect to each other and
to QUIC streams.
5.2. Acknowledgement Handling
Although DATAGRAM frames are not retransmitted upon loss detection,
they are ack-eliciting ([RFC9002]). Receivers SHOULD support
delaying ACK frames (within the limits specified by max_ack_delay) in
response to receiving packets that only contain DATAGRAM frames,
since the sender takes no action if these packets are temporarily
unacknowledged. Receivers will continue to send ACK frames when
conditions indicate a packet might be lost, since the packet's
payload is unknown to the receiver, and when dictated by
max_ack_delay or other protocol components.
As with any ack-eliciting frame, when a sender suspects that a packet
containing only DATAGRAM frames has been lost, it sends probe packets
to elicit a faster acknowledgement as described in Section 6.2.4 of
[RFC9002].
If a sender detects that a packet containing a specific DATAGRAM
frame might have been lost, the implementation MAY notify the
application that it believes the datagram was lost.
Similarly, if a packet containing a DATAGRAM frame is acknowledged,
the implementation MAY notify the sender application that the
datagram was successfully transmitted and received. Due to
reordering, this can include a DATAGRAM frame that was thought to be
lost but, at a later point, was received and acknowledged. It is
important to note that acknowledgement of a DATAGRAM frame only
indicates that the transport-layer handling on the receiver processed
the frame and does not guarantee that the application on the receiver
successfully processed the data. Thus, this signal cannot replace
application-layer signals that indicate successful processing.
5.3. Flow Control
DATAGRAM frames do not provide any explicit flow control signaling
and do not contribute to any per-flow or connection-wide data limit.
The risk associated with not providing flow control for DATAGRAM
frames is that a receiver might not be able to commit the necessary
resources to process the frames. For example, it might not be able
to store the frame contents in memory. However, since DATAGRAM
frames are inherently unreliable, they MAY be dropped by the receiver
if the receiver cannot process them.
5.4. Congestion Control
DATAGRAM frames employ the QUIC connection's congestion controller.
As a result, a connection might be unable to send a DATAGRAM frame
generated by the application until the congestion controller allows
it [RFC9002]. The sender MUST either delay sending the frame until
the controller allows it or drop the frame without sending it (at
which point it MAY notify the application). Implementations that use
packet pacing (Section 7.7 of [RFC9002]) can also delay the sending
of DATAGRAM frames to maintain consistent packet pacing.
Implementations can optionally support allowing the application to
specify a sending expiration time beyond which a congestion-
controlled DATAGRAM frame ought to be dropped without transmission.
6. Security Considerations
The DATAGRAM frame shares the same security properties as the rest of
the data transmitted within a QUIC connection, and the security
considerations of [RFC9000] apply accordingly. All application data
transmitted with the DATAGRAM frame, like the STREAM frame, MUST be
protected either by 0-RTT or 1-RTT keys.
Application protocols that allow DATAGRAM frames to be sent in 0-RTT
require a profile that defines acceptable use of 0-RTT; see
Section 5.6 of [RFC9001].
The use of DATAGRAM frames might be detectable by an adversary on
path that is capable of dropping packets. Since DATAGRAM frames do
not use transport-level retransmission, connections that use DATAGRAM
frames might be distinguished from other connections due to their
different response to packet loss.
7. IANA Considerations
7.1. QUIC Transport Parameter
This document registers a new value in the "QUIC Transport
Parameters" registry maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/
quic>.
Value: 0x20
Parameter Name: max_datagram_frame_size
Status: permanent
Specification: RFC 9221
7.2. QUIC Frame Types
This document registers two new values in the "QUIC Frame Types"
registry maintained at <https://www.iana.org/assignments/quic>.
Value: 0x30-0x31
Frame Name: DATAGRAM
Status: permanent
Specification: RFC 9221
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC9000] Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9000>.
[RFC9001] Thomson, M., Ed. and S. Turner, Ed., "Using TLS to Secure
QUIC", RFC 9001, DOI 10.17487/RFC9001, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9001>.
[RFC9002] Iyengar, J., Ed. and I. Swett, Ed., "QUIC Loss Detection
and Congestion Control", RFC 9002, DOI 10.17487/RFC9002,
May 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9002>.
8.2. Informative References
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
January 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.
Acknowledgments
The original proposal for this work came from Ian Swett.
This document had reviews and input from many contributors in the
IETF QUIC Working Group, with substantive input from Nick Banks,
Lucas Pardue, Rui Paulo, Martin Thomson, Victor Vasiliev, and Chris
Wood.
Authors' Addresses
Tommy Pauly
Apple Inc.
One Apple Park Way
Cupertino, CA 95014
United States of America
Email: tpauly@apple.com
Eric Kinnear
Apple Inc.
One Apple Park Way
Cupertino, CA 95014
United States of America
Email: ekinnear@apple.com