| Rfc | 6891 |
|---|
| Title | Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0)) |
|---|
| Author | J. Damas, M. Graff, P.
Vixie |
|---|
| Date | April 2013 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Obsoletes | RFC2671, RFC2673 |
|---|
| Also | STD0075 |
|---|
| Status: | INTERNET STANDARD |
|---|
|
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Damas
Request for Comments: 6891 Bond Internet Systems
STD: 75 M. Graff
Obsoletes: 2671, 2673
Category: Standards Track P. Vixie
ISSN: 2070-1721 Internet Systems Consortium
April 2013
Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))
Abstract
The Domain Name System's wire protocol includes a number of fixed
fields whose range has been or soon will be exhausted and does not
allow requestors to advertise their capabilities to responders. This
document describes backward-compatible mechanisms for allowing the
protocol to grow.
This document updates the Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))
specification (and obsoletes RFC 2671) based on feedback from
deployment experience in several implementations. It also obsoletes
RFC 2673 ("Binary Labels in the Domain Name System") and adds
considerations on the use of extended labels in the DNS.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
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material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. EDNS Support Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. DNS Message Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Message Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2. Label Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.3. UDP Message Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Extended Label Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. The OPT Pseudo-RR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.1. OPT Record Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.1.1. Basic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.1.2. Wire Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.1.3. OPT Record TTL Field Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.1.4. Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6.2. Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2.1. Cache Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2.2. Fallback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2.3. Requestor's Payload Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.2.4. Responder's Payload Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2.5. Payload Size Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.2.6. Support in Middleboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Transport Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.1. OPT Option Code Allocation Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A. Changes since RFCs 2671 and 2673 . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Introduction
DNS [RFC1035] specifies a message format, and within such messages
there are standard formats for encoding options, errors, and name
compression. The maximum allowable size of a DNS message over UDP
not using the extensions described in this document is 512 bytes.
Many of DNS's protocol limits, such as the maximum message size over
UDP, are too small to efficiently support the additional information
that can be conveyed in the DNS (e.g., several IPv6 addresses or DNS
Security (DNSSEC) signatures). Finally, RFC 1035 does not define any
way for implementations to advertise their capabilities to any of the
other actors they interact with.
[RFC2671] added extension mechanisms to DNS. These mechanisms are
widely supported, and a number of new DNS uses and protocol
extensions depend on the presence of these extensions. This memo
refines and obsoletes [RFC2671].
Unextended agents will not know how to interpret the protocol
extensions defined in [RFC2671] and restated here. Extended agents
need to be prepared for handling the interactions with unextended
clients in the face of new protocol elements and fall back gracefully
to unextended DNS.
EDNS is a hop-by-hop extension to DNS. This means the use of EDNS is
negotiated between each pair of hosts in a DNS resolution process,
for instance, the stub resolver communicating with the recursive
resolver or the recursive resolver communicating with an
authoritative server.
[RFC2671] specified extended label types. The only such label
proposed was in [RFC2673] for a label type called "Bit-String Label"
or "Binary Labels", with this latest term being the one in common
use. For various reasons, introducing a new label type was found to
be extremely difficult, and [RFC2673] was moved to Experimental.
This document obsoletes [RFC2673], deprecating Binary Labels.
Extended labels remain defined, but their use is discouraged due to
practical difficulties with deployment; their use in the future
SHOULD only be considered after careful evaluation of the deployment
hindrances.
2. Terminology
"Requestor" refers to the side that sends a request. "Responder"
refers to an authoritative, recursive resolver or other DNS component
that responds to questions. Other terminology is used here as
defined in the RFCs cited by this document.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
3. EDNS Support Requirement
EDNS provides a mechanism to improve the scalability of DNS as its
uses get more diverse on the Internet. It does this by enabling the
use of UDP transport for DNS messages with sizes beyond the limits
specified in RFC 1035 as well as providing extra data space for
additional flags and return codes (RCODEs). However, implementation
experience indicates that adding new RCODEs should be avoided due to
the difficulty in upgrading the installed base. Flags SHOULD be used
only when necessary for DNS resolution to function.
For many uses, an EDNS Option Code may be preferred.
Over time, some applications of DNS have made EDNS a requirement for
their deployment. For instance, DNSSEC uses the additional flag
space introduced in EDNS to signal the request to include DNSSEC data
in a DNS response.
Given the increase in DNS response sizes when including larger data
items such as AAAA records, DNSSEC information (e.g., RRSIG or
DNSKEY), or large TXT records, the additional UDP payload
capabilities provided by EDNS can help improve the scalability of the
DNS by avoiding widespread use of TCP for DNS transport.
4. DNS Message Changes
4.1. Message Header
The DNS message header's second full 16-bit word is divided into a
4-bit OPCODE, a 4-bit RCODE, and a number of 1-bit flags (see Section
4.1.1 of [RFC1035]). Some of these flag values were marked for
future use, and most of these have since been allocated. Also, most
of the RCODE values are now in use. The OPT pseudo-RR specified
below contains extensions to the RCODE bit field as well as
additional flag bits.
4.2. Label Types
The first 2 bits of a wire format domain label are used to denote the
type of the label. [RFC1035] allocates 2 of the 4 possible types and
reserves the other 2. More label types were defined in [RFC2671].
The use of the 2-bit combination defined by [RFC2671] to identify
extended label types remains valid. However, it has been found that
deployment of new label types is noticeably difficult and so is only
recommended after careful evaluation of alternatives and the need for
deployment.
4.3. UDP Message Size
Traditional DNS messages are limited to 512 octets in size when sent
over UDP [RFC1035]. Fitting the increasing amounts of data that can
be transported in DNS in this 512-byte limit is becoming more
difficult. For instance, inclusion of DNSSEC records frequently
requires a much larger response than a 512-byte message can hold.
EDNS(0) specifies a way to advertise additional features such as
larger response size capability, which is intended to help avoid
truncated UDP responses, which in turn cause retry over TCP. It
therefore provides support for transporting these larger packet sizes
without needing to resort to TCP for transport.
5. Extended Label Types
The first octet in the on-the-wire representation of a DNS label
specifies the label type; the basic DNS specification [RFC1035]
dedicates the 2 most significant bits of that octet for this purpose.
[RFC2671] defined DNS label type 0b01 for use as an indication for
extended label types. A specific extended label type was selected by
the 6 least significant bits of the first octet. Thus, extended
label types were indicated by the values 64-127 (0b01xxxxxx) in the
first octet of the label.
Extended label types are extremely difficult to deploy due to lack of
support in clients and intermediate gateways, as described in
[RFC3363], which moved [RFC2673] to Experimental status; and
[RFC3364], which describes the pros and cons. As such, proposals
that contemplate extended labels SHOULD weigh this deployment cost
against the possibility of implementing functionality in other ways.
Finally, implementations MUST NOT generate or pass Binary Labels in
their communications, as they are now deprecated.
6. The OPT Pseudo-RR
6.1. OPT Record Definition
6.1.1. Basic Elements
An OPT pseudo-RR (sometimes called a meta-RR) MAY be added to the
additional data section of a request.
The OPT RR has RR type 41.
If an OPT record is present in a received request, compliant
responders MUST include an OPT record in their respective responses.
An OPT record does not carry any DNS data. It is used only to
contain control information pertaining to the question-and-answer
sequence of a specific transaction. OPT RRs MUST NOT be cached,
forwarded, or stored in or loaded from master files.
The OPT RR MAY be placed anywhere within the additional data section.
When an OPT RR is included within any DNS message, it MUST be the
only OPT RR in that message. If a query message with more than one
OPT RR is received, a FORMERR (RCODE=1) MUST be returned. The
placement flexibility for the OPT RR does not override the need for
the TSIG or SIG(0) RRs to be the last in the additional section
whenever they are present.
6.1.2. Wire Format
An OPT RR has a fixed part and a variable set of options expressed as
{attribute, value} pairs. The fixed part holds some DNS metadata,
and also a small collection of basic extension elements that we
expect to be so popular that it would be a waste of wire space to
encode them as {attribute, value} pairs.
The fixed part of an OPT RR is structured as follows:
+------------+--------------+------------------------------+
| Field Name | Field Type | Description |
+------------+--------------+------------------------------+
| NAME | domain name | MUST be 0 (root domain) |
| TYPE | u_int16_t | OPT (41) |
| CLASS | u_int16_t | requestor's UDP payload size |
| TTL | u_int32_t | extended RCODE and flags |
| RDLEN | u_int16_t | length of all RDATA |
| RDATA | octet stream | {attribute,value} pairs |
+------------+--------------+------------------------------+
OPT RR Format
The variable part of an OPT RR may contain zero or more options in
the RDATA. Each option MUST be treated as a bit field. Each option
is encoded as:
+0 (MSB) +1 (LSB)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0: | OPTION-CODE |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
2: | OPTION-LENGTH |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
4: | |
/ OPTION-DATA /
/ /
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
OPTION-CODE
Assigned by the Expert Review process as defined by the DNSEXT
working group and the IESG.
OPTION-LENGTH
Size (in octets) of OPTION-DATA.
OPTION-DATA
Varies per OPTION-CODE. MUST be treated as a bit field.
The order of appearance of option tuples is not defined. If one
option modifies the behaviour of another or multiple options are
related to one another in some way, they have the same effect
regardless of ordering in the RDATA wire encoding.
Any OPTION-CODE values not understood by a responder or requestor
MUST be ignored. Specifications of such options might wish to
include some kind of signaled acknowledgement. For example, an
option specification might say that if a responder sees and supports
option XYZ, it MUST include option XYZ in its response.
6.1.3. OPT Record TTL Field Use
The extended RCODE and flags, which OPT stores in the RR Time to Live
(TTL) field, are structured as follows:
+0 (MSB) +1 (LSB)
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0: | EXTENDED-RCODE | VERSION |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
2: | DO| Z |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
EXTENDED-RCODE
Forms the upper 8 bits of extended 12-bit RCODE (together with the
4 bits defined in [RFC1035]. Note that EXTENDED-RCODE value 0
indicates that an unextended RCODE is in use (values 0 through
15).
VERSION
Indicates the implementation level of the setter. Full
conformance with this specification is indicated by version '0'.
Requestors are encouraged to set this to the lowest implemented
level capable of expressing a transaction, to minimise the
responder and network load of discovering the greatest common
implementation level between requestor and responder. A
requestor's version numbering strategy MAY ideally be a run-time
configuration option.
If a responder does not implement the VERSION level of the
request, then it MUST respond with RCODE=BADVERS. All responses
MUST be limited in format to the VERSION level of the request, but
the VERSION of each response SHOULD be the highest implementation
level of the responder. In this way, a requestor will learn the
implementation level of a responder as a side effect of every
response, including error responses and including RCODE=BADVERS.
6.1.4. Flags
DO
DNSSEC OK bit as defined by [RFC3225].
Z
Set to zero by senders and ignored by receivers, unless modified
in a subsequent specification.
6.2. Behaviour
6.2.1. Cache Behaviour
The OPT record MUST NOT be cached.
6.2.2. Fallback
If a requestor detects that the remote end does not support EDNS(0),
it MAY issue queries without an OPT record. It MAY cache this
knowledge for a brief time in order to avoid fallback delays in the
future. However, if DNSSEC or any future option using EDNS is
required, no fallback should be performed, as these options are only
signaled through EDNS. If an implementation detects that some
servers for the zone support EDNS(0) while others would force the use
of TCP to fetch all data, preference MAY be given to servers that
support EDNS(0). Implementers SHOULD analyse this choice and the
impact on both endpoints.
6.2.3. Requestor's Payload Size
The requestor's UDP payload size (encoded in the RR CLASS field) is
the number of octets of the largest UDP payload that can be
reassembled and delivered in the requestor's network stack. Note
that path MTU, with or without fragmentation, could be smaller than
this.
Values lower than 512 MUST be treated as equal to 512.
The requestor SHOULD place a value in this field that it can actually
receive. For example, if a requestor sits behind a firewall that
will block fragmented IP packets, a requestor SHOULD NOT choose a
value that will cause fragmentation. Doing so will prevent large
responses from being received and can cause fallback to occur. This
knowledge may be auto-detected by the implementation or provided by a
human administrator.
Note that a 512-octet UDP payload requires a 576-octet IP reassembly
buffer. Choosing between 1280 and 1410 bytes for IP (v4 or v6) over
Ethernet would be reasonable.
Where fragmentation is not a concern, use of bigger values SHOULD be
considered by implementers. Implementations SHOULD use their largest
configured or implemented values as a starting point in an EDNS
transaction in the absence of previous knowledge about the
destination server.
Choosing a very large value will guarantee fragmentation at the IP
layer, and may prevent answers from being received due to loss of a
single fragment or to misconfigured firewalls.
The requestor's maximum payload size can change over time. It MUST
NOT be cached for use beyond the transaction in which it is
advertised.
6.2.4. Responder's Payload Size
The responder's maximum payload size can change over time but can
reasonably be expected to remain constant between two closely spaced
sequential transactions, for example, an arbitrary QUERY used as a
probe to discover a responder's maximum UDP payload size, followed
immediately by an UPDATE that takes advantage of this size. This is
considered preferable to the outright use of TCP for oversized
requests, if there is any reason to suspect that the responder
implements EDNS, and if a request will not fit in the default
512-byte payload size limit.
6.2.5. Payload Size Selection
Due to transaction overhead, it is not recommended to advertise an
architectural limit as a maximum UDP payload size. Even on system
stacks capable of reassembling 64 KB datagrams, memory usage at low
levels in the system will be a concern. A good compromise may be the
use of an EDNS maximum payload size of 4096 octets as a starting
point.
A requestor MAY choose to implement a fallback to smaller advertised
sizes to work around firewall or other network limitations. A
requestor SHOULD choose to use a fallback mechanism that begins with
a large size, such as 4096. If that fails, a fallback around the
range of 1280-1410 bytes SHOULD be tried, as it has a reasonable
chance to fit within a single Ethernet frame. Failing that, a
requestor MAY choose a 512-byte packet, which with large answers may
cause a TCP retry.
Values of less than 512 bytes MUST be treated as equal to 512 bytes.
6.2.6. Support in Middleboxes
In a network that carries DNS traffic, there could be active
equipment other than that participating directly in the DNS
resolution process (stub and caching resolvers, authoritative
servers) that affects the transmission of DNS messages (e.g.,
firewalls, load balancers, proxies, etc.), referred to here as
"middleboxes".
Conformant middleboxes MUST NOT limit DNS messages over UDP to 512
bytes.
Middleboxes that simply forward requests to a recursive resolver MUST
NOT modify and MUST NOT delete the OPT record contents in either
direction.
Middleboxes that have additional functionality, such as answering
queries or acting as intelligent forwarders, SHOULD be able to
process the OPT record and act based on its contents. These
middleboxes MUST consider the incoming request and any outgoing
requests as separate transactions if the characteristics of the
messages are different.
A more in-depth discussion of this type of equipment and other
considerations regarding their interaction with DNS traffic is found
in [RFC5625].
7. Transport Considerations
The presence of an OPT pseudo-RR in a request should be taken as an
indication that the requestor fully implements the given version of
EDNS and can correctly understand any response that conforms to that
feature's specification.
Lack of presence of an OPT record in a request MUST be taken as an
indication that the requestor does not implement any part of this
specification and that the responder MUST NOT include an OPT record
in its response.
Extended agents MUST be prepared for handling interactions with
unextended clients in the face of new protocol elements and fall back
gracefully to unextended DNS when needed.
Responders that choose not to implement the protocol extensions
defined in this document MUST respond with a return code (RCODE) of
FORMERR to messages containing an OPT record in the additional
section and MUST NOT include an OPT record in the response.
If there is a problem with processing the OPT record itself, such as
an option value that is badly formatted or that includes out-of-range
values, a FORMERR MUST be returned. If this occurs, the response
MUST include an OPT record. This is intended to allow the requestor
to distinguish between servers that do not implement EDNS and format
errors within EDNS.
The minimal response MUST be the DNS header, question section, and an
OPT record. This MUST also occur when a truncated response (using
the DNS header's TC bit) is returned.
8. Security Considerations
Requestor-side specification of the maximum buffer size may open a
DNS denial-of-service attack if responders can be made to send
messages that are too large for intermediate gateways to forward,
thus leading to potential ICMP storms between gateways and
responders.
Announcing very large UDP buffer sizes may result in dropping of DNS
messages by middleboxes (see Section 6.2.6). This could cause
retransmissions with no hope of success. Some devices have been
found to reject fragmented UDP packets.
Announcing UDP buffer sizes that are too small may result in fallback
to TCP with a corresponding load impact on DNS servers. This is
especially important with DNSSEC, where answers are much larger.
9. IANA Considerations
The IANA has assigned RR type code 41 for OPT.
[RFC2671] specified a number of IANA subregistries within "DOMAIN
NAME SYSTEM PARAMETERS":
o DNS EDNS(0) Options
o EDNS Version Number
o EDNS Header Flags
Additionally, two entries were generated in existing registries:
o EDNS Extended Label Type in the DNS Label Types registry
o Bad OPT Version in the DNS RCODES registry
IANA has updated references to [RFC2671] in these entries and
subregistries to this document.
[RFC2671] created the DNS Label Types registry. This registry is to
remain open.
The registration procedure for the DNS Label Types registry is
Standards Action.
This document assigns option code 65535 in the DNS EDNS0 Options
registry to "Reserved for future expansion".
The current status of the IANA registry for EDNS Option Codes at the
time of publication of this document is
o 0-4 assigned, per references in the registry
o 5-65000 Available for assignment, unassigned
o 65001-65534 Local/Experimental use
o 65535 Reserved for future expansion
[RFC2671] expands the RCODE space from 4 bits to 12 bits. This
allows more than the 16 distinct RCODE values allowed in [RFC1035].
IETF Review is required to add a new RCODE.
This document assigns EDNS Extended RCODE 16 to "BADVERS" in the DNS
RCODES registry.
[RFC2671] called for the recording of assignment of extended label
types 0bxx111111 as "Reserved for future extended label types"; the
IANA registry currently contains "Reserved for future expansion".
This request implied, at that time, a request to open a new registry
for extended label types, but due to the possibility of ambiguity,
new text registrations were instead made within the general DNS Label
Types registry, which also registers entries originally defined by
[RFC1035]. There is therefore no Extended Label Types registry, with
all label types registered in the DNS Label Types registry.
This document deprecates Binary Labels. Therefore, the status for
the DNS Label Types registration "Binary Labels" is now "Historic".
IETF Standards Action is required for assignments of new EDNS(0)
flags. Flags SHOULD be used only when necessary for DNS resolution
to function. For many uses, an EDNS Option Code may be preferred.
IETF Standards Action is required to create new entries in the EDNS
Version Number registry. Within the EDNS Option Code space, Expert
Review is required for allocation of an EDNS Option Code. Per this
document, IANA maintains a registry for the EDNS Option Code space.
9.1. OPT Option Code Allocation Procedure
OPT Option Codes are assigned by Expert Review.
Assignment of Option Codes should be liberal, but duplicate
functionality is to be avoided.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2671] Vixie, P., "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)",
RFC 2671, August 1999.
[RFC3225] Conrad, D., "Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC",
RFC 3225, December 2001.
10.2. Informative References
[RFC2673] Crawford, M., "Binary Labels in the Domain Name System",
RFC 2673, August 1999.
[RFC3363] Bush, R., Durand, A., Fink, B., Gudmundsson, O., and T.
Hain, "Representing Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Addresses in the Domain Name System (DNS)", RFC 3363,
August 2002.
[RFC3364] Austein, R., "Tradeoffs in Domain Name System (DNS)
Support for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 3364,
August 2002.
[RFC5625] Bellis, R., "DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines",
BCP 152, RFC 5625, August 2009.
Appendix A. Changes since RFCs 2671 and 2673
Following is a list of high-level changes to RFCs 2671 and 2673.
o Support for the OPT record is now mandatory.
o Extended label types remain available, but their use is
discouraged as a general solution due to observed difficulties in
their deployment on the Internet, as illustrated by the work with
the "Binary Labels" type.
o RFC 2673, which defined the "Binary Labels" type and is currently
Experimental, is requested to be moved to Historic.
o Made changes in how EDNS buffer sizes are selected, and provided
recommendations on how to select them.
Authors' Addresses
Joao Damas
Bond Internet Systems
Av Albufera 14
S.S. Reyes, Madrid 28701
ES
Phone: +1 650.423.1312
EMail: joao@bondis.org
Michael Graff
EMail: explorer@flame.org
Paul Vixie
Internet Systems Consortium
950 Charter Street
Redwood City, California 94063
US
Phone: +1 650.423.1301
EMail: vixie@isc.org