| Rfc | 4577 |
|---|
| Title | OSPF as the Provider/Customer Edge Protocol for BGP/MPLS IP Virtual
Private Networks (VPNs) |
|---|
| Author | E. Rosen, P. Psenak, P. Pillay-Esnault |
|---|
| Date | June 2006 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Updates | RFC4364 |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED
STANDARD |
|---|
|
Network Working Group E. Rosen
Request for Comments: 4577 P. Psenak
Updates: 4364 P. Pillay-Esnault
Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems, Inc.
June 2006
OSPF as the Provider/Customer Edge Protocol for
BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
Many Service Providers offer Virtual Private Network (VPN) services
to their customers, using a technique in which customer edge routers
(CE routers) are routing peers of provider edge routers (PE routers).
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used to distribute the
customer's routes across the provider's IP backbone network, and
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) is used to tunnel customer
packets across the provider's backbone. This is known as a "BGP/MPLS
IP VPN". The base specification for BGP/MPLS IP VPNs presumes that
the routing protocol on the interface between a PE router and a CE
router is BGP. This document extends that specification by allowing
the routing protocol on the PE/CE interface to be the Open Shortest
Path First (OSPF) protocol.
This document updates RFC 4364.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Specification of Requirements ...................................3
3. Requirements ....................................................4
4. BGP/OSPF Interaction Procedures for PE Routers ..................6
4.1. Overview ...................................................6
4.1.1. VRFs and OSPF Instances .............................6
4.1.2. VRFs and Routes .....................................6
4.1.3. Inter-Area, Intra-Area, and External Routes .........7
4.1.4. PEs and OSPF Area 0 .................................8
4.1.5. Prevention of Loops .................................9
4.2. Details ....................................................9
4.2.1. Independent OSPF Instances in PEs ...................9
4.2.2. Router ID ..........................................10
4.2.3. OSPF Areas .........................................10
4.2.4. OSPF Domain Identifiers ............................10
4.2.5. Loop Prevention ....................................12
4.2.5.1. The DN Bit ................................12
4.2.5.2. Use of OSPF Route Tags ....................12
4.2.5.3. Other Possible Loops ......................13
4.2.6. Handling LSAs from the CE ..........................14
4.2.7. Sham Links .........................................16
4.2.7.1. Intra-Area Routes .........................16
4.2.7.2. Creating Sham Links .......................17
4.2.7.3. OSPF Protocol on Sham Links ...............18
4.2.7.4. Routing and Forwarding on Sham Links ......19
4.2.8. VPN-IPv4 Routes Received via BGP ...................19
4.2.8.1. External Routes ...........................20
4.2.8.2. Summary Routes ............................22
4.2.8.3. NSSA Routes ...............................22
5. IANA Considerations ............................................22
6. Security Considerations ........................................23
7. Acknowledgements ...............................................23
8. Normative References ...........................................23
9. Informative References .........................................24
1. Introduction
[VPN] describes a method by which a Service Provider (SP) can use its
IP backbone to provide a VPN (Virtual Private Network) service to
customers. In that method, a customer's edge devices (CE devices)
are connected to the provider's edge routers (PE routers). If the CE
device is a router, then the PE router may become a routing peer of
the CE router (in some routing protocol) and may, as a result, learn
the routes that lead to the CE's site and that need to be distributed
to other PE routers that attach to the same VPN.
The PE routers that attach to a common VPN use BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol) to distribute the VPN's routes to each other. A CE router
can then learn the routes to other sites in the VPN by peering with
its attached PE router in a routing protocol. CE routers at
different sites do not, however, peer with each other.
It can be expected that many VPNs will use OSPF (Open Shortest Path
First) as their IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), i.e., the routing
protocol used by a network for the distribution of internal routes
within that network. This does not necessarily mean that the PE
routers need to use OSPF to peer with the CE routers. Each site in a
VPN can use OSPF as its intra-site routing protocol, while using, for
example, BGP [BGP] or RIP (Routing Information Protocol) [RIP] to
distribute routes to a PE router. However, it is certainly
convenient, when OSPF is being used intra-site, to use it on the
PE-CE link as well, and [VPN] explicitly allows this.
Like anything else, the use of OSPF on the PE-CE link has advantages
and disadvantages. The disadvantage to using OSPF on the PE-CE link
is that it gets the SP's PE router involved, however peripherally, in
a VPN site's IGP. The advantages though are:
- The administrators of the CE router need not have any expertise
in any routing protocol other than OSPF.
- The CE routers do not need to have support for any routing
protocols other than OSPF.
- If a customer is transitioning his network from a traditional
OSPF backbone to the VPN service described in [VPN], the use of
OSPF on the PE-CE link eases the transitional issues.
It seems likely that some SPs and their customers will resolve these
trade-offs in favor of the use of OSPF on the PE-CE link. Thus, we
need to specify the procedures that must be implemented by a PE
router in order to make this possible. (No special procedures are
needed in the CE router though; CE routers just run whatever OSPF
implementations they may have.)
2. Specification of Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. Requirements
Consider a set of VPN sites that are thought of as being in the same
"OSPF domain". Two sites are considered to be in the same OSPF
domain if it is intended that routes from one site to the other be
considered intra-network routes. A set of OSPF sites in the same
domain will almost certainly be a set of sites that together
constitute an "intranet", each of which runs OSPF as its intra-site
routing protocol.
Per [VPN], the VPN routes are distributed among the PE routers by
BGP. If the PE uses OSPF to distribute routes to the CE router, the
standard procedures governing BGP/OSPF interactions [OSPFv2] would
cause routes from one site to be delivered to another in type 5 LSAs
(Link State Advertisements), as "AS-external" routes. This is
undesirable; it would be much better to deliver such routes in type 3
LSAs (as inter-area routes), so that they can be distinguished from
any "real" AS-external routes that may be circulating in the VPN
(that is, so that they can be distinguished by OSPF from routes that
really do not come from within the VPN). Hence, it is necessary for
the PE routers to implement a modified version of the BGP/OSPF
interaction procedures.
In fact, we would like to have a very general set of procedures that
allows a customer to replace a legacy private OSPF backbone easily
with the VPN service. We would like this procedure to meet the
following set of requirements:
- The procedures should not make assumptions about the OSPF
topology. In particular, it should not be assumed that
customer sites are OSPF stub sites or NSSA (Not So Stubby Area)
sites. Nor should it be assumed that a customer site contains
only one OSPF area, or that it has no area 0 routers.
- If VPN sites A and B are in the same OSPF domain, then routes
from one should be presented to the other as OSPF intra-network
routes. In general, this can be done by presenting such routes
as inter-area routes in type 3 LSAs.
Note that this allows two VPN sites to be connected via an
"OSPF backdoor link". That is, one can have an OSPF link
between the two sites that is used only when the VPN backbone
is unavailable. (This would not be possible with the ordinary
BGP/OSPF interaction procedures. The ordinary procedures would
present routes via the VPN backbone as AS-external routes, and
these could never be preferred to intra-network routes.) This
may be very useful during a period of transition from a legacy
OSPF backbone to a VPN backbone.
- It should be possible to make use of an "OSPF backdoor link"
between two sites, even if the two sites are in the same OSPF
area and neither of the routers attached to the inter-site
backdoor link is an area 0 router. This can also be very
useful during a transition period, and it eliminates any need
to reconfigure the sites' routers to be ABRs (Area Border
Routers).
Assuming that it is desired to have the route via the VPN
backbone be preferred to the backdoor route, the VPN backbone
itself must be presented to the CE routers at each site as a
link between the two PE routers to which the CE routers are
respectively attached.
- CE routers, connected to PE routers of the VPN service, may
themselves function as OSPF backbone (area 0) routers. An OSPF
backbone may even consist of several "segments" that are
interconnected themselves only via the VPN service. In such a
scenario, full intercommunication between sites connected to
different segments of the OSPF backbone should still be
possible.
- The transition from the legacy private OSPF backbone to the VPN
service must be simple and straightforward. The transition is
likely to be phased, such that customer sites are migrated one
by one from the legacy private OSPF backbone to the VPN
service. During the transition, any given site might be
connected to the VPN service, to the legacy OSPF backbone, or
to both. Complete connectivity among all such sites must be
maintained.
Since the VPN service is to replace the legacy backbone, it
must be possible, by suitable adjustment of the OSPF metrics,
to make OSPF prefer routes that traverse the SP's VPN backbone
to alternative routes that do not.
- The OSPF metric assigned to a given route should be carried
transparently over the VPN backbone.
Routes from sites that are not in the same OSPF domain will appear as
AS-external routes.
We presuppose familiarity with the contents of [OSPFv2], including
the OSPF LSA types, and will refer without further exegesis to type
1, 2, 3, etc. LSAs. Familiarity with [VPN] is also presupposed.
4. BGP/OSPF Interaction Procedures for PE Routers
4.1. Overview
4.1.1. VRFs and OSPF Instances
A PE router that attaches to more than one OSPF domain MUST run an
independent instance of OSPF for each domain. If the PE is running
OSPF as its IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol), the instance of OSPF
running as the IGP must be separate and independent from any other
instance of OSPF that the PE is running. (Whether these instances
are realized as separate processes or merely as separate contexts of
a common process is an implementation matter.) Each interface that
attaches to a VPN site belongs to no more than one OSPF instance.
[VPN] defines the notion of a Per-Site Routing and Forwarding Table,
or VRF. Each VRF is associated with a set of interfaces. If a VRF
is associated with a particular interface, and that interface belongs
to a particular OSPF instance, then that OSPF instance is said to be
associated with the VRF. If two interfaces belong to the same OSPF
instance, then both interfaces must be associated with the same VRF.
If an interface attaches a PE to a CE, and that interface is
associated with a VRF, we will speak of the CE as being associated
with the VRF.
4.1.2. VRFs and Routes
OSPF is used to distribute routes from a CE to a PE. The standard
OSPF decision process is used to install the best OSPF-distributed
routes in the VRF.
Per [VPN], BGP is used to distribute VPN-IPv4 routes among PE
routers. An OSPF route installed in a VRF may be "exported" by being
redistributed into BGP as a VPN-IPv4 route. It may then be
distributed by BGP to other PEs. At the other PEs, a VPN-IPv4 route
may be "imported" by a VRF and may then be redistributed into one or
more of the OSPF instances associated with that VRF.
Import from and export to particular VRFs is controlled by the use of
the Route Target Extended Communities attribute (or, more simply,
Route Target or RT), as specified in [VPN].
A VPN-IPv4 route is "eligible for import" into a particular VRF if
its Route Target is identical to one of the VRF's import Route
Targets. The standard BGP decision process is used to select, from
among the routes eligible for import, the set of VPN-IPv4 routes to
be "installed" in the VRF.
If a VRF contains both an OSPF-distributed route and a VPN-IPv4 route
for the same IPv4 prefix, then the OSPF-distributed route is
preferred. In general, this means that forwarding is done according
to the OSPF route. The one exception to this rule has to do with the
"sham link". If the next hop interface for an installed (OSPF-
distributed) route is the sham link, forwarding is done according to
a corresponding BGP route. This is detailed in Section 4.2.7.4.
To meet the requirements of Section 3, a PE that installs a
particular route into a particular VRF needs to know whether that
route was originally an OSPF route and, if so, whether the OSPF
instance from which it was redistributed into BGP is in the same
domain as the OSPF instances into which the route may be
redistributed. Therefore, a domain identifier is encoded as a BGP
Extended Communities attribute [EXTCOMM] and distributed by BGP along
with the VPN-IPv4 route. The route's OSPF metric and OSPF route type
are also carried as BGP attributes of the route.
4.1.3. Inter-Area, Intra-Area, and External Routes
If a PE installs a particular VPN-IPv4 route (learned via BGP) in a
VRF, and if this is the preferred BGP route for the corresponding
IPv4 prefix, the corresponding IPv4 route is then "eligible for
redistribution" into each OSPF instance that is associated with the
VRF. As a result, it may be advertised to each CE in an LSA.
Whether a route that is eligible for redistribution into OSPF is
actually redistributed into a particular OSPF instance may depend
upon the configuration. For instance, the PE may be configured to
distribute only the default route into a given OSPF instance. In
this case, the routes that are eligible for redistribution would not
actually be redistributed.
In the following, we discuss the procedures for redistributing a
BGP-distributed VPN-IPv4 route into OSPF; these are the procedures to
be followed whenever such a route is eligible to be redistributed
into OSPF and the configuration does not prevent such redistribution.
If the route is from an OSPF domain different from that of the OSPF
instance into which it is being redistributed, or if the route is not
from an OSPF domain at all, then the route is considered an external
route.
If the route is from the same OSPF domain as the OSPF instance into
which it is being redistributed, and if it was originally advertised
to a PE as an OSPF external route or an OSPF NSSA route, it will be
treated as an external route. Following the normal OSPF procedures,
external routes may be advertised to the CE in type 5 LSAs, or in
type 7 LSAs, or not at all, depending on the type of area to which
the PE/CE link belongs.
If the route is from the same OSPF domain as the OSPF instance into
which it is being redistributed, and if it was originally advertised
to a PE as an inter-area or intra-area route, the route will
generally be advertised to the CE as an inter-area route (in a type 3
LSA).
As a special case, suppose that PE1 attaches to CE1, and that PE2
attaches to CE2, where:
- the OSPF instance containing the PE1-CE1 link and the OSPF
instance containing the PE2-CE2 link are in the same OSPF
domain, and
- the PE1-CE1 and PE2-CE2 links are in the same OSPF area A (as
determined by the configured OSPF area number),
then, PE1 may flood to CE1 a type 1 LSA advertising a link to PE2,
and PE2 may flood to CE2 a type 1 LSA advertising a link to PE1. The
link advertised in these LSAs is known as a "sham link", and it is
advertised as a link in area A. This makes it look to routers within
area A as if the path from CE1 to PE1 across the service provider's
network to PE2 to CE2 is an intra-area path. Sham links are an
OPTIONAL feature of this specification and are used only when it is
necessary to have the service provider's network treated as an
intra-area link. See Section 4.2.7 for further details about the
sham link.
The precise details by which a PE determines the type of LSA used to
advertise a particular route to a CE are specified in Section 4.2.8.
Note that if the VRF is associated with multiple OSPF instances, the
type of LSA used to advertise the route might be different in
different instances.
Note that if a VRF is associated with several OSPF instances, a given
route may be redistributed into some or all of those OSPF instances,
depending on the characteristics of each instance. If redistributed
into two or more OSPF instances, it may be advertised within each
instance using a different type of LSA, again depending on the
characteristics of each instance.
4.1.4. PEs and OSPF Area 0
Within a given OSPF domain, a PE may attach to multiple CEs. Each
PE/CE link is assigned (by configuration) to an OSPF area. Any link
can be assigned to any area, including area 0.
If a PE attaches to a CE via a link that is in a non-zero area, then
the PE serves as an ABR for that area.
PEs can thus be considered OSPF "area 0 routers", i.e., they can be
considered part of the "OSPF backbone". Thus, they are allowed to
distribute inter-area routes to the CE via Type 3 LSAs.
If the OSPF domain has any area 0 routers other than the PE routers,
then at least one of those MUST be a CE router and MUST have an area
0 link to at least one PE router. This adjacency MAY be via an OSPF
virtual link. (The ability to use an OSPF virtual link in this way
is an OPTIONAL feature.) This is necessary to ensure that inter-area
routes and AS-external routes can be leaked between the PE routers
and the non-PE OSPF backbone.
Two sites that are not in the same OSPF area will see the VPN
backbone as being an integral part of the OSPF backbone. However, if
there are area 0 routers that are NOT PE routers, then the VPN
backbone actually functions as a sort of higher-level backbone,
providing a third level of hierarchy above area 0. This allows a
legacy OSPF backbone to become disconnected during a transition
period, as long as the various segments all attach to the VPN
backbone.
4.1.5. Prevention of Loops
If a route sent from a PE router to a CE router could then be
received by another PE router from one of its own CE routers, it
would be possible for routing loops to occur. To prevent this, a PE
sets the DN bit [OSPF-DN] in any LSA that it sends to a CE, and a PE
ignores any LSA received from a CE that already has the DN bit sent.
Older implementations may use an OSPF Route Tag instead of the DN
bit, in some cases. See Sections 4.2.5.1 and 4.2.5.2.
4.2. Details
4.2.1. Independent OSPF Instances in PEs
The PE MUST support one OSPF instance for each OSPF domain to which
it attaches. These OSPF instances function independently and do not
leak routes to each other. Each instance of OSPF MUST be associated
with a single VRF. If n CEs associated with that VRF are running
OSPF on their respective PE/CE links, then those n CEs are OSPF
adjacencies of the PE in the corresponding instance of OSPF.
Generally, though not necessarily, if the PE attaches to several CEs
in the same OSPF domain, it will associate the interfaces to those
PEs with a single VRF.
4.2.2. Router ID
If a PE and a CE are communicating via OSPF, the PE will have an OSPF
Router ID that is valid (i.e., unique) within the OSPF domain. More
precisely, each OSPF instance has a Router ID. Different OSPF
instances may have different Router IDs.
4.2.3. OSPF Areas
A PE-CE link may be in any area, including area 0; this is a matter
of the OSPF configuration.
If a PE has a link that belongs to a non-zero area, the PE functions
as an Area Border Router (ABR) for that area.
PEs do not pass along the link state topology from one site to
another (except in the case where a sham link is used; see Section
4.2.7).
Per [OSPFv2, Section 3.1], "the OSPF backbone always contains all
area border routers". The PE routers are therefore considered area 0
routers. Section 3.1 of [OSPFv2] also requires that area 0 be
contiguous. It follows that if the OSPF domain has any area 0
routers other than the PE routers, at least one of those MUST be a CE
router, and it MUST have an area 0 link (possibly a virtual link) to
at least one PE router.
4.2.4. OSPF Domain Identifiers
Each OSPF instance MUST be associated with one or more Domain
Identifiers. This MUST be configurable, and the default value (if
none is configured) SHOULD be NULL.
If an OSPF instance has multiple Domain Identifiers, one of these is
considered its "primary" Domain Identifier; this MUST be determinable
by configuration. If an OSPF instance has exactly one Domain
Identifier, this is of course its primary Domain Identifier. If an
OSPF instance has more than one Domain Identifier, the NULL Domain
Identifier MUST NOT be one of them.
If a route is installed in a VRF by a particular OSPF instance, the
primary Domain Identifier of that OSPF instance is considered the
route's Domain Identifier.
Consider a route, R, that is installed in a VRF by OSPF instance I1,
then redistributed into BGP as a VPN-IPv4 route, and then installed
by BGP in another VRF. If R needs to be redistributed into OSPF
instance I2, associated with the latter VRF, the way in which R is
advertised in I2 will depend upon whether R's Domain Identifier is
one of I2's Domain Identifiers. If R's Domain Identifier is not one
of I2's Domain Identifiers, then, if R is redistributed into I2, R
will be advertised as an AS-external route, no matter what its OSPF
route type is. If, on the other hand, R's Domain Identifier is one
of I2's Domain Identifiers, how R is advertised will depend upon R's
OSPF route type.
If two OSPF instances are in the same OSPF domain, then either:
1. They both have the NULL Domain Identifier, OR
2. Each OSPF instance has the primary Domain Identifier of the
other as one of its own Domain Identifiers.
If two OSPF instances are in different OSPF domains, then either:
3. They both have the NULL Domain Identifier, OR
4. Neither OSPF instance has the Primary Domain Identifier of the
other as one of its own Domain Identifiers.
(Note that if two OSPF instances each have the NULL Domain
Identifier, we cannot tell from the Domain Identifier whether they
are in the same OSPF Domain. If they are in different domains, and
if routes from one are distributed into the other, the routes will
appear as intra-network routes, which may not be what is intended.)
A Domain Identifier is an eight-byte quantity that is a valid BGP
Extended Communities attribute, as specified in Section 4.2.4. If a
particular OSPF instance has a non-NULL Domain Identifier, when
routes from that OSPF instance are distributed by BGP as VPN-IPv4
routes, the routes MUST carry the Domain Identifier Extended
Communities attribute that corresponds to the OSPF instance's Primary
Domain Identifier. If the OSPF instance's Domain Identifier is NULL,
the Domain Identifier Extended Communities attribute MAY be omitted
when routes from that OSPF instance are distributed by BGP;
alternatively, a value of the Domain Identifier Extended Communities
attribute that represents NULL (see Section 4.2.4) MAY be carried
with the route.
If the OSPF instances of an OSPF domain are given one or more non-
NULL Domain Identifiers, this procedure allows us to determine
whether a particular OSPF-originated VPN-IPv4 route belongs to the
same domain as a given OSPF instance. We can then determine whether
the route should be redistributed to that OSPF instance as an inter-
area route or as an OSPF AS-external route. Details can be found in
Sections 4.2.4 and 4.2.8.1.
4.2.5. Loop Prevention
4.2.5.1. The DN Bit
When a type 3 LSA is sent from a PE router to a CE router, the DN bit
[OSPF-DN] in the LSA Options field MUST be set. This is used to
ensure that if any CE router sends this type 3 LSA to a PE router,
the PE router will not redistribute it further.
When a PE router needs to distribute to a CE router a route that
comes from a site outside the latter's OSPF domain, the PE router
presents itself as an ASBR (Autonomous System Border Router), and
distributes the route in a type 5 LSA. The DN bit [OSPF-DN] MUST be
set in these LSAs to ensure that they will be ignored by any other PE
routers that receive them.
There are deployed implementations that do not set the DN bit, but
instead use OSPF route tagging to ensure that a type 5 LSA generated
by a PE router will be ignored by any other PE router that may
receive it. A special OSPF route tag, which we will call the VPN
Route Tag (see Section 4.2.5.2), is used for this purpose. To ensure
backward compatibility, all implementations adhering to this
specification MUST by default support the VPN Route Tag procedures
specified in Sections 4.2.5.2, 4.2.8.1, and 4.2.8.2. When it is no
longer necessary to use the VPN Route Tag in a particular deployment,
its use (both sending and receiving) may be disabled by
configuration.
4.2.5.2. Use of OSPF Route Tags
If a particular VRF in a PE is associated with an instance of OSPF,
then by default it MUST be configured with a special OSPF route tag
value, which we call the VPN Route Tag. By default, this route tag
MUST be included in the Type 5 LSAs that the PE originates (as the
result of receiving a BGP-distributed VPN-IPv4 route, see Section
4.2.8) and sends to any of the attached CEs.
The configuration and inclusion of the VPN Route Tag is required for
backward compatibility with deployed implementations that do not set
the DN bit in type 5 LSAs. The inclusion of the VPN Route Tag may be
disabled by configuration if it has been determined that it is no
longer needed for backward compatibility.
The value of the VPN Route Tag is arbitrary but must be distinct from
any OSPF Route Tag being used within the OSPF domain. Its value MUST
therefore be configurable. If the Autonomous System number of the
VPN backbone is two bytes long, the default value SHOULD be an
automatically computed tag based on that Autonomous System number:
Tag = <Automatic = 1, Complete = 1, PathLength = 01>
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|1|1|0|1| ArbitraryTag | AutonomousSystem |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 _AS number of the VPN Backbone_
If the Autonomous System number is four bytes long, then a Route Tag
value MUST be configured, and it MUST be distinct from any Route Tag
used within the VPN itself.
If a PE router needs to use OSPF to distribute to a CE router a route
that comes from a site outside the CE router's OSPF domain, the PE
router SHOULD present itself to the CE router as an Autonomous System
Border Router (ASBR) and SHOULD report such routes as AS-external
routes. That is, these PE routers originate Type 5 LSAs reporting
the extra-domain routes as AS-external routes. Each such Type 5 LSA
MUST contain an OSPF route tag whose value is that of the VPN Route
Tag. This tag identifies the route as having come from a PE router.
The VPN Route Tag MUST be used to ensure that a Type 5 LSA originated
by a PE router is not redistributed through the OSPF area to another
PE router.
4.2.5.3. Other Possible Loops
The procedures specified in this document ensure that if routing
information derived from a BGP-distributed VPN-IPv4 route is
distributed into OSPF, it cannot be redistributed back into BGP as a
VPN-IPv4 route, as long as the DN bit and/or VPN route tag is
maintained within the OSPF domain. This does not eliminate all
possible sources of loops. For example, if a BGP VPN-IPv4 route is
distributed into OSPF, then distributed into RIP (where all the
information needed to prevent looping is lost), and then distributed
back into OSPF, then it is possible that it could be distributed back
into BGP as a VPN-IPv4 route, thereby causing a loop.
Therefore, extreme care must be taken if there is any mutual
redistribution of routes between the OSPF domain and any third
routing domain (i.e., not the VPN backbone). If the third routing
domain is a BGP domain (e.g., the public Internet), the ordinary BGP
loop prevention measures will prevent the route from reentering the
OSPF domain.
4.2.6. Handling LSAs from the CE
This section specifies the way in which a PE router handles the OSPF
LSAs it receives from a CE router.
When a PE router receives, from a CE router, any LSA with the DN bit
[OSPF-DN] set, the information from that LSA MUST NOT be used by the
route calculation. If a Type 5 LSA is received from the CE, and if
it has an OSPF route tag value equal to the VPN Route Tag (see
Section 4.2.5.2), then the information from that LSA MUST NOT be used
by the route calculation.
Otherwise, the PE must examine the corresponding VRF. For every
address prefix that was installed in the VRF by one of its associated
OSPF instances, the PE must create a VPN-IPv4 route in BGP. Each
such route will have some of the following Extended Communities
attributes:
- The OSPF Domain Identifier Extended Communities attribute. If
the OSPF instance that installed the route has a non-NULL
primary Domain Identifier, this MUST be present; if that OSPF
instance has only a NULL Domain Identifier, it MAY be omitted.
This attribute is encoded with a two-byte type field, and its
type is 0005, 0105, or 0205. For backward compatibility, the
type 8005 MAY be used as well and is treated as if it were
0005. If the OSPF instance has a NULL Domain Identifier, and
the OSPF Domain Identifier Extended Communities attribute is
present, then the attribute's value field must be all zeroes,
and its type field may be any of 0005, 0105, 0205, or 8005.
- OSPF Route Type Extended Communities Attribute. This attribute
MUST be present. It is encoded with a two-byte type field, and
its type is 0306. To ensure backward compatibility, the type
8000 SHOULD be accepted as well and treated as if it were type
0306. The remaining six bytes of the Attribute are encoded as
follows:
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Area Number | Route |Options|
| | Type | |
+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
* Area Number: 4 bytes, encoding a 32-bit area number. For
AS-external routes, the value is 0. A non-zero value
identifies the route as being internal to the OSPF domain,
and as being within the identified area. Area numbers are
relative to a particular OSPF domain.
* OSPF Route Type: 1 byte, encoded as follows:
** 1 or 2 for intra-area routes (depending on whether the
route came from a type 1 or a type 2 LSA).
** 3 for inter-area routes.
** 5 for external routes (area number must be 0).
** 7 for NSSA routes.
Note that the procedures of Section 4.2.8 do not make any
distinction between routes types 1, 2, and 3. If BGP installs
a route of one of these types in the VRF, and if that route is
selected for redistribution into OSPF, it will be advertised by
OSPF in either a type 3 or a type 5 LSA, depending on the
domain identifier.
* Options: 1 byte. Currently, this is only used if the route
type is 5 or 7. Setting the least significant bit in the
field indicates that the route carries a type 2 metric.
- OSPF Router ID Extended Communities Attribute. This OPTIONAL
attribute specifies the OSPF Router ID of the system that is
identified in the BGP Next Hop attribute. More precisely, it
specifies the OSPF Router Id of the PE in the OSPF instance
that installed the route into the VRF from which this route was
exported. This attribute is encoded with a two-byte type
field, and its type is 0107, with the Router ID itself carried
in the first 4 bytes of the value field. The type 8001 SHOULD
be accepted as well, to ensure backward compatibility, and
should be treated as if it were 0107.
- MED (Multi_EXIT_DISC attribute). By default, this SHOULD be
set to the value of the OSPF distance associated with the
route, plus 1.
The intention of all this is the following. OSPF Routes from one
site are converted to BGP, distributed across the VPN backbone, and
possibly converted back to OSPF routes before being distributed into
another site. With these attributes, BGP carries enough information
about the route to enable the route to be converted back into OSPF
"transparently", just as if BGP had not been involved.
Routes that a PE receives in type 4 LSAs MUST NOT be redistributed to
BGP.
The attributes specified above are in addition to any other
attributes that routes must carry in accordance with [VPN].
The Site of Origin attribute, which is usually required by [VPN], is
OPTIONAL for routes that a PE learns from a CE via OSPF.
Use of the Site of Origin attribute would, in the case of a multiply
homed site (i.e., a site attached to several PE routers), prevent an
intra-site route from being reinjected into a site from the VPN
backbone. Such a reinjection would not harm the routing, because the
route via the VPN backbone would be advertised in a type 3 LSA, and
hence would appear to be an inter-area route; the real intra-area
route would be preferred. But unnecessary overhead would be
introduced. On the other hand, if the Site of Origin attribute is
not used, a partitioned site will find itself automatically repaired,
since traffic from one partition to the other will automatically
travel via the VPN backbone. Therefore, the use of a Site of Origin
attribute is optional, so that a trade-off can be made between the
cost of the increased overhead and the value of automatic partition
repair.
4.2.7. Sham Links
This section describes the protocol and procedures necessary for the
support of "Sham Links," as defined herein. Support for sham links
is an OPTIONAL feature of this specification.
4.2.7.1. Intra-Area Routes
Suppose that there are two sites in the same OSPF area. Each site is
attached to a different PE router, and there is also an intra-area
OSPF link connecting the two sites.
It is possible to treat these two sites as a single VPN site that
just happens to be multihomed to the backbone. This is in fact the
simplest thing to do and is perfectly adequate, provided that the
preferred route between the two sites is via the intra-area OSPF link
(a "backdoor link"), rather than via the VPN backbone. There will be
routes between sites that go through the PE routers, but these routes
will appear to be inter-area routes, and OSPF will consider them less
preferable than the intra-area routes through the backdoor link.
If it is desired to have OSPF prefer the routes through the backbone
over the routes through the backdoor link, then the routes through
the backbone must be appear to be intra-area routes. To make a route
through the backbone appear to be an intra-area route, it is
necessary to make it appear as if there is an intra-area link
connecting the two PE routers. This is what we refer to as a "sham
link". (If the two sites attach to the same PE router, this is of
course not necessary.)
A sham link can be thought of as a relation between two VRFs. If two
VRFs are to be connected by a sham link, each VRF must be associated
with a "Sham Link Endpoint Address", a 32-bit IPv4 address that is
treated as an address of the PE router containing that VRF. The Sham
Link Endpoint Address is an address in the VPN's address space, not
the SP's address space. The Sham Link Endpoint Address associated
with a VRF MUST be configurable. If the VRF is associated with only
a single OSPF instance, and if the PE's router id in that OSPF
instance is an IP address, then the Sham Link Endpoint Address MAY
default to that Router ID. If a VRF is associated with several OSPF
instances, each sham link belongs to a single OSPF instance.
For a given OSPF instance, a VRF needs only a single Sham Link
Endpoint Address, no matter how many sham links it has. The Sham
Link Endpoint Address MUST be distributed by BGP as a VPN-IPv4
address whose IPv4 address prefix part is 32 bits long. The Sham
Link Endpoint Address MUST NOT be advertised by OSPF; if there is no
BGP route to the Sham Link Endpoint Address, that address is to
appear unreachable, so that the sham link appears to be down.
4.2.7.2. Creating Sham Links
Sham links are manually configured.
For a sham link to exist between two VRFs, each VRF has to be
configured to create a sham link to the other, where the "other" is
identified by its sham link endpoint address. No more than one sham
link with the same pair of sham link endpoint addresses will ever be
created. This specification does not include procedures for single-
ended manual configuration of the sham link.
Note that sham links may be created for any area, including area 0.
A sham link connecting two VRFs is considered up if and only if a
route to the 32-bit remote endpoint address of the sham link has been
installed in VRF.
The sham link endpoint address MUST NOT be used as the endpoint
address of an OSPF Virtual Link.
4.2.7.3. OSPF Protocol on Sham Links
An OSPF protocol packet sent on a Sham Link from one PE to another
must have as its IP source address the Sham Link Endpoint Address of
the sender, and as its IP destination address the Sham Link Endpoint
Address of the receiver. The packet will travel from one PE router
to the other over the VPN backbone, which means that it can be
expected to traverse multiple hops. As such, its TTL (Time to Live)
field must be set appropriately.
An OSPF protocol packet is regarded as having been received on a
particular sham link if and only if the following three conditions
hold:
- The packet arrives as an MPLS packet, and its MPLS label stack
causes it to be "delivered" to the local sham link endpoint
address.
- The packet's IP destination address is the local sham link
endpoint address.
- The packet's IP source address is the remote sham link endpoint
address.
Sham links SHOULD be treated by OSPF as OSPF Demand Circuits. This
means that LSAs will be flooded over them, but periodic refresh
traffic is avoided. Note that, as long as the backdoor link is up,
flooding the LSAs over the sham link serves no purpose. However, if
the backdoor link goes down, OSPF does not have mechanisms enabling
the routers in one site to rapidly flush the LSAs from the other
site. Therefore, it is still necessary to maintain synchronization
among the LSA databases at the two sites, hence the flooding over the
sham link.
The sham link is an unnumbered point-to-point intra-area link and is
advertised as a type 1 link in a type 1 LSA.
The OSPF metric associated with a sham link MUST be configurable (and
there MUST be a configurable default). Whether traffic between the
sites flows via a backdoor link or via the VPN backbone (i.e., via
the sham link) depends on the settings of the OSPF link metrics. The
metrics can be set so that the backdoor link is not used unless
connectivity via the VPN backbone fails, for example.
The default Hello Interval for sham links is 10 seconds, and the
default Router Dead Interval for sham links is 40 seconds.
4.2.7.4. Routing and Forwarding on Sham Links
If a PE determines that the next hop interface for a particular route
is a sham link, then the PE SHOULD NOT redistribute that route into
BGP as a VPN-IPv4 route.
Any other route advertised in an LSA that is transmitted over a sham
link MUST also be redistributed (by the PE flooding the LSA over the
sham link) into BGP. This means that if the preferred (OSPF) route
for a given address prefix has the sham link as its next hop
interface, then there will also be a "corresponding BGP route", for
that same address prefix, installed in the VRF. Per Section 4.1.2,
the OSPF route is preferred. However, when forwarding a packet, if
the preferred route for that packet has the sham link as its next hop
interface, then the packet MUST be forwarded according to the
corresponding BGP route. That is, it will be forwarded as if the
corresponding BGP route had been the preferred route. The
"corresponding BGP route" is always a VPN-IPv4 route; the procedure
for forwarding a packet over a VPN-IPv4 route is described in [VPN].
This same rule applies to any packet whose IP destination address is
the remote endpoint address of a sham link. Such packets MUST be
forwarded according to the corresponding BGP route.
4.2.8. VPN-IPv4 Routes Received via BGP
This section describes how the PE router handles VPN-IPv4 routes
received via BGP.
If a received BGP VPN-IPv4 route is not installed in the VRF, nothing
is reported to the CE. A received route will not be installed into
the VRF if the BGP decision process regards some other route as
preferable. When installed in the VRF, the route appears to be an
IPv4 route.
A BGP route installed in the VRF is not necessarily used for
forwarding. If an OSPF route for the same IPv4 address prefix has
been installed in the VRF, the OSPF route will be used for
forwarding, except in the case where the OSPF route's next-hop
interface is a sham link.
If a BGP route installed in the VRF is used for forwarding, then the
BGP route is redistributed into OSPF and possibly reported to the CEs
in an OSPF LSA. The sort of LSA, if any, to be generated depends on
various characteristics of the BGP route, as detailed in subsequent
sections of this document.
The procedure for forwarding a packet over a VPN-IPv4 route is
described in [VPN].
In the following, we specify what is reported, in OSPF LSAs, by the
PE to the CE, assuming that the PE is not configured to do any
further summarization or filtering of the routing information before
reporting it to the CE.
When sending an LSA to the CE, it may be necessary to set the DN bit.
See Section 4.2.5.1 for the rules regarding the DN bit.
When sending an LSA to the CE, it may be necessary to set the OSPF
Route Tag. See Section 4.2.5.2 for the rules about setting the OSPF
Route Tag.
When type 5 LSAs are sent, the Forwarding Address is set to 0.
4.2.8.1. External Routes
With respect to a particular OSPF instance associated with a VRF, a
VPN-IPv4 route that is installed in the VRF and then selected as the
preferred route is treated as an External Route if one of the
following conditions holds:
- The route type field of the OSPF Route Type Extended Community
has an OSPF route type of "external".
- The route is from a different domain from the domain of the
OSPF instance.
The rules for determining whether a route is from a domain different
from that of a particular OSPF instance are the following. The OSPF
Domain Identifier Extended Communities attribute carried by the route
is compared with the OSPF Domain Identifier Extended Communities
attribute(s) with which the OSPF instance has been configured (if
any). In general, when two such attributes are compared, all eight
bytes must be compared. Thus, two OSPF Domain Identifier Extended
Communities attributes are regarded as equal if and only if one of
the following three conditions holds:
1. They are identical in all eight bytes.
2. They are identical in their lower-order six bytes (value
field), but one attribute has two high-order bytes (type field)
of 0005 and the other has two high-order bytes (type field) of
8005. (This condition is for backward compatibility.)
3. The lower-order six bytes (value field) of both attributes
consist entirely of zeroes. In this case, the two attributes
are considered identical irrespective of their type fields, and
they are regarded as representing the NULL Domain Identifier.
If a VPN-IPv4 route has an OSPF Domain Identifier Extended
Communities attribute, we say that that route is in the identified
domain. If the value field of the Extended Communities attribute
consists of all zeroes, then the identified domain is the NULL
domain, and the route is said to belong to the NULL domain. If the
route does not have an OSPF Domain Identified Extended Communities
attribute, then the route belongs to the NULL domain.
Every OSPF instance is associated with one or more Domain
Identifiers, though possibly only with the NULL domain identifier.
If an OSPF instance is associated with a particular Domain
Identifier, we will say that it belongs to the identified domain.
If a VPN-IPv4 route is to be redistributed to a particular instance,
it must be determined whether that route and that OSPF instance
belong to the same domain. A route and an OSPF instance belong to
the same domain if and only if one of the following conditions holds:
1. The route and the OSPF instance each belong to the NULL domain.
2. The domain to which the route belongs is the domain to which
the OSPF instance belongs. (That is, the route's Domain
Identifier is equal to the OSPF instance's domain identifier,
as determined by the definitions given earlier in this
section.)
If the route and the VRF do not belong to the same domain, the route
is treated as an external route.
If an external route is redistributed into an OSPF instance, the
route may or may not be advertised to a particular CE, depending on
the configuration and on the type of area to which the PE/CE link
belongs. If the route is advertised, and the PE/CE link belongs to a
NSSA area, it is advertised in a type 7 LSA. Otherwise, if the route
is advertised, it is advertised in a type 5 LSA. The LSA will be
originated by the PE.
The DN bit (Section 4.2.5.1) MUST be set in the LSA. The VPN Route
Tag (see Section 4.2.5.2) MUST be placed in the LSA, unless the use
of the VPN Route Tag has been turned off by configuration.
By default, a type 2 metric value is included in the LSA, unless the
options field of the OSPF Route Type Extended Communities attribute
of the VPN-IPv4 route specifies that the metric should be type 1.
By default, the value of the metric is taken from the MED attribute
of the VPN-IPv4 route. If the MED is not present, a default metric
value is used. (The default type 1 metric and the default type 2
metric MAY be different.)
Note that this way of handling external routes makes every PE appear
to be an ASBR attached to all the external routes. In a multihomed
site, this can result in a number of type 5 LSAs containing the same
information.
4.2.8.2. Summary Routes
If a route and the VRF into which it is imported belong to the same
domain, then the route should be treated as if it had been received
in an OSPF type 3 LSA. This means that the PE will report the route
in a type 3 LSA to the CE. (Note that this case is possible even if
the VPN-IPv4 route carries an area number identical to that of the CE
router. This means that if an area is "partitioned" such that the
two pieces are connected only via the VPN backbone, it appears to be
two areas, with inter-area routes between them.)
4.2.8.3. NSSA Routes
NSSA routes are treated the same as external routes, as described in
Section 4.2.8.1.
5. IANA Considerations
Section 11 of [EXTCOMM] calls upon IANA to create a registry for BGP
Extended Communities Type Field and Extended Type Field values.
Section 4.2.6 of this document assigns new values for the BGP
Extended Communities Extended Type Field. These values all fall
within the range of values that [EXTCOMM] states "are to be assigned
by IANA, using the 'First Come, First Served' policy defined in RFC
2434".
The BGP Extended Communities Extended Type Field values assigned in
Section 4.2.6 of this document are as follows:
- OSPF Domain Identifier: Extended Types 0005, 0105, and 0205.
- OSPF Route Type: Extended Type 0306
- OSPF Router ID: Extended Type 0107
6. Security Considerations
Security considerations that are relevant in general to BGP/MPLS IP
VPNS are discussed in [VPN] and [VPN-AS]. We discuss here only those
security considerations that are specific to the use of OSPF as the
PE/CE protocol.
A single PE may be running OSPF as the IGP of the SP backbone
network, as well as running OSPF as the IGP of one or more VPNs.
This requires the use of multiple, independent OSPF instances, so
that routes are not inadvertently leaked between the backbone and any
VPN. The OSPF instances for different VPNs must also be independent
OSPF instances, to prevent inadvertent leaking of routes between
VPNs.
OSPF provides a number of procedures that allow the OSPF control
messages between a PE and a CE to be authenticated. OSPF
"cryptographic authentication" SHOULD be used between a PE and a CE.
It MUST be implemented on each PE.
In the absence of such authentication, it is possible that the CE
might not really belong to the VPN to which the PE assigns it. It
may also be possible for an attacker to insert spoofed messages on
the PE/CE link, in either direction. Spoofed messages sent to the CE
could compromise the routing at the CE's site. Spoofed messages sent
to the PE could result in improper VPN routing, or in a denial-of-
service attack on the VPN.
7. Acknowledgements
Major contributions to this work have been made by Derek Yeung and
Yakov Rekhter.
Thanks to Ross Callon, Ajay Singhal, Russ Housley, and Alex Zinin for
their review and comments.
8. Normative References
[EXTCOMM] Sangli, S., Tappan, D., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP Extended
Communities Attribute", RFC 4360, February 2006.
[OSPFv2] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
[OSPF-DN] Rosen, E., Psenak, P., and P. Pillay-Esnault, "Using a Link
State Advertisement (LSA) Options Bit to Prevent Looping in
BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4576,
June 2006.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[VPN] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.
9. Informative References
[BGP] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006.
[RIP] Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2", STD 56, RFC 2453, November
1998.
[VPN-AS] Rosen, E., "Applicability Statement for BGP/MPLS IP Virtual
Private Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4365, February 2006.
Authors' Addresses
Eric C. Rosen
Cisco Systems, Inc.
1414 Massachusetts Avenue
Boxborough, MA 01719
EMail: erosen@cisco.com
Peter Psenak
Cisco Systems
BA Business Center, 9th Floor
Plynarenska 1
Bratislava 82109
Slovakia
EMail: ppsenak@cisco.com
Padma Pillay-Esnault
Cisco Systems
3750 Cisco Way
San Jose, CA 95134
EMail: ppe@cisco.com
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