| Rfc | 7753 |
|---|
| Title | Port Control Protocol (PCP) Extension for Port-Set Allocation |
|---|
| Author | Q.
Sun, M. Boucadair, S. Sivakumar, C. Zhou, T. Tsou, S. Perreault |
|---|
| Date | February 2016 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
|---|
|
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Q. Sun
Request for Comments: 7753 China Telecom
Category: Standards Track M. Boucadair
ISSN: 2070-1721 France Telecom
S. Sivakumar
Cisco Systems
C. Zhou
Huawei Technologies
T. Tsou
Philips Lighting
S. Perreault
Jive Communications
February 2016
Port Control Protocol (PCP) Extension for Port-Set Allocation
Abstract
In some use cases, e.g., Lightweight 4over6, the client may require
not just one port, but a port set. This document defines an
extension to the Port Control Protocol (PCP) that allows clients to
manipulate a set of ports as a whole. This is accomplished using a
new MAP option: PORT_SET.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7753.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................4
1.1. Applications Using Port Sets ...............................4
1.2. Lightweight 4over6 .........................................4
1.3. Firewall Control ...........................................4
1.4. Discovering Stateless Port-Set Mappings ....................5
2. The Need for PORT_SET ...........................................5
3. Terminology .....................................................6
4. The PORT_SET Option .............................................6
4.1. Client Behavior ............................................8
4.2. Server Behavior ............................................8
4.3. Absence of Capability Discovery ............................9
4.4. Port-Set Renewal and Deletion .............................10
4.4.1. Overlap Conditions .................................10
5. Examples .......................................................10
5.1. Simple Request on Network Address Translator
IPv4/IPv4 (NAT44) .........................................10
5.2. Stateless Mapping Discovery ...............................12
5.3. Resolving Overlap .........................................13
6. Operational Considerations .....................................13
6.1. Limits and Quotas .........................................13
6.2. High Availability .........................................13
6.3. Idempotence ...............................................13
6.4. What should a PCP client do when it receives fewer
ports than requested? .....................................15
7. Security Considerations ........................................15
8. IANA Considerations ............................................16
9. References .....................................................16
9.1. Normative References ......................................16
9.2. Informative References ....................................16
Acknowledgements ..................................................17
Contributors ......................................................17
Authors' Addresses ................................................18
1. Introduction
This document extends the Port Control Protocol (PCP) [RFC6887] with
the ability to retrieve a set of ports using a single request. It
does so by defining a new PORT_SET option.
This section describes a few of the possible envisioned use cases.
Note that the PCP extension defined in this document is generic and
is expected to be applicable to other use cases.
1.1. Applications Using Port Sets
Some applications require not just one port, but a port set. One
example is a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) User Agent Server
(UAS) [RFC3261] expecting to handle multiple concurrent calls,
including media termination. When the UAS receives a call, it needs
to signal media port numbers to its peer. Generating individual PCP
MAP requests for each of the media ports during call setup would
introduce unwanted latency and increased signaling load. Instead,
the server can pre-allocate a set of ports such that no PCP exchange
is needed during call setup.
1.2. Lightweight 4over6
In the Lightweight 4over6 (lw4o6) [RFC7596] architecture, shared
global addresses can be allocated to customers. This allows moving
the Network Address Translation (NAT) function, otherwise
accomplished by a Carrier-Grade NAT (CGN) [RFC6888], to the Customer
Premises Equipment (CPE). This provides more control over the NAT
function to the user, and more scalability to the Internet Service
Provider (ISP).
In the lw4o6 architecture, the PCP-controlled device corresponds to
the Lightweight Address Family Transition Router (lwAFTR), and the
PCP client corresponds to the Lightweight B4 (lwB4). The PCP client
sends a PCP MAP request containing a PORT_SET option to trigger
shared address allocation on the Lightweight AFTR (lwAFTR). The PCP
response contains the shared address information, including the port
set allocated to the Lightweight B4 (lwB4).
1.3. Firewall Control
Port sets are often used in firewall rules. For example, defining a
range for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) [RFC3550] traffic is
common practice. The PCP MAP request can already be used for
firewall control. The PORT_SET option brings the additional ability
to manipulate firewall rules operating on port sets instead of single
ports.
1.4. Discovering Stateless Port-Set Mappings
A PCP MAP request can be used to retrieve a mapping from a stateless
device (i.e., one that does not establish any per-flow state, and
simply rewrites the address and/or port in a purely algorithmic
fashion, including no rewriting). Similarly, a PCP MAP request with
a PORT_SET request can be used to discover a port-set mapping from a
stateless device. See Section 5.2 for an example.
2. The Need for PORT_SET
Multiple PCP MAP requests can be used to manipulate a set of ports;
this has roughly the same effect as a single use of a PCP MAP request
with a PORT_SET option. However, use of the PORT_SET option is more
efficient when considering the following aspects:
Network Traffic: A single request uses fewer network resources than
multiple requests.
Latency: Even though PCP MAP requests can be sent in parallel, we
can expect the total processing time to be longer for multiple
requests than for a single one.
Server-side efficiency: Some PCP-controlled devices can allocate
port sets in a manner such that data passing through the device is
processed much more efficiently than the equivalent using
individual port allocations. For example, a CGN having a "bulk"
port allocation scheme (see [RFC6888], Section 5) often has this
property.
Server-side scalability: The number of state table entries in PCP-
controlled devices is often a limiting factor. Allocating port
sets in a single request can result in a single mapping entry
being used, therefore allowing greater scalability.
Therefore, while it is functionally possible to obtain the same
results using plain MAP, the extension proposed in this document
allows greater efficiency, scalability, and simplicity, while
lowering latency and necessary network traffic.
In addition, PORT_SET supports parity preservation. Some protocols
(e.g., RTP [RFC3550]) assign meaning to a port number's parity. When
mapping sets of ports for the purpose of using such kind of protocol,
preserving parity can be necessary.
3. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
4. The PORT_SET Option
Option Name: PORT_SET
Number: 130 (see Section 8)
Purpose: To map sets of ports.
Valid for Opcodes: MAP
Length: 5 bytes
May appear in: Both requests and responses
Maximum occurrences: 1
The PORT_SET option indicates that the PCP client wishes to reserve a
set of ports. The requested number of ports in that set is indicated
in the option.
The maximum occurrences of the PORT_SET option MUST be limited to 1.
The reason is that the Suggested External Port Set depends on the
data contained in the MAP Opcode header. Having two PORT_SET options
with a single MAP Opcode header would imply having two overlapping
Suggested External Port Sets.
Note that the option number is in the "optional to process" range
(128-191), meaning that a PCP MAP request with a PORT_SET option will
be interpreted by a PCP server that does not support PORT_SET as a
single-port PCP MAP request, as if the PORT_SET option was absent.
The PORT_SET option is formatted as shown in Figure 1.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Option Code=130| Reserved | Option Length=5 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Port Set Size | First Internal Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |P|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: PORT_SET Option
The fields are as follows:
Port Set Size: A 16-bit unsigned integer. Number of ports
requested. MUST NOT be zero.
First Internal Port: In a request, this field MUST be set equal to
the Internal Port field in the MAP Opcode by the PCP client. In a
response, this field indicates the First Internal Port of the port
set mapped by the PCP server, which may differ from the value sent
in the request. That is to be contrasted to the Internal Port
field, which by necessity is always identical in matched requests
and responses.
Reserved: MUST be set to zero when sending; MUST be ignored when
receiving.
P (parity bit): 1 if parity preservation is requested; 0 otherwise.
See [RFC4787], Section 4.2.2.
Note that Option Code, Reserved, and Option Length are as described
in [RFC6887], Section 7.3.
The Internal Port Set is defined as being the range of Port Set Size
ports starting from the First Internal Port. The Suggested External
Port Set is defined as being the range of Port Set Size ports
starting from the Suggested External Port. Similarly, the Assigned
External Port Set is defined as being the range of Port Set Size
ports starting from the Assigned External Port. The Internal Port
Set returned in a response and the Assigned External Port Set have
the same size.
The Suggested External Port corresponds to the first port in the
Suggested External Port Set. Its purpose is for clients to be able
to regenerate previous mappings after state loss. When such an event
happens, clients may attempt to regenerate identical mappings by
suggesting the same External Port Set as before the state loss. Note
that there is no guarantee that the allocated External Port Set will
be the one suggested by the client.
4.1. Client Behavior
To retrieve a set of ports, the PCP client adds a PORT_SET option to
its PCP MAP request. If parity preservation is required (i.e., an
even port to be mapped to an even port and an odd port to be mapped
to an odd port), the PCP client MUST set the parity bit (to 1) to ask
the PCP server to preserve the port parity.
The PCP client MUST NOT include more than one PORT_SET option in a
PCP MAP request. If several port sets are needed, the PCP client
MUST issue separate PCP MAP requests, each potentially including a
PORT_SET option. These individual PCP MAP requests MUST include
distinct Internal Ports.
If the PCP client does not know the exact number of ports it
requires, it MAY then set the Port Set Size to 0xffff, indicating
that it is willing to accept as many ports as the PCP server can
offer.
A PCP client SHOULD NOT send a PORT_SET option for single-port PCP
MAP requests (including creation, renewal, and deletion), because
that needlessly increases processing on the server.
PREFER_FAILURE MUST NOT appear in a request with a PORT_SET option.
As a reminder, PREFER_FAILURE was specifically designed for the
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Internet Gateway Device - Port Control
Protocol Interworking Function (IGD-PCP IWF) [RFC6970]. The reasons
for not recommending the use of PREFER_FAILURE are discussed in
Section 13.2 of [RFC6887].
When the PCP-controlled device supports delegation of multiple port
sets for a given PCP client, the PCP client MAY re-initiate a PCP
request to get another port set when it has exhausted all the ports
within the port set.
4.2. Server Behavior
In addition to regular PCP MAP request processing, the following
checks are made upon receipt of a PORT_SET option with a non-zero
Requested Lifetime:
o If multiple PORT_SET options are present in a single PCP MAP
request, a MALFORMED_OPTION error is returned.
o If the Port Set Size is zero, a MALFORMED_OPTION error is
returned.
o If a PREFER_FAILURE option is present, a MALFORMED_OPTION error is
returned.
The PCP server MAY map fewer ports than the value of Port Set Size
from the request. It MUST NOT map more ports than the PCP client
asked for. Internal Ports outside the range of Port Set Size ports
starting from the Internal Port MUST NOT be mapped by the PCP server.
If the requested port set cannot be fully satisfied, the PCP server
SHOULD map as many ports as possible and SHOULD map at least one port
(which is the same behavior as if Port Set Size is set to 1).
If the PCP server ends up mapping only a single port, for any reason,
the PORT_SET option MUST NOT be present in the response. In
particular, if the PCP server receives a single-port PCP MAP request
that includes a PORT_SET option, the PORT_SET option is silently
ignored, and the request is handled as a single-port PCP MAP request.
If the port parity preservation is requested (P = 1), the PCP server
MAY preserve port parity. In that case, the External Port is set to
a value having the same parity as the First Internal Port.
If the mapping is successful, the MAP response's Assigned External
Port is set to the first port in the External Port Set, and the
PORT_SET option's Port Set Size is set to the number of ports in the
mapped port set. The First Internal Port field is set to the first
port in the Internal Port Set.
4.3. Absence of Capability Discovery
A PCP client that wishes to make use of a port set includes the
PORT_SET option. If no PORT_SET option is present in the response,
the PCP client cannot conclude that the PCP server does not support
the PORT_SET option. It may just be that the PCP server does support
PORT_SET but decided to allocate only a single port, for reasons that
are its own. If the client wishes to obtain more ports, it MAY send
additional PCP MAP requests (see Section 6.4), which the PCP server
may or may not grant according to local policy.
If port-set capability is added to or removed from a running PCP
server, the server MAY reset its Epoch time and send an ANNOUNCE
message as described in the PCP specification ([RFC6887],
Section 14.1). This causes PCP clients to retry, and those using
PORT_SET will now receive a different response.
4.4. Port-Set Renewal and Deletion
Port-set mappings are renewed and deleted as a single entity. That
is, the lifetime of all port mappings in the set is set to the
Assigned Lifetime at once.
A PCP client attempting to refresh or delete a port-set mapping MUST
include the PORT_SET option in its request.
4.4.1. Overlap Conditions
Port-set PCP MAP requests can overlap with existing single-port or
port-set mappings. This can happen either by mistake or after a PCP
client becomes out of sync with server state.
If a PCP server receives a PCP MAP request, with or without a
PORT_SET option, that tries to map one or more Internal Ports or port
sets belonging to already-existing mappings, then the request is
considered to be a refresh request applying those mappings. Each of
the matching port or port-set mappings is processed independently, as
if a separate refresh request had been received. The processing is
as described in Section 15 of [RFC6887]. The PCP server sends a
Mapping Update message for each of the mappings.
5. Examples
5.1. Simple Request on Network Address Translator IPv4/IPv4 (NAT44)
An application requires a range of 100 IPv4 UDP ports to be mapped to
itself. The application running on the host has created sockets
bound to IPv4 UDP ports 50,000 to 50,099 for this purpose. It does
not care about which External Port numbers are allocated. The PCP
client sends a PCP request with the following parameters over IPv4:
o MAP Opcode
Mapping Nonce: <a random nonce>
Protocol: 17
Internal Port: 50,000
Suggested External Port: 0
Suggested External IP Address: ::ffff:0.0.0.0
o PORT_SET Option
Port Set Size: 100
First Internal Port: 50,000
P: 0
The PCP server is unable to fulfill the request fully: it is
configured by local policy to only allocate 32 ports per user. Since
the PREFER_FAILURE option is absent from the request, it decides to
map UDP ports 37,056 to 37,087 on external address 192.0.2.3 to
Internal Ports 50,000 to 50,031. After setting up the mapping in the
NAT44 device it controls, it replies with the following PCP response:
o MAP Opcode
Mapping Nonce: <copied from the request>
Protocol: 17
Internal Port: 50,000
Assigned External Port: 37,056
Assigned External IP Address: ::ffff:192.0.2.3
o PORT_SET Option
Port Set Size: 32
First Internal Port: 50,000
P: 0
Upon receiving this response, the host decides that 32 ports is good
enough for its purposes. It closes sockets bound to ports 50,032 to
50,099, sets up a refresh timer, and starts using the port range it
has just been assigned.
5.2. Stateless Mapping Discovery
A host wants to discover a stateless NAT44 mapping pointing to it.
To do so, it sends the following request over IPv4:
o MAP Opcode
Mapping Nonce: <a random nonce>
Protocol: 0
Internal Port: 1
Suggested External Port: 0
Suggested External IP Address: ::ffff:0.0.0.0
o PORT_SET Option
Port Set Size: 65,535
First Internal Port: 1
P: 0
The PCP server sends the following response:
o MAP Opcode
Mapping Nonce: <copied from the request>
Protocol: 0
Internal Port: 1
Assigned External Port: 26,624
Assigned External IP Address: ::ffff:192.0.2.5
o PORT_SET Option
Port Set Size: 2048
First Internal Port: 26,624
P: 0
From this response, the host understands that a 2048-port stateless
mapping is pointing to itself, starting from port 26,624 on external
IP address 192.0.2.5.
5.3. Resolving Overlap
This example relates to Section 4.4.1.
Suppose Internal Port 100 is mapped to External Port 100 and port set
101-199 is mapped to External Port Set 201-299. The PCP server
receives a PCP MAP request with Internal Port = 100, External Port =
0, and a PORT_SET option with Port Set Size = 100. The request's
Mapping Nonce is equal to those of the existing single-port and port-
set mappings. This request is therefore treated as two refresh
requests, the first one applying to the single-port mapping and the
second one applying to the port-set mapping. The PCP server updates
the lifetimes of both mappings as usual and then sends two responses:
the first one contains Internal Port = 100, External Port = 100, and
no PORT_SET option, while the second one contains Internal Port =
101, External Port = 201, and a PORT_SET option with Port Set Size =
99.
6. Operational Considerations
6.1. Limits and Quotas
It is up to the PCP server to determine the port-set quota, if any,
for each PCP client.
If the PCP server is configured to allocate multiple port-set
allocations for one subscriber, the same Assigned External IP Address
SHOULD be assigned to the subscriber in multiple port-set responses.
To optimize the number of mapping entries maintained by the PCP
server, it is RECOMMENDED to configure the PCP server to assign the
maximum allowed Port Set Size in a single response. This policy
SHOULD be configurable.
6.2. High Availability
The failover mechanism in MAP (Section 14 of [RFC6887]) can also be
applied to port sets.
6.3. Idempotence
A core, desirable property of PCP is idempotence. In a nutshell,
requests produce the same results whether they are executed once or
multiple times. This property is preserved with the PORT_SET option,
with the following caveat: the order in which the PCP server receives
requests with overlapping Internal Port Sets will affect the mappings
being created and the responses received.
For example, suppose these two requests are sent by a PCP client:
Request A: Internal Port Set 1-10
Request B: Internal Port Set 5-14
The PCP server's actions will depend on which request is received
first. Suppose that A is received before B:
Upon reception of A: Internal Ports 1-10 are mapped. A success
response containing the following fields is sent:
Internal Port: 1
First Internal Port: 1
Port Set Size: 10
Upon reception of B: The request matches mapping A. The request is
interpreted as a refresh request for mapping A, and a response
containing the following fields is sent:
Internal Port: 5
First Internal Port: 1
Port Set Size: 10
If the order of reception is reversed (B before A), the created
mapping will be different, and the First Internal Port in both
responses would then be 5.
To avoid surprises, PCP clients MUST ensure that port-set mapping
requests do not inadvertently overlap. For example, a host's
operating system could include a central PCP client process through
which port-set mapping requests would be arbitrated. Alternatively,
individual PCP clients running on the same host would be required to
acquire the Internal Ports from the operating system (e.g., a call to
the bind() function from the BSD API) before trying to map them with
PCP.
6.4. What should a PCP client do when it receives fewer ports than
requested?
Suppose a PCP client asks for 16 ports and receives 8. What should
it do? Should it consider this a final answer? Should it try a
second request, asking for 8 more ports? Should it fall back to 8
individual PCP MAP requests? This document leaves the answers to be
implementation specific but describes issues to be considered when
answering them.
First, the PCP server has decided to allocate 8 ports for some
reason. It may be that allocation sizes have been limited by the PCP
server's administrator. It may be that the PCP client has reached a
quota. It may be that these 8 ports were the last contiguous ones
available. Depending on the reason, asking for more ports may or may
not be likely to actually yield more ports. However, the PCP client
has no way of knowing.
Second, not all PCP clients asking for N ports actually need all N
ports to function correctly. For example, a DNS resolver could ask
for N ports to be used for source-port randomization. If fewer than
N ports are received, the DNS resolver will still work correctly, but
source-port randomization will be slightly less efficient, having
fewer bits to play with. In that case, it would not make much sense
to ask for more ports.
Finally, asking for more ports could be considered abuse. External
Ports are a resource that is to be shared among multiple PCP clients.
A PCP client trying to obtain more than its fair share could trigger
countermeasures according to local policy.
In conclusion, it is expected that, for most applications, asking for
more ports would not yield benefits justifying the additional costs.
7. Security Considerations
The security considerations discussed in [RFC6887] apply to this
extension.
As described in Section 4.4.1, a single PCP request using the
PORT_SET option may result in multiple responses. For this to
happen, it is necessary that the request contain the nonce associated
with multiple mappings on the server. Therefore, an on-path attacker
could use an eavesdropped nonce to mount an amplification attack.
Use of PCP authentication ([RFC6887], Section 18) eliminates this
attack vector.
In order to prevent a PCP client from controlling all ports bound to
a shared IP address, port quotas should be configured on the PCP
server (Section 17.2 of [RFC6887]).
8. IANA Considerations
IANA has allocated value 130 in the "PCP Options" registry at
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/pcp-parameters> for the new PCP
option defined in Section 4.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC6887] Wing, D., Ed., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and
P. Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6887, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6887>.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC4787] Audet, F., Ed. and C. Jennings, "Network Address
Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast
UDP", BCP 127, RFC 4787, DOI 10.17487/RFC4787, January
2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4787>.
[RFC6888] Perreault, S., Ed., Yamagata, I., Miyakawa, S., Nakagawa,
A., and H. Ashida, "Common Requirements for Carrier-Grade
NATs (CGNs)", BCP 127, RFC 6888, DOI 10.17487/RFC6888,
April 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6888>.
[RFC6970] Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and D. Wing, "Universal Plug and
Play (UPnP) Internet Gateway Device - Port Control
Protocol Interworking Function (IGD-PCP IWF)", RFC 6970,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6970, July 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6970>.
[RFC7596] Cui, Y., Sun, Q., Boucadair, M., Tsou, T., Lee, Y., and I.
Farrer, "Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the Dual-
Stack Lite Architecture", RFC 7596, DOI 10.17487/RFC7596,
July 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7596>.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express sincere appreciation to Alain
Durand, Cong Liu, Dan Wing, Dave Thaler, Peter Koch, Reinaldo Penno,
Sam Hartman, Stuart Cheshire, Ted Lemon, Yoshihiro Ohba, Meral
Shirazipour, Jouni Korhonen, and Ben Campbell for their useful
comments and suggestions.
Contributors
The following individuals contributed to this document:
Yunqing Chen
China Telecom
Room 502, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
Beijing 100035
China
Chongfeng Xie
China Telecom
Room 502, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
Beijing 100035
China
Yong Cui
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
China
Phone: +86-10-62603059
Email: yong@csnet1.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn
Qi Sun
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
China
Phone: +86-10-62785822
Email: sunqibupt@gmail.com
Gabor Bajko
Mediatek Inc.
Email: gabor.bajko@mediatek.com
Xiaohong Deng
France Telecom
Email: xiaohong.deng@orange-ftgroup.com
Authors' Addresses
Qiong Sun
China Telecom
China
Phone: 86 10 58552936
Email: sunqiong@ctbri.com.cn
Mohamed Boucadair
France Telecom
Rennes 35000
France
Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com
Senthil Sivakumar
Cisco Systems
7100-8 Kit Creek Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
United States
Phone: +1 919 392 5158
Email: ssenthil@cisco.com
Cathy Zhou
Huawei Technologies
Bantian, Longgang District
Shenzhen 518129
China
Email: cathy.zhou@huawei.com
Tina Tsou
Philips Lighting
3 Burlington Woods Dr #4t
Burlington, MA 01803
United States
Phone: +1 617-423-9999
Email: tina.tsou@philips.com
Simon Perreault
Jive Communications
Quebec, QC
Canada
Email: sperreault@jive.com