| Rfc | 5054 |
|---|
| Title | Using the Secure Remote Password (SRP) Protocol for TLS
Authentication |
|---|
| Author | D. Taylor, T. Wu, N. Mavrogiannopoulos, T. Perrin |
|---|
| Date | November 2007 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Updated by | RFC8996 |
|---|
| Status: | INFORMATIONAL |
|---|
|
Network Working Group D. Taylor
Request for Comments: 5054 Independent
Category: Informational T. Wu
Cisco
N. Mavrogiannopoulos
T. Perrin
Independent
November 2007
Using the Secure Remote Password (SRP) Protocol for TLS Authentication
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This memo presents a technique for using the Secure Remote Password
protocol as an authentication method for the Transport Layer Security
protocol.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. SRP Authentication in TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Notation and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Handshake Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. Text Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4. SRP Verifier Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5. Changes to the Handshake Message Contents . . . . . . . . 5
2.5.1. Client Hello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.5.2. Server Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5.3. Server Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5.4. Client Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6. Calculating the Premaster Secret . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.7. Ciphersuite Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8. New Message Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8.1. Client Hello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8.2. Server Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.8.3. Client Key Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.9. Error Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1. General Considerations for Implementors . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2. Accepting Group Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Protocol Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4. Hash Function Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Appendix A. SRP Group Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix B. SRP Test Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix C. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Introduction
At the time of writing TLS [TLS] uses public key certificates, pre-
shared keys, or Kerberos for authentication.
These authentication methods do not seem well suited to certain
applications now being adapted to use TLS ([IMAP], for example).
Given that many protocols are designed to use the user name and
password method of authentication, being able to safely use user
names and passwords provides an easier route to additional security.
SRP ([SRP], [SRP-6]) is an authentication method that allows the use
of user names and passwords over unencrypted channels without
revealing the password to an eavesdropper. SRP also supplies a
shared secret at the end of the authentication sequence that can be
used to generate encryption keys.
This document describes the use of the SRP authentication method for
TLS.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [REQ].
2. SRP Authentication in TLS
2.1. Notation and Terminology
The version of SRP used here is sometimes referred to as "SRP-6"
[SRP-6]. This version is a slight improvement over "SRP-3", which
was described in [SRP] and [SRP-RFC]. For convenience, this document
and [SRP-RFC] include the details necessary to implement SRP-6;
[SRP-6] is cited for informative purposes only.
This document uses the variable names defined in [SRP-6]:
N, g: group parameters (prime and generator)
s: salt
B, b: server's public and private values
A, a: client's public and private values
I: user name (aka "identity")
P: password
v: verifier
k: SRP-6 multiplier
The | symbol indicates string concatenation, the ^ operator is the
exponentiation operation, and the % operator is the integer remainder
operation.
Conversion between integers and byte-strings assumes the most
significant bytes are stored first, as per [TLS] and [SRP-RFC]. In
the following text, if a conversion from integer to byte-string is
implicit, the most significant byte in the resultant byte-string MUST
be non-zero. If a conversion is explicitly specified with the
operator PAD(), the integer will first be implicitly converted, then
the resultant byte-string will be left-padded with zeros (if
necessary) until its length equals the implicitly-converted length of
N.
2.2. Handshake Protocol Overview
The advent of [SRP-6] allows the SRP protocol to be implemented using
the standard sequence of handshake messages defined in [TLS].
The parameters to various messages are given in the following
diagram.
Client Server
Client Hello (I) -------->
Server Hello
Certificate*
Server Key Exchange (N, g, s, B)
<-------- Server Hello Done
Client Key Exchange (A) -------->
[Change cipher spec]
Finished -------->
[Change cipher spec]
<-------- Finished
Application Data <-------> Application Data
* Indicates an optional message that is not always sent.
Figure 1
2.3. Text Preparation
The user name and password strings SHALL be UTF-8 encoded Unicode,
prepared using the [SASLPREP] profile of [STRINGPREP].
2.4. SRP Verifier Creation
The verifier is calculated as described in Section 3 of [SRP-RFC].
We give the algorithm here for convenience.
The verifier (v) is computed based on the salt (s), user name (I),
password (P), and group parameters (N, g). The computation uses the
[SHA1] hash algorithm:
x = SHA1(s | SHA1(I | ":" | P))
v = g^x % N
2.5. Changes to the Handshake Message Contents
This section describes the changes to the TLS handshake message
contents when SRP is being used for authentication. The definitions
of the new message contents and the on-the-wire changes are given in
Section 2.8.
2.5.1. Client Hello
The user name is appended to the standard client hello message using
the extension mechanism defined in [TLSEXT] (see Section 2.8.1).
This user name extension is henceforth called the "SRP extension".
The following subsections give details of its use.
2.5.1.1. Session Resumption
When a client attempts to resume a session that uses SRP
authentication, the client MUST include the SRP extension in the
client hello message, in case the server cannot or will not allow
session resumption, meaning a full handshake is required.
If the server does agree to resume an existing session, the server
MUST ignore the information in the SRP extension of the client hello
message, except for its inclusion in the finished message hashes.
This is to ensure that attackers cannot replace the authenticated
identity without supplying the proper authentication information.
2.5.1.2. Missing SRP Extension
The client may offer SRP cipher suites in the hello message but omit
the SRP extension. If the server would like to select an SRP cipher
suite in this case, the server SHOULD return a fatal
"unknown_psk_identity" alert (see Section 2.9) immediately after
processing the client hello message.
A client receiving this alert MAY choose to reconnect and resend the
hello message, this time with the SRP extension. This allows the
client to advertise that it supports SRP, but not have to prompt the
user for his user name and password, nor expose the user name in the
clear, unless necessary.
2.5.1.3. Unknown SRP User Name
If the server doesn't have a verifier for the user name in the SRP
extension, the server MAY abort the handshake with an
"unknown_psk_identity" alert (see Section 2.9). Alternatively, if
the server wishes to hide the fact that this user name doesn't have a
verifier, the server MAY simulate the protocol as if a verifier
existed, but then reject the client's finished message with a
"bad_record_mac" alert, as if the password was incorrect.
To simulate the existence of an entry for each user name, the server
must consistently return the same salt (s) and group (N, g) values
for the same user name. For example, the server could store a secret
"seed key" and then use HMAC-SHA1(seed_key, "salt" | user_name) to
generate the salts [HMAC]. For B, the server can return a random
value between 1 and N-1 inclusive. However, the server should take
care to simulate computation delays. One way to do this is to
generate a fake verifier using the "seed key" approach, and then
proceed with the protocol as usual.
2.5.2. Server Certificate
The server MUST send a certificate if it agrees to an SRP cipher
suite that requires the server to provide additional authentication
in the form of a digital signature. See Section 2.7 for details of
which cipher suites defined in this document require a server
certificate to be sent.
2.5.3. Server Key Exchange
The server key exchange message contains the prime (N), the generator
(g), and the salt value (s) read from the SRP password file based on
the user name (I) received in the client hello extension.
The server key exchange message also contains the server's public
value (B). The server calculates this value as B = k*v + g^b % N,
where b is a random number that SHOULD be at least 256 bits in length
and k = SHA1(N | PAD(g)).
If the server has sent a certificate message, the server key exchange
message MUST be signed.
The group parameters (N, g) sent in this message MUST have N as a
safe prime (a prime of the form N=2q+1, where q is also prime). The
integers from 1 to N-1 will form a group under multiplication % N,
and g MUST be a generator of this group. In addition, the group
parameters MUST NOT be specially chosen to allow efficient
computation of discrete logarithms.
The SRP group parameters in Appendix A satisfy the above
requirements, so the client SHOULD accept any parameters from this
appendix that have large enough N values to meet her security
requirements.
The client MAY accept other group parameters from the server, if the
client has reason to believe that these parameters satisfy the above
requirements, and the parameters have large enough N values. For
example, if the parameters transmitted by the server match parameters
on a "known-good" list, the client may choose to accept them. See
Section 3 for additional security considerations relevant to the
acceptance of the group parameters.
Group parameters that are not accepted via one of the above methods
MUST be rejected with an "insufficient_security" alert (see
Section 2.9).
The client MUST abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert
if B % N = 0.
2.5.4. Client Key Exchange
The client key exchange message carries the client's public value
(A). The client calculates this value as A = g^a % N, where a is a
random number that SHOULD be at least 256 bits in length.
The server MUST abort the handshake with an "illegal_parameter" alert
if A % N = 0.
2.6. Calculating the Premaster Secret
The premaster secret is calculated by the client as follows:
I, P = <read from user>
N, g, s, B = <read from server>
a = random()
A = g^a % N
u = SHA1(PAD(A) | PAD(B))
k = SHA1(N | PAD(g))
x = SHA1(s | SHA1(I | ":" | P))
<premaster secret> = (B - (k * g^x)) ^ (a + (u * x)) % N
The premaster secret is calculated by the server as follows:
N, g, s, v = <read from password file>
b = random()
k = SHA1(N | PAD(g))
B = k*v + g^b % N
A = <read from client>
u = SHA1(PAD(A) | PAD(B))
<premaster secret> = (A * v^u) ^ b % N
The finished messages perform the same function as the client and
server evidence messages (M1 and M2) specified in [SRP-RFC]. If
either the client or the server calculates an incorrect premaster
secret, the finished messages will fail to decrypt properly, and the
other party will return a "bad_record_mac" alert.
If a client application receives a "bad_record_mac" alert when
performing an SRP handshake, it should inform the user that the
entered user name and password are incorrect.
2.7. Ciphersuite Definitions
The following cipher suites are added by this document. The usage of
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher suites is as defined in
[AESCIPH].
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1A };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1B };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1C };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1D };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1E };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1F };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x20 };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x21 };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x22 };
Cipher suites that begin with TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA or TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS
require the server to send a certificate message containing a
certificate with the specified type of public key, and to sign the
server key exchange message using a matching private key.
Cipher suites that do not include a digital signature algorithm
identifier assume that the server is authenticated by its possession
of the SRP verifier.
Implementations conforming to this specification MUST implement the
TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA cipher suite, SHOULD implement the
TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA and TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
cipher suites, and MAY implement the remaining cipher suites.
2.8. New Message Structures
This section shows the structure of the messages passed during a
handshake that uses SRP for authentication. The representation
language used is the same as that used in [TLS].
2.8.1. Client Hello
A new extension "srp", with value 12, has been added to the
enumerated ExtensionType defined in [TLSEXT]. This value MUST be
used as the extension number for the SRP extension.
The "extension_data" field of the SRP extension SHALL contain:
opaque srp_I<1..2^8-1>;
where srp_I is the user name, encoded per Section 2.3.
2.8.2. Server Key Exchange
A new value, "srp", has been added to the enumerated
KeyExchangeAlgorithm originally defined in [TLS].
When the value of KeyExchangeAlgorithm is set to "srp", the server's
SRP parameters are sent in the server key exchange message, encoded
in a ServerSRPParams structure.
If a certificate is sent to the client, the server key exchange
message must be signed.
enum { rsa, diffie_hellman, srp } KeyExchangeAlgorithm;
struct {
select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
case diffie_hellman:
ServerDHParams params;
Signature signed_params;
case rsa:
ServerRSAParams params;
Signature signed_params;
case srp: /* new entry */
ServerSRPParams params;
Signature signed_params;
};
} ServerKeyExchange;
struct {
opaque srp_N<1..2^16-1>;
opaque srp_g<1..2^16-1>;
opaque srp_s<1..2^8-1>;
opaque srp_B<1..2^16-1>;
} ServerSRPParams; /* SRP parameters */
2.8.3. Client Key Exchange
When the value of KeyExchangeAlgorithm is set to "srp", the client's
public value (A) is sent in the client key exchange message, encoded
in a ClientSRPPublic structure.
struct {
select (KeyExchangeAlgorithm) {
case rsa: EncryptedPreMasterSecret;
case diffie_hellman: ClientDiffieHellmanPublic;
case srp: ClientSRPPublic; /* new entry */
} exchange_keys;
} ClientKeyExchange;
struct {
opaque srp_A<1..2^16-1>;
} ClientSRPPublic;
2.9. Error Alerts
This document introduces four new uses of alerts:
o "unknown_psk_identity" (115) - this alert MAY be sent by a server
that would like to select an offered SRP cipher suite, if the SRP
extension is absent from the client's hello message. This alert
is always fatal. See Section 2.5.1.2 for details.
o "unknown_psk_identity" (115) - this alert MAY be sent by a server
that receives an unknown user name. This alert is always fatal.
See Section 2.5.1.3 for details.
o "insufficient_security" (71) - this alert MUST be sent by a client
that receives unknown or untrusted (N, g) values. This alert is
always fatal. See Section 2.5.3 for details.
o "illegal_parameter" (47) - this alert MUST be sent by a client or
server that receives a key exchange message with A % N = 0 or B %
N = 0. This alert is always fatal. See Section 2.5.3 and
Section 2.5.4 and for details.
The "insufficient_security" and "illegal_parameter" alerts are
defined in [TLS]. The "unknown_psk_identity" alert is defined in
[PSK].
3. Security Considerations
3.1. General Considerations for Implementors
The checks described in Section 2.5.3 and Section 2.5.4 on the
received values for A and B are CRUCIAL for security and MUST be
performed.
The private values a and b SHOULD be at least 256-bit random numbers,
to give approximately 128 bits of security against certain methods of
calculating discrete logarithms. See [TLS], Section D.1, for advice
on choosing cryptographically secure random numbers.
3.2. Accepting Group Parameters
An attacker who could calculate discrete logarithms % N could
compromise user passwords, and could also compromise the
confidentiality and integrity of TLS sessions. Clients MUST ensure
that the received parameter N is large enough to make calculating
discrete logarithms computationally infeasible.
An attacker may try to send a prime value N that is large enough to
be secure, but that has a special form for which the attacker can
more easily compute discrete logarithms (e.g., using the algorithm
discussed in [TRAPDOOR]). If the client executes the protocol using
such a prime, the client's password could be compromised. Because of
the difficulty of checking for such primes in real time, clients
SHOULD only accept group parameters that come from a trusted source,
such as those listed in Appendix A, or parameters configured locally
by a trusted administrator.
3.3. Protocol Characteristics
If an attacker learns a user's SRP verifier (e.g., by gaining access
to a server's password file), the attacker can masquerade as the real
server to that user, and can also attempt a dictionary attack to
recover that user's password.
An attacker could repeatedly contact an SRP server and try to guess a
legitimate user's password. Servers SHOULD take steps to prevent
this, such as limiting the rate of authentication attempts from a
particular IP address or against a particular user name.
The client's user name is sent in the clear in the Client Hello
message. To avoid sending the user name in the clear, the client
could first open a conventional anonymous or server-authenticated
connection, then renegotiate an SRP-authenticated connection with the
handshake protected by the first connection.
If the client receives an "unknown_psk_identity" alert in response to
a client hello, this alert may have been inserted by an attacker.
The client should be careful about making any decisions, or forming
any conclusions, based on receiving this alert.
It is possible to choose a (user name, password) pair such that the
resulting verifier will also match other, related, (user name,
password) pairs. Thus, anyone using verifiers should be careful not
to assume that only a single (user name, password) pair matches the
verifier.
3.4. Hash Function Considerations
This protocol uses SHA-1 to derive several values:
o u prevents an attacker who learns a user's verifier from being
able to authenticate as that user (see [SRP-6]).
o k prevents an attacker who can select group parameters from being
able to launch a 2-for-1 guessing attack (see [SRP-6]).
o x contains the user's password mixed with a salt.
Cryptanalytic attacks against SHA-1 that only affect its collision-
resistance do not compromise these uses. If attacks against SHA-1
are discovered that do compromise these uses, new cipher suites
should be specified to use a different hash algorithm.
In this situation, clients could send a Client Hello message
containing new and/or old SRP cipher suites along with a single SRP
extension. The server could then select the appropriate cipher suite
based on the type of verifier it has stored for this user.
4. IANA Considerations
This document defines a new TLS extension "srp" (value 12), whose
value has been assigned from the TLS ExtensionType Registry defined
in [TLSEXT].
This document defines nine new cipher suites, whose values have been
assigned from the TLS Ciphersuite registry defined in [TLS].
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1A };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1B };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1C };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1D };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1E };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x1F };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x20 };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x21 };
CipherSuite TLS_SRP_SHA_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA = { 0xC0,0x22 };
5. References
5.1. Normative References
[REQ] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[TLS] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The TLS Protocol version
1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006.
[TLSEXT] Blake-Wilson, S., Nystrom, M., Hopwood, D., Mikkelsen,
J., and T. Wright, "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Extensions", RFC 4366, April 2006.
[STRINGPREP] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Preparation of
Internationalized Strings ("stringprep")", RFC 3454,
December 2002.
[SASLPREP] Zeilenga, K., "SASLprep: Stringprep profile for user
names and passwords", RFC 4013, February 2005.
[SRP-RFC] Wu, T., "The SRP Authentication and Key Exchange
System", RFC 2945, September 2000.
[SHA1] "Secure Hash Standard (SHS)", FIPS 180-2, August 2002.
[HMAC] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC:
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104,
February 1997.
[AESCIPH] Chown, P., "Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
RFC 3268, June 2002.
[PSK] Eronen, P. and H. Tschofenig, "Pre-Shared Key
Ciphersuites for Transport Layer Security (TLS)",
RFC 4279, December 2005.
[MODP] Kivinen, T. and M. Kojo, "More Modular Exponentiation
(MODP) Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange
(IKE)", RFC 3526, May 2003.
5.2. Informative References
[IMAP] Newman, C., "Using TLS with IMAP, POP3 and ACAP",
RFC 2595, June 1999.
[SRP-6] Wu, T., "SRP-6: Improvements and Refinements to the
Secure Remote Password Protocol", Submission to IEEE
P1363.2 working group, October 2002,
<http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/1363/>.
[SRP] Wu, T., "The Secure Remote Password Protocol",
Proceedings of the 1998 Internet Society Network and
Distributed System Security Symposium pp. 97-111,
March 1998.
[TRAPDOOR] Gordon, D., "Designing and Detecting Trapdoors for
Discrete Log Cryptosystems", Springer-Verlag Advances
in Cryptology - Crypto '92, pp. 66-75, 1993.
Appendix A. SRP Group Parameters
The 1024-, 1536-, and 2048-bit groups are taken from software
developed by Tom Wu and Eugene Jhong for the Stanford SRP
distribution, and subsequently proven to be prime. The larger primes
are taken from [MODP], but generators have been calculated that are
primitive roots of N, unlike the generators in [MODP].
The 1024-bit and 1536-bit groups MUST be supported.
1. 1024-bit Group
The hexadecimal value for the prime is:
EEAF0AB9 ADB38DD6 9C33F80A FA8FC5E8 60726187 75FF3C0B 9EA2314C
9C256576 D674DF74 96EA81D3 383B4813 D692C6E0 E0D5D8E2 50B98BE4
8E495C1D 6089DAD1 5DC7D7B4 6154D6B6 CE8EF4AD 69B15D49 82559B29
7BCF1885 C529F566 660E57EC 68EDBC3C 05726CC0 2FD4CBF4 976EAA9A
FD5138FE 8376435B 9FC61D2F C0EB06E3
The generator is: 2.
2. 1536-bit Group
The hexadecimal value for the prime is:
9DEF3CAF B939277A B1F12A86 17A47BBB DBA51DF4 99AC4C80 BEEEA961
4B19CC4D 5F4F5F55 6E27CBDE 51C6A94B E4607A29 1558903B A0D0F843
80B655BB 9A22E8DC DF028A7C EC67F0D0 8134B1C8 B9798914 9B609E0B
E3BAB63D 47548381 DBC5B1FC 764E3F4B 53DD9DA1 158BFD3E 2B9C8CF5
6EDF0195 39349627 DB2FD53D 24B7C486 65772E43 7D6C7F8C E442734A
F7CCB7AE 837C264A E3A9BEB8 7F8A2FE9 B8B5292E 5A021FFF 5E91479E
8CE7A28C 2442C6F3 15180F93 499A234D CF76E3FE D135F9BB
The generator is: 2.
3. 2048-bit Group
The hexadecimal value for the prime is:
AC6BDB41 324A9A9B F166DE5E 1389582F AF72B665 1987EE07 FC319294
3DB56050 A37329CB B4A099ED 8193E075 7767A13D D52312AB 4B03310D
CD7F48A9 DA04FD50 E8083969 EDB767B0 CF609517 9A163AB3 661A05FB
D5FAAAE8 2918A996 2F0B93B8 55F97993 EC975EEA A80D740A DBF4FF74
7359D041 D5C33EA7 1D281E44 6B14773B CA97B43A 23FB8016 76BD207A
436C6481 F1D2B907 8717461A 5B9D32E6 88F87748 544523B5 24B0D57D
5EA77A27 75D2ECFA 032CFBDB F52FB378 61602790 04E57AE6 AF874E73
03CE5329 9CCC041C 7BC308D8 2A5698F3 A8D0C382 71AE35F8 E9DBFBB6
94B5C803 D89F7AE4 35DE236D 525F5475 9B65E372 FCD68EF2 0FA7111F
9E4AFF73
The generator is: 2.
4. 3072-bit Group
This prime is: 2^3072 - 2^3008 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^2942 pi] +
1690314 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
E0FD108E 4B82D120 A93AD2CA FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 5.
5. 4096-bit Group
This prime is: 2^4096 - 2^4032 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^3966 pi] +
240904 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7 88719A10 BDBA5B26
99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA 2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB
04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6 287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2
233BA186 515BE7ED 1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127
D5B05AA9 93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34063199
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 5.
6. 6144-bit Group
This prime is: 2^6144 - 2^6080 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^6014 pi] +
929484 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7 88719A10 BDBA5B26
99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA 2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB
04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6 287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2
233BA186 515BE7ED 1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127
D5B05AA9 93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34028492
36C3FAB4 D27C7026 C1D4DCB2 602646DE C9751E76 3DBA37BD F8FF9406
AD9E530E E5DB382F 413001AE B06A53ED 9027D831 179727B0 865A8918
DA3EDBEB CF9B14ED 44CE6CBA CED4BB1B DB7F1447 E6CC254B 33205151
2BD7AF42 6FB8F401 378CD2BF 5983CA01 C64B92EC F032EA15 D1721D03
F482D7CE 6E74FEF6 D55E702F 46980C82 B5A84031 900B1C9E 59E7C97F
BEC7E8F3 23A97A7E 36CC88BE 0F1D45B7 FF585AC5 4BD407B2 2B4154AA
CC8F6D7E BF48E1D8 14CC5ED2 0F8037E0 A79715EE F29BE328 06A1D58B
B7C5DA76 F550AA3D 8A1FBFF0 EB19CCB1 A313D55C DA56C9EC 2EF29632
387FE8D7 6E3C0468 043E8F66 3F4860EE 12BF2D5B 0B7474D6 E694F91E
6DCC4024 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 5.
7. 8192-bit Group
This prime is: 2^8192 - 2^8128 - 1 + 2^64 * { [2^8062 pi] +
4743158 }
Its hexadecimal value is:
FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF C90FDAA2 2168C234 C4C6628B 80DC1CD1 29024E08
8A67CC74 020BBEA6 3B139B22 514A0879 8E3404DD EF9519B3 CD3A431B
302B0A6D F25F1437 4FE1356D 6D51C245 E485B576 625E7EC6 F44C42E9
A637ED6B 0BFF5CB6 F406B7ED EE386BFB 5A899FA5 AE9F2411 7C4B1FE6
49286651 ECE45B3D C2007CB8 A163BF05 98DA4836 1C55D39A 69163FA8
FD24CF5F 83655D23 DCA3AD96 1C62F356 208552BB 9ED52907 7096966D
670C354E 4ABC9804 F1746C08 CA18217C 32905E46 2E36CE3B E39E772C
180E8603 9B2783A2 EC07A28F B5C55DF0 6F4C52C9 DE2BCBF6 95581718
3995497C EA956AE5 15D22618 98FA0510 15728E5A 8AAAC42D AD33170D
04507A33 A85521AB DF1CBA64 ECFB8504 58DBEF0A 8AEA7157 5D060C7D
B3970F85 A6E1E4C7 ABF5AE8C DB0933D7 1E8C94E0 4A25619D CEE3D226
1AD2EE6B F12FFA06 D98A0864 D8760273 3EC86A64 521F2B18 177B200C
BBE11757 7A615D6C 770988C0 BAD946E2 08E24FA0 74E5AB31 43DB5BFC
E0FD108E 4B82D120 A9210801 1A723C12 A787E6D7 88719A10 BDBA5B26
99C32718 6AF4E23C 1A946834 B6150BDA 2583E9CA 2AD44CE8 DBBBC2DB
04DE8EF9 2E8EFC14 1FBECAA6 287C5947 4E6BC05D 99B2964F A090C3A2
233BA186 515BE7ED 1F612970 CEE2D7AF B81BDD76 2170481C D0069127
D5B05AA9 93B4EA98 8D8FDDC1 86FFB7DC 90A6C08F 4DF435C9 34028492
36C3FAB4 D27C7026 C1D4DCB2 602646DE C9751E76 3DBA37BD F8FF9406
AD9E530E E5DB382F 413001AE B06A53ED 9027D831 179727B0 865A8918
DA3EDBEB CF9B14ED 44CE6CBA CED4BB1B DB7F1447 E6CC254B 33205151
2BD7AF42 6FB8F401 378CD2BF 5983CA01 C64B92EC F032EA15 D1721D03
F482D7CE 6E74FEF6 D55E702F 46980C82 B5A84031 900B1C9E 59E7C97F
BEC7E8F3 23A97A7E 36CC88BE 0F1D45B7 FF585AC5 4BD407B2 2B4154AA
CC8F6D7E BF48E1D8 14CC5ED2 0F8037E0 A79715EE F29BE328 06A1D58B
B7C5DA76 F550AA3D 8A1FBFF0 EB19CCB1 A313D55C DA56C9EC 2EF29632
387FE8D7 6E3C0468 043E8F66 3F4860EE 12BF2D5B 0B7474D6 E694F91E
6DBE1159 74A3926F 12FEE5E4 38777CB6 A932DF8C D8BEC4D0 73B931BA
3BC832B6 8D9DD300 741FA7BF 8AFC47ED 2576F693 6BA42466 3AAB639C
5AE4F568 3423B474 2BF1C978 238F16CB E39D652D E3FDB8BE FC848AD9
22222E04 A4037C07 13EB57A8 1A23F0C7 3473FC64 6CEA306B 4BCBC886
2F8385DD FA9D4B7F A2C087E8 79683303 ED5BDD3A 062B3CF5 B3A278A6
6D2A13F8 3F44F82D DF310EE0 74AB6A36 4597E899 A0255DC1 64F31CC5
0846851D F9AB4819 5DED7EA1 B1D510BD 7EE74D73 FAF36BC3 1ECFA268
359046F4 EB879F92 4009438B 481C6CD7 889A002E D5EE382B C9190DA6
FC026E47 9558E447 5677E9AA 9E3050E2 765694DF C81F56E8 80B96E71
60C980DD 98EDD3DF FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
The generator is: 19 (decimal).
Appendix B. SRP Test Vectors
The following test vectors demonstrate calculation of the verifier
and premaster secret.
I = "alice"
P = "password123"
s = BEB25379 D1A8581E B5A72767 3A2441EE
N, g = <1024-bit parameters from Appendix A>
k = 7556AA04 5AEF2CDD 07ABAF0F 665C3E81 8913186F
x = 94B7555A ABE9127C C58CCF49 93DB6CF8 4D16C124
v =
7E273DE8 696FFC4F 4E337D05 B4B375BE B0DDE156 9E8FA00A 9886D812
9BADA1F1 822223CA 1A605B53 0E379BA4 729FDC59 F105B478 7E5186F5
C671085A 1447B52A 48CF1970 B4FB6F84 00BBF4CE BFBB1681 52E08AB5
EA53D15C 1AFF87B2 B9DA6E04 E058AD51 CC72BFC9 033B564E 26480D78
E955A5E2 9E7AB245 DB2BE315 E2099AFB
a =
60975527 035CF2AD 1989806F 0407210B C81EDC04 E2762A56 AFD529DD
DA2D4393
b =
E487CB59 D31AC550 471E81F0 0F6928E0 1DDA08E9 74A004F4 9E61F5D1
05284D20
A =
61D5E490 F6F1B795 47B0704C 436F523D D0E560F0 C64115BB 72557EC4
4352E890 3211C046 92272D8B 2D1A5358 A2CF1B6E 0BFCF99F 921530EC
8E393561 79EAE45E 42BA92AE ACED8251 71E1E8B9 AF6D9C03 E1327F44
BE087EF0 6530E69F 66615261 EEF54073 CA11CF58 58F0EDFD FE15EFEA
B349EF5D 76988A36 72FAC47B 0769447B
B =
BD0C6151 2C692C0C B6D041FA 01BB152D 4916A1E7 7AF46AE1 05393011
BAF38964 DC46A067 0DD125B9 5A981652 236F99D9 B681CBF8 7837EC99
6C6DA044 53728610 D0C6DDB5 8B318885 D7D82C7F 8DEB75CE 7BD4FBAA
37089E6F 9C6059F3 88838E7A 00030B33 1EB76840 910440B1 B27AAEAE
EB4012B7 D7665238 A8E3FB00 4B117B58
u =
CE38B959 3487DA98 554ED47D 70A7AE5F 462EF019
<premaster secret> =
B0DC82BA BCF30674 AE450C02 87745E79 90A3381F 63B387AA F271A10D
233861E3 59B48220 F7C4693C 9AE12B0A 6F67809F 0876E2D0 13800D6C
41BB59B6 D5979B5C 00A172B4 A2A5903A 0BDCAF8A 709585EB 2AFAFA8F
3499B200 210DCC1F 10EB3394 3CD67FC8 8A2F39A4 BE5BEC4E C0A3212D
C346D7E4 74B29EDE 8A469FFE CA686E5A
Appendix C. Acknowledgements
Thanks to all on the IETF TLS mailing list for ideas and analysis.
Authors' Addresses
David Taylor
Independent
EMail: dtaylor@gnutls.org
Tom Wu
Cisco
EMail: thomwu@cisco.com
Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos
Independent
EMail: nmav@gnutls.org
URI: http://www.gnutls.org/
Trevor Perrin
Independent
EMail: trevp@trevp.net
URI: http://trevp.net/
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