| Rfc | 4895 |
|---|
| Title | Authenticated Chunks for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol
(SCTP) |
|---|
| Author | M. Tuexen, R. Stewart, P. Lei, E. Rescorla |
|---|
| Date | August 2007 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
|---|
|
Network Working Group M. Tuexen
Request for Comments: 4895 Muenster Univ. of Applied Sciences
Category: Standards Track R. Stewart
P. Lei
Cisco Systems, Inc.
E. Rescorla
RTFM, Inc.
August 2007
Authenticated Chunks for
the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document describes a new chunk type, several parameters, and
procedures for the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). This
new chunk type can be used to authenticate SCTP chunks by using
shared keys between the sender and receiver. The new parameters are
used to establish the shared keys.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. New Parameter Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Random Parameter (RANDOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Chunk List Parameter (CHUNKS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Requested HMAC Algorithm Parameter (HMAC-ALGO) . . . . . . 6
4. New Error Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Unsupported HMAC Identifier Error Cause . . . . . . . . . 7
5. New Chunk Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1. Authentication Chunk (AUTH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.1. Establishment of an Association Shared Key . . . . . . . . 10
6.2. Sending Authenticated Chunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.3. Receiving Authenticated Chunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1. A New Chunk Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.2. Three New Parameter Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.3. A New Error Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.4. A New Table for HMAC Identifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Introduction
SCTP uses 32-bit verification tags to protect itself against blind
attackers. These values are not changed during the lifetime of an
SCTP association.
Looking at new SCTP extensions, there is the need to have a method of
proving that an SCTP chunk(s) was really sent by the original peer
that started the association and not by a malicious attacker.
Using Transport Layer Security (TLS), as defined in RFC 3436 [6],
does not help because it only secures SCTP user data.
Therefore, an SCTP extension that provides a mechanism for deriving
shared keys for each association is presented. These association
shared keys are derived from endpoint pair shared keys, which are
configured and might be empty, and data that is exchanged during the
SCTP association setup.
The extension presented in this document allows an SCTP sender to
authenticate chunks using shared keys between the sender and
receiver. The receiver can then verify that the chunks are sent from
the sender and not from a malicious attacker (as long as the attacker
does not know an association shared key).
The extension described in this document places the result of a
Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) computation before the data
covered by that computation. Placing it at the end of the packet
would have required placing a control chunk after DATA chunks in case
of authenticating DATA chunks. This would break the rule that
control chunks occur before DATA chunks in SCTP packets. It should
also be noted that putting the result of the HMAC computation after
the data being covered would not allow sending the packet during the
computation of the HMAC because the result of the HMAC computation is
needed to compute the CRC32C checksum of the SCTP packet, which is
placed in the common header of the SCTP packet.
The SCTP extension for Dynamic Address Reconfiguration (ADD-IP)
requires the usage of the extension described in this document. The
SCTP Partial Reliability Extension (PR-SCTP) can be used in
conjunction with the extension described in this document.
2. Conventions
The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL", when they appear in this document, are to be interpreted
as described in RFC 2119 [3].
3. New Parameter Types
This section defines the new parameter types that will be used to
negotiate the authentication during association setup. Table 1
illustrates the new parameter types.
+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Parameter Type | Parameter Name |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
| 0x8002 | Random Parameter (RANDOM) |
| 0x8003 | Chunk List Parameter (CHUNKS) |
| 0x8004 | Requested HMAC Algorithm Parameter (HMAC-ALGO) |
+----------------+------------------------------------------------+
Table 1
Note that the parameter format requires the receiver to ignore the
parameter and continue processing if the parameter is not understood.
This is accomplished (as described in RFC 2960 [5], Section 3.2.1.)
by the use of the upper bits of the parameter type.
3.1. Random Parameter (RANDOM)
This parameter is used to carry a random number of an arbitrary
length.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Parameter Type = 0x8002 | Parameter Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
\ Random Number /
/ +-------------------------------\
| | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1
Parameter Type: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value MUST be set to 0x8002.
Parameter Length: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value is the length of the Random Number in bytes plus 4.
Random Number: n bytes (unsigned integer)
This value represents an arbitrary Random Number in network byte
order.
Padding: 0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes (unsigned integer)
If the length of the Random Number is not a multiple of 4 bytes,
the sender MUST pad the parameter with all zero bytes to make the
parameter 32-bit aligned. The Padding MUST NOT be longer than 3
bytes and it MUST be ignored by the receiver.
The RANDOM parameter MUST be included once in the INIT or INIT-ACK
chunk, if the sender wants to send or receive authenticated chunks,
to provide a 32-byte Random Number. For 32-byte Random Numbers, the
Padding is empty.
3.2. Chunk List Parameter (CHUNKS)
This parameter is used to specify which chunk types are required to
be authenticated before being sent by the peer.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Parameter Type = 0x8003 | Parameter Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Chunk Type 1 | Chunk Type 2 | Chunk Type 3 | Chunk Type 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ /
\ ... \
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Chunk Type n | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2
Parameter Type: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value MUST be set to 0x8003.
Parameter Length: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value is the number of listed Chunk Types plus 4.
Chunk Type n: 1 byte (unsigned integer)
Each Chunk Type listed is required to be authenticated when sent
by the peer.
Padding: 0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes (unsigned integer)
If the number of Chunk Types is not a multiple of 4, the sender
MUST pad the parameter with all zero bytes to make the parameter
32-bit aligned. The Padding MUST NOT be longer than 3 bytes and
it MUST be ignored by the receiver.
The CHUNKS parameter MUST be included once in the INIT or INIT-ACK
chunk if the sender wants to receive authenticated chunks. Its
maximum length is 260 bytes.
The chunk types for INIT, INIT-ACK, SHUTDOWN-COMPLETE, and AUTH
chunks MUST NOT be listed in the CHUNKS parameter. However, if a
CHUNKS parameter is received then the types for INIT, INIT-ACK,
SHUTDOWN-COMPLETE, and AUTH chunks MUST be ignored.
3.3. Requested HMAC Algorithm Parameter (HMAC-ALGO)
This parameter is used to list the HMAC Identifiers the peer MUST
use.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Parameter Type = 0x8004 | Parameter Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HMAC Identifier 1 | HMAC Identifier 2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
/ /
\ ... \
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HMAC Identifier n | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3
Parameter Type: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value MUST be set to 0x8004.
Parameter Length: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value is the number of HMAC Identifiers multiplied by 2, plus
4.
HMAC Identifier n: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
The values expressed are a list of HMAC Identifiers that may be
used by the peer. The values are listed by preference, with
respect to the sender, where the first HMAC Identifier listed is
the one most preferable to the sender.
Padding: 0 or 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
If the number of HMAC Identifiers is not even, the sender MUST pad
the parameter with all zero bytes to make the parameter 32-bit
aligned. The Padding MUST be 0 or 2 bytes long and it MUST be
ignored by the receiver.
The HMAC-ALGO parameter MUST be included once in the INIT or INIT-ACK
chunk if the sender wants to send or receive authenticated chunks.
Table 2 shows the currently defined values for HMAC Identifiers.
+-----------------+--------------------------+
| HMAC Identifier | Message Digest Algorithm |
+-----------------+--------------------------+
| 0 | Reserved |
| 1 | SHA-1 defined in [8] |
| 2 | Reserved |
| 3 | SHA-256 defined in [8] |
+-----------------+--------------------------+
Table 2
Every endpoint supporting SCTP chunk authentication MUST support the
HMAC based on the SHA-1 algorithm.
4. New Error Cause
This section defines a new error cause that will be sent if an AUTH
chunk is received with an unsupported HMAC Identifier. Table 3
illustrates the new error cause.
+------------+-----------------------------+
| Cause Code | Error Cause Name |
+------------+-----------------------------+
| 0x0105 | Unsupported HMAC Identifier |
+------------+-----------------------------+
Table 3
4.1. Unsupported HMAC Identifier Error Cause
This error cause is used to indicate that an AUTH chunk has been
received with an unsupported HMAC Identifier.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cause Code = 0x0105 | Cause Length = 6 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HMAC Identifier | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4
Cause Code: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value MUST be set to 0x0105.
Cause Length: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value MUST be set to 6.
HMAC Identifier: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value is the HMAC Identifier which is not supported.
Padding: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
The sender MUST pad the error cause with all zero bytes to make
the cause 32-bit aligned. The Padding MUST be 2 bytes long and it
MUST be ignored by the receiver.
5. New Chunk Type
This section defines the new chunk type that will be used to
authenticate chunks. Table 4 illustrates the new chunk type.
+------------+-----------------------------+
| Chunk Type | Chunk Name |
+------------+-----------------------------+
| 0x0F | Authentication Chunk (AUTH) |
+------------+-----------------------------+
Table 4
It should be noted that the AUTH-chunk format requires the receiver
to ignore the chunk if it is not understood and silently discard all
chunks that follow. This is accomplished (as described in RFC 2960
[5], Section 3.2.) by the use of the upper bits of the chunk type.
5.1. Authentication Chunk (AUTH)
This chunk is used to hold the result of the HMAC calculation.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 0x0F | Flags=0 | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Shared Key Identifier | HMAC Identifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
\ HMAC /
/ \
/ +-------------------------------\
| | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5
Type: 1 byte (unsigned integer)
This value MUST be set to 0x0F for all AUTH-chunks.
Flags: 1 byte (unsigned integer)
SHOULD be set to zero on transmit and MUST be ignored on receipt.
Length: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value holds the length of the HMAC in bytes plus 8.
Shared Key Identifier: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value describes which endpoint pair shared key is used.
HMAC Identifier: 2 bytes (unsigned integer)
This value describes which message digest is being used. Table 2
shows the currently defined values.
HMAC: n bytes (unsigned integer)
This holds the result of the HMAC calculation.
Padding: 0, 1, 2, or 3 bytes (unsigned integer)
If the length of the HMAC is not a multiple of 4 bytes, the sender
MUST pad the chunk with all zero bytes to make the chunk 32-bit
aligned. The Padding MUST NOT be longer than 3 bytes and it MUST
be ignored by the receiver.
The control chunk AUTH MUST NOT appear more than once in an SCTP
packet. All control and data chunks that are placed after the AUTH
chunk in the packet are sent in an authenticated way. Those chunks
placed in a packet before the AUTH chunk are not authenticated.
Please note that DATA chunks can not appear before control chunks in
an SCTP packet.
6. Procedures
6.1. Establishment of an Association Shared Key
An SCTP endpoint willing to receive or send authenticated chunks MUST
send one RANDOM parameter in its INIT or INIT-ACK chunk. The RANDOM
parameter MUST contain a 32-byte Random Number. The Random Number
should be generated in accordance with RFC 4086 [7]. If the Random
Number is not 32 bytes, the association MUST be aborted. The ABORT
chunk SHOULD contain the error cause 'Protocol Violation'. In case
of INIT collision, the rules governing the handling of this Random
Number follow the same pattern as those for the Verification Tag, as
explained in Section 5.2.4 of RFC 2960 [5]. Therefore, each endpoint
knows its own Random Number and the peer's Random Number after the
association has been established.
An SCTP endpoint has a list of chunks it only accepts if they are
received in an authenticated way. This list is included in the INIT
and INIT-ACK, and MAY be omitted if it is empty. Since this list
does not change during the lifetime of the SCTP endpoint there is no
problem in case of INIT collision.
Each SCTP endpoint MUST include in the INIT and INIT-ACK a HMAC-ALGO
parameter containing a list of HMAC Identifiers it requests the peer
to use. The receiver of an HMAC-ALGO parameter SHOULD use the first
listed algorithm it supports. The HMAC algorithm based on SHA-1 MUST
be supported and included in the HMAC-ALGO parameter. An SCTP
endpoint MUST NOT change the parameters listed in the HMAC-ALGO
parameter during the lifetime of the endpoint.
Both endpoints of an association MAY have endpoint pair shared keys
that are byte vectors and pre-configured or established by another
mechanism. They are identified by the Shared Key Identifier. For
each endpoint pair shared key, an association shared key is computed.
If there is no endpoint pair shared key, only one association shared
key is computed by using an empty byte vector as the endpoint pair
shared key.
The RANDOM parameter, the CHUNKS parameter, and the HMAC-ALGO
parameter sent by each endpoint are concatenated as byte vectors.
These parameters include the parameter type, parameter length, and
the parameter value, but padding is omitted; all padding MUST be
removed from this concatenation before proceeding with further
computation of keys. Parameters that were not sent are simply
omitted from the concatenation process. The resulting two vectors
are called the two key vectors.
From the endpoint pair shared keys and the key vectors, the
association shared keys are computed. This is performed by selecting
the numerically smaller key vector and concatenating it to the
endpoint pair shared key, and then concatenating the numerically
larger key vector to that. If the key vectors are equal as numbers
but differ in length, then the concatenation order is the endpoint
shared key, followed by the shorter key vector, followed by the
longer key vector. Otherwise, the key vectors are identical, and may
be concatenated to the endpoint pair key in any order. The
concatenation is performed on byte vectors, and all numerical
comparisons use network byte order to convert the key vectors to a
number. The result of the concatenation is the association shared
key.
6.2. Sending Authenticated Chunks
Endpoints MUST send all requested chunks that have been authenticated
where this has been requested by the peer. The other chunks MAY be
sent whether or not they have been authenticated. If endpoint pair
shared keys are used, one of them MUST be selected for
authentication.
To send chunks in an authenticated way, the sender MUST include these
chunks after an AUTH chunk. This means that a sender MUST bundle
chunks in order to authenticate them.
If the endpoint has no endpoint pair shared key for the peer, it MUST
use Shared Key Identifier zero with an empty endpoint pair shared
key. If there are multiple endpoint shared keys the sender selects
one and uses the corresponding Shared Key Identifier.
The sender MUST calculate the Message Authentication Code (MAC) (as
described in RFC 2104 [2]) using the hash function H as described by
the HMAC Identifier and the shared association key K based on the
endpoint pair shared key described by the Shared Key Identifier. The
'data' used for the computation of the AUTH-chunk is given by the
AUTH chunk with its HMAC field set to zero (as shown in Figure 6)
followed by all the chunks that are placed after the AUTH chunk in
the SCTP packet.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type = 0x0F | Flags=0 | Chunk Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Shared Key Identifier | HMAC Identifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
\ 0 /
/ +-------------------------------\
| | Padding |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6
Please note that all fields are in network byte order and that the
field that will contain the complete HMAC is filled with zeroes. The
length of the field shown as zero is the length of the HMAC described
by the HMAC Identifier. The padding of all chunks being
authenticated MUST be included in the HMAC computation.
The sender fills the HMAC into the HMAC field and sends the packet.
6.3. Receiving Authenticated Chunks
The receiver has a list of chunk types that it expects to be received
only after an AUTH-chunk. This list has been sent to the peer during
the association setup. It MUST silently discard these chunks if they
are not placed after an AUTH chunk in the packet.
The receiver MUST use the HMAC algorithm indicated in the HMAC
Identifier field. If this algorithm was not specified by the
receiver in the HMAC-ALGO parameter in the INIT or INIT-ACK chunk
during association setup, the AUTH chunk and all the chunks after it
MUST be discarded and an ERROR chunk SHOULD be sent with the error
cause defined in Section 4.1.
If an endpoint with no shared key receives a Shared Key Identifier
other than 0, it MUST silently discard all authenticated chunks. If
the endpoint has at least one endpoint pair shared key for the peer,
it MUST use the key specified by the Shared Key Identifier if a key
has been configured for that Shared Key Identifier. If no endpoint
pair shared key has been configured for that Shared Key Identifier,
all authenticated chunks MUST be silently discarded.
The receiver now performs the same calculation as described for the
sender based on Figure 6. If the result of the calculation is the
same as given in the HMAC field, all the chunks following the AUTH
chunk are processed. If the field does not match the result of the
calculation, all the chunks following the AUTH chunk MUST be silently
discarded.
It should be noted that if the receiver wants to tear down an
association in an authenticated way only, the handling of malformed
packets should not result in tearing down the association.
An SCTP implementation has to maintain state for each SCTP
association. In the following, we call this data structure the SCTP
transmission control block (STCB).
When an endpoint requires COOKIE-ECHO chunks to be authenticated,
some special procedures have to be followed because the reception of
a COOKIE-ECHO chunk might result in the creation of an SCTP
association. If a packet arrives containing an AUTH chunk as a first
chunk, a COOKIE-ECHO chunk as the second chunk, and possibly more
chunks after them, and the receiver does not have an STCB for that
packet, then authentication is based on the contents of the COOKIE-
ECHO chunk. In this situation, the receiver MUST authenticate the
chunks in the packet by using the RANDOM parameters, CHUNKS
parameters and HMAC_ALGO parameters obtained from the COOKIE-ECHO
chunk, and possibly a local shared secret as inputs to the
authentication procedure specified in Section 6.3. If authentication
fails, then the packet is discarded. If the authentication is
successful, the COOKIE-ECHO and all the chunks after the COOKIE-ECHO
MUST be processed. If the receiver has an STCB, it MUST process the
AUTH chunk as described above using the STCB from the existing
association to authenticate the COOKIE-ECHO chunk and all the chunks
after it.
If the receiver does not find an STCB for a packet containing an AUTH
chunk as the first chunk and does not find a COOKIE-ECHO chunk as the
second chunk, it MUST use the chunks after the AUTH chunk to look up
an existing association. If no association is found, the packet MUST
be considered as out of the blue. The out of the blue handling MUST
be based on the packet without taking the AUTH chunk into account.
If an association is found, it MUST process the AUTH chunk using the
STCB from the existing association as described earlier.
Requiring ABORT chunks and COOKIE-ECHO chunks to be authenticated
makes it impossible for an attacker to bring down or restart an
association as long as the attacker does not know the association
shared key. But it should also be noted that if an endpoint accepts
ABORT chunks only in an authenticated way, it may take longer to
detect that the peer is no longer available. If an endpoint accepts
COOKIE-ECHO chunks only in an authenticated way, the restart
procedure does not work, because the restarting endpoint most likely
does not know the association shared key of the old association to be
restarted. However, if the restarting endpoint does know the old
association shared key, he can successfully send the COOKIE-ECHO
chunk in a way that it is accepted by the peer by using this old
association shared key for the packet containing the AUTH chunk.
After this operation, both endpoints have to use the new association
shared key.
If a server has an endpoint pair shared key with some clients, it can
request the COOKIE_ECHO chunk to be authenticated and can ensure that
only associations from clients with a correct endpoint pair shared
key are accepted.
Furthermore, it is important that the cookie contained in an INIT-ACK
chunk and in a COOKIE-ECHO chunk MUST NOT contain any endpoint pair
shared keys.
7. Examples
This section gives examples of message exchanges for association
setup.
The simplest way of using the extension described in this document is
given by the following message exchange.
---------- INIT[RANDOM; CHUNKS; HMAC-ALGO] ---------->
<------- INIT-ACK[RANDOM; CHUNKS; HMAC-ALGO] ---------
-------------------- COOKIE-ECHO -------------------->
<-------------------- COOKIE-ACK ---------------------
Please note that the CHUNKS parameter is optional in the INIT and
INIT-ACK.
If the server wants to receive DATA chunks in an authenticated way,
the following message exchange is possible:
---------- INIT[RANDOM; CHUNKS; HMAC-ALGO] ---------->
<------- INIT-ACK[RANDOM; CHUNKS; HMAC-ALGO] ---------
--------------- COOKIE-ECHO; AUTH; DATA ------------->
<----------------- COOKIE-ACK; SACK ------------------
Please note that if the endpoint pair shared key depends on the
client and the server, and is only known by the upper layer, this
message exchange requires an upper layer intervention between the
processing of the COOKIE-ECHO chunk and the processing of the AUTH
and DATA chunk at the server side. This intervention may be realized
by a COMMUNICATION-UP notification followed by the presentation of
the endpoint pair shared key by the upper layer to the SCTP stack,
see for example Section 10 of RFC 2960 [5]. If this intervention is
not possible due to limitations of the API (for example, the socket
API), the server might discard the AUTH and DATA chunk, making a
retransmission of the DATA chunk necessary. If the same endpoint
pair shared key is used for multiple endpoints and does not depend on
the client, this intervention might not be necessary.
8. IANA Considerations
This document (RFC 4895) is the reference for all registrations
described in this section. All registrations need to be listed in
the document available at SCTP-parameters [9]. The changes are
described below.
8.1. A New Chunk Type
A chunk type for the AUTH chunk has been assigned by IANA. IANA has
assigned the value (15), as given in Table 4. An additional line has
been added in the "CHUNK TYPES" table of SCTP-parameters [9]:
CHUNK TYPES
ID Value Chunk Type Reference
----- ---------- ---------
15 Authentication Chunk (AUTH) [RFC4895]
8.2. Three New Parameter Types
Parameter types have been assigned for the RANDOM, CHUNKS, and HMAC-
ALGO parameter by IANA. The values are as given in Table 1. This
required two modifications to the "CHUNK PARAMETER TYPES" tables in
SCTP-parameters [9]: the first is the addition of three new lines to
the "INIT Chunk Parameter Types" table:
Chunk Parameter Type Value
-------------------- -----
Random 32770 (0x8002)
Chunk List 32771 (0x8003)
Requested HMAC Algorithm Parameter 32772 (0x8004)
The second required change is the addition of the same three lines to
the to the "INIT ACK Chunk Parameter Types" table.
8.3. A New Error Cause
An error cause for the Unsupported HMAC Identifier error cause has
been assigned. The value (261) has been assigned as in Table 3.
This requires an additional line of the "CAUSE CODES" table in SCTP-
parameters [9]:
VALUE CAUSE CODE REFERENCE
----- ---------------- ---------
261 (0x0105) Unsupported HMAC Identifier [RFC4895]
8.4. A New Table for HMAC Identifiers
HMAC Identifiers have to be maintained by IANA. Four initial values
have been assigned by IANA as described in Table 2. This required a
new table "HMAC IDENTIFIERS" in SCTP-parameters [9]:
HMAC Identifier Message Digest Algorithm REFERENCE
--------------- ------------------------ ---------
0 Reserved [RFC4895]
1 SHA-1 [RFC4895]
2 Reserved [RFC4895]
3 SHA-256 [RFC4895]
For registering a new HMAC Identifier with IANA, in this table, a
request has to be made to assign such a number. This number must be
unique and a message digest algorithm usable with the HMAC defined in
RFC 2104 [2] MUST be specified. The "Specification Required" policy
of RFC 2434 [4] MUST be applied.
9. Security Considerations
Without using endpoint shared keys, this extension only protects
against modification or injection of authenticated chunks by
attackers who did not capture the initial handshake setting up the
SCTP association.
If an endpoint pair shared key is used, even a true man in the middle
cannot inject chunks, which are required to be authenticated, even if
he intercepts the initial message exchange. The endpoint also knows
that it is accepting authenticated chunks from a peer who knows the
endpoint pair shared key.
The establishment of endpoint pair shared keys is out of the scope of
this document. Other mechanisms can be used, like using TLS or
manual configuration.
When an endpoint accepts COOKIE-ECHO chunks only in an authenticated
way the restart procedure does not work. Neither an attacker nor a
restarted endpoint not knowing the association shared key can perform
an restart. However, if the association shared key is known, it is
possible to restart the association.
Because SCTP already has a built-in mechanism that handles the
reception of duplicated chunks, the presented solution makes use of
this functionality and does not provide a method to avoid replay
attacks by itself. Of course, this only works within each SCTP
association. Therefore, a separate shared key is used for each SCTP
association to handle replay attacks covering multiple SCTP
associations.
Each endpoint presenting a list of more than one element in the HMAC-
ALGO parameter must be prepared for the peer using the weakest
algorithm listed.
When an endpoint pair uses non-NULL endpoint pair shared keys and one
of the endpoints still accepts a NULL key, an attacker who captured
the initial handshake can still inject or modify authenticated chunks
by using the NULL key.
10. Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank David Black, Sascha Grau, Russ Housley,
Ivan Arias Rodriguez, Irene Ruengeler, and Magnus Westerlund for
their invaluable comments.
11. Normative References
[1] Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
April 1992.
[2] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-Hashing
for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February 1997.
[3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[4] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.
[5] Stewart, R., Xie, Q., Morneault, K., Sharp, C., Schwarzbauer,
H., Taylor, T., Rytina, I., Kalla, M., Zhang, L., and V. Paxson,
"Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 2960, October 2000.
[6] Jungmaier, A., Rescorla, E., and M. Tuexen, "Transport Layer
Security over Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC 3436,
December 2002.
[7] Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
[8] National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Secure Hash
Standard", FIPS PUB 180-2, August 2002,
<http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips180-2/
fips180-2.pdf>.
[9] <http://www.iana.org/assignments/sctp-parameters>
Authors' Addresses
Michael Tuexen
Muenster Univ. of Applied Sciences
Stegerwaldstr. 39
48565 Steinfurt
Germany
EMail: tuexen@fh-muenster.de
Randall R. Stewart
Cisco Systems, Inc.
4875 Forest Drive
Suite 200
Columbia, SC 29206
USA
EMail: rrs@cisco.com
Peter Lei
Cisco Systems, Inc.
8735 West Higgins Road
Suite 300
Chicago, IL 60631
USA
Phone:
EMail: peterlei@cisco.com
Eric Rescorla
RTFM, Inc.
2064 Edgewood Drive
Palo Alto, CA 94303
USA
Phone: +1 650-320-8549
EMail: ekr@rtfm.com
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