| Rfc | 3963 |
|---|
| Title | Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol |
|---|
| Author | V. Devarapalli, R.
Wakikawa, A. Petrescu, P. Thubert |
|---|
| Date | January 2005 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
|---|
|
Network Working Group V. Devarapalli
Request for Comments: 3963 Nokia
Category: Standards Track R. Wakikawa
Keio University
A. Petrescu
Motorola
P. Thubert
Cisco Systems
January 2005
Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document describes the Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support
protocol that enables Mobile Networks to attach to different points
in the Internet. The protocol is an extension of Mobile IPv6 and
allows session continuity for every node in the Mobile Network as the
network moves. It also allows every node in the Mobile Network to be
reachable while moving around. The Mobile Router, which connects the
network to the Internet, runs the NEMO Basic Support protocol with
its Home Agent. The protocol is designed so that network mobility is
transparent to the nodes inside the Mobile Network.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Overview of the NEMO Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Message Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Binding Update. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Binding Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3. Mobile Network Prefix Option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Mobile Router Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. Sending Binding Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3. Receiving Binding Acknowledgements. . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4. Error Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.4.1. Implicit Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.4.2. Explicit Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.5. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel . . . . . . . . 13
5.6. Neighbor Discovery for Mobile Router . . . . . . . . . 13
5.7. Multicast Groups for Mobile Router . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.8. Returning Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Home Agent Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.1. Binding Cache. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.1.2. Prefix Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2. Mobile Network Prefix Registration . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.3. Advertising Mobile Network Reachability . . . . . . . . 17
6.4. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel . . . . . . . . 18
6.5. Forwarding Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.6. Sending Binding Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.7. Mobile Network Prefix De-Registration . . . . . . . . . 19
7. Modifications to Dynamic Home Agent Address Discovery. . . . 20
7.1. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Request . . . . . 20
7.2. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Address Request . 20
7.3. Modified Home Agent Information Option . . . . . . . . 21
8. Support for Dynamic Routing Protocols. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
10. IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
11. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
A. Examples of NEMO Basic Support Operation. . . . . . . . . 27
B. Running Link State Routing Protocol with NEMO Basic
Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
B.1. Tunnel Interface Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . 30
B.2. OSPF Area Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1. Introduction
This document describes protocol extensions to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
[1] to enable support for network mobility. The extensions are
backward compatible with Mobile IPv6. In particular, a NEMO-
compliant Home Agent can operate as a Mobile IPv6 Home Agent. The
solution described here satisfies the goals and requirements
identified in [11] for network mobility.
The NEMO Basic Support ensures session continuity for all the nodes
in the Mobile Network, even as the Mobile Router changes its point of
attachment to the Internet. It also provides connectivity and
reachability for all nodes in the Mobile Network as it moves. The
solution supports both mobile nodes and hosts that do not support
mobility in the Mobile Network.
Within the context of this document, the definition of a Mobile
Router extends that of a Mobile IPv6 [1] Mobile Node, by adding
routing capability routing between its point of attachment (Care-of
Address) and a subnet that moves with the Mobile Router.
The solution described in this document proposes a bi-directional
tunnel between the Mobile Router and its Home Agent. This tunnel is
set up when the Mobile Router sends a successful Binding Update to
its Home Agent, informing the Home Agent of its current point of
attachment.
All traffic between the nodes in the Mobile Network and Correspondent
Nodes passes through the Home Agent. This document does not describe
route optimization of this traffic.
The terminology document [10] describes Nested Mobility as a scenario
where a Mobile Router allows another Mobile Router to attach to its
Mobile Network. There could be arbitrary levels of nested mobility.
The operation of each Mobile Router remains the same whether the
Mobile Router attaches to another Mobile Router or to a fixed Access
Router on the Internet. The solution described here does not place
any restriction on the number of levels for nested mobility. But
note that this might introduce significant overhead on the data
packets as each level of nesting introduces another IPv6 header
encapsulation.
This document does not discuss multihoming for Mobile Routers.
2. Terminology
The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [7].
Network Mobility - related terminology is defined in [9] and [10].
This document in addition defines the following terms.
Mobile Network Prefix
An IPv6 prefix delegated to a Mobile Router and advertised in
the Mobile Network. More than one Mobile Network Prefix could
be advertised in a Mobile Network.
Prefix Table
A list of Mobile Network Prefixes indexed by the Home Address
of a Mobile Router. The Home Agent manages and uses Prefix
Table to determine which Mobile Network Prefixes belong to a
particular Mobile Router.
3. Overview of the NEMO Protocol
A Mobile Network is a network segment or subnet that can move and
attach to arbitrary points in the routing infrastructure. A Mobile
Network can only be accessed via specific gateways called Mobile
Routers that manage its movement. Mobile Networks have at least one
Mobile Router serving them. A Mobile Router does not distribute the
Mobile Network routes to the infrastructure at its point of
attachment (i.e., in the visited network). Instead, it maintains a
bi-directional tunnel to a Home Agent that advertises an aggregation
of Mobile Networks to the infrastructure. The Mobile Router is also
the default gateway for the Mobile Network.
A Mobile Network can also comprise of multiple and nested subnets. A
router without mobility support may be permanently attached to a
Mobile Network for local distribution. Also, Mobile Routers may be
attached to Mobile Networks owned by different Mobile Routers and may
form a graph. In particular, with Basic NEMO Support, each Mobile
Router is attached to another Mobile Network by a single interface.
If loops are avoided, the graph is a tree.
A Mobile Router has a unique Home Address through which it is
reachable when it is registered with its Home Agent. The Home
Address is configured from a prefix aggregated and advertised by its
Home Agent. The prefix could be either the prefix advertised on the
home link or the prefix delegated to the Mobile Router. The Mobile
Router can have more than one Home Address if there are multiple
prefixes in the home link. The Mobile Router also advertises one or
more prefixes in the Mobile Network attached to it. The actual
mechanism for assigning these prefixes to a given Mobile Router is
outside the scope of this specification.
When the Mobile Router moves away from the home link and attaches to
a new access router, it acquires a Care-of Address from the visited
link. The Mobile Router can at any time act either as a Mobile Host
or as a Mobile Router. It acts as a Mobile Host as defined in [1]
for sessions it originates and provides connectivity to the Mobile
Network. As soon as the Mobile Router acquires a Care-of Address, it
immediately sends a Binding Update to its Home Agent as described in
[1]. When the Home Agent receives this Binding Update, it creates a
cache entry binding the Mobile Router's Home Address to its Care-of
Address at the current point of attachment.
If the Mobile Router seeks to act as a Mobile Router and provide
connectivity to nodes in the Mobile Network, it indicates this to the
Home Agent by setting a flag (R) in the Binding Update. It MAY also
include information about the Mobile Network Prefix in the Binding
Update by using one of the modes described in section 5.2, so that
the Home Agent can forward packets meant for nodes in the Mobile
Network to the Mobile Router. A new Mobility Header Option for
carrying prefix information is described in section 4.3. If the
Mobile Network has more than one IPv6 prefix and wants the Home Agent
to setup forwarding for all of these prefixes, it includes multiple
prefix information options in a single Binding Update. The Home
Agent sets up forwarding for each of these prefixes to the Mobile
Router's Care-of Address. In some scenarios the Home Agent would
already know which prefixes belong to a Mobile Router by an alternate
mechanism such as static configuration. In these scenarios, the
Mobile Router does not include any prefix information in the Binding
Update. The Home Agent sets up forwarding for all prefixes owned by
the Mobile Router when it receives a Binding Update from the Mobile
Router with the Mobile Router Flag (R) set.
The Home Agent acknowledges the Binding Update by sending a Binding
Acknowledgement to the Mobile Router. A positive acknowledgement
with the Mobile Router Flag (R) set means that the Home Agent has set
up forwarding for the Mobile Network. Once the binding process
finishes, a bi-directional tunnel is established between the Home
Agent and the Mobile Router. The tunnel end points are the Mobile
Router's Care-of Address and the Home Agent's address. If a packet
with a source address belonging to the Mobile Network Prefix is
received from the Mobile Network, the Mobile Router reverse-tunnels
the packet to the Home Agent through this tunnel. This reverse-
tunneling is done by using IP-in-IP encapsulation [3]. The Home
Agent decapsulates this packet and forwards it to the Correspondent
Node. For traffic originated by itself, the Mobile Router can use
either reverse tunneling or route optimization, as specified in [1].
When a Correspondent Node sends a data packet to a node in the Mobile
Network, the packet is routed to the Home Agent that currently has
the binding for the Mobile Router. The Mobile Router's network
prefix would be aggregated at the Home Agent, which would advertise
the resulting aggregation. Alternatively, the Home Agent may receive
the data packets destined to the Mobile Network by advertising routes
to the Mobile Network Prefix. The actual mechanism by which these
routes are advertised is outside the scope of this document. When
the Home Agent receives a data packet meant for a node in the Mobile
Network, it tunnels the packet to the Mobile Router's current Care-of
Address. The Mobile Router decapsulates the packet and forwards it
onto the interface where the Mobile Network is connected. Before
decapsulating the tunneled packet, the Mobile Router has to check
whether the Source address on the outer IPv6 header is the Home
Agent's address. This check is not necessary if the packet is
protected by IPsec in tunnel mode. The Mobile Router also has to
make sure that the destination address on the inner IPv6 header
belongs to a prefix used in the Mobile Network before forwarding the
packet to the Mobile Network. If it does not, the Mobile Router
should drop the packet.
The Mobile Network could include nodes that do not support mobility
and nodes that do. A node in the Mobile Network can also be a fixed
or a Mobile Router. The protocol described here ensures complete
transparency of network mobility to the nodes in the Mobile Network.
Mobile Nodes that attach to the Mobile Network treat it as a normal
IPv6 access network and run the Mobile IPv6 protocol.
The Mobile Router and the Home Agent can run a routing protocol
through the bi-directional tunnel. In this case, the Mobile Router
need not include prefix information in the Binding Update. Instead,
the Home Agent uses the routing protocol updates to set up forwarding
for the Mobile Network. When the routing protocol is running, the
bi-directional tunnel must be treated as a tunnel interface. The
tunnel interface is included in the list of interfaces on which
routing protocol is active. The Mobile Router should be configured
not to send any routing protocol messages on its egress interface
when it is away from the home link and connected to a visited link.
Finally, the Home Agent may be configured with static routes to the
Mobile Network Prefix via the Mobile Router's Home Address. In this
case, the routes are set independently of the binding flows and the
returning home of a Mobile Router. The benefit is that such movement
does not induce additional signalling in the form of routing updates
in the home network. The drawback is that the routes are present
even if the related Mobile Routers are not reachable (at home or
bound) at a given point of time.
4. Message Formats
4.1. Binding Update
A new flag (R) is included in the Binding Update to indicate to the
Home Agent whether the Binding Update is coming from a Mobile Router
and not from a mobile node. The rest of the Binding Update format
remains the same as defined in [1].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|A|H|L|K|M|R| Reserved | Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Flag (R)
The Mobile Router Flag is set to indicate to the Home Agent
that the Binding Update is from a Mobile Router. If the flag
is set to 0, the Home Agent assumes that the Mobile Router is
behaving as a Mobile Node, and it MUST NOT forward packets
destined for the Mobile Network to the Mobile Router.
Mobility Options
A variable length field that can include zero or more mobility
options. This document defines a new mobility option in
addition to what is defined in [1].
For descriptions of the other fields in the message, see [1].
4.2. Binding Acknowledgement
A new flag (R) is included in the Binding Acknowledgement to indicate
that the Home Agent that processed the corresponding Binding Update
supports Mobile Routers. The flag is set only if the corresponding
Binding Update had the Mobile Router Flag (R) set to 1. The rest of
the Binding Acknowledgement format remains the same, as defined in
[1].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Status |K|R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence # | Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Flag (R)
The Mobile Router Flag is set to indicate that the Home Agent
that processed the Binding Update supports Mobile Routers. It
is set to 1 only if the corresponding Binding Update had the
Mobile Router Flag set to 1.
For descriptions of the other fields in the message, see [1].
This document also introduces the following new Binding
Acknowledgement status values. The values shown below are decimal
values.
140 Mobile Router Operation not permitted
141 Invalid Prefix
142 Not Authorized for Prefix
143 Forwarding Setup failed (prefixes missing)
Status values less than 128 indicate that the Binding Update was
processed successfully by the receiving nodes. Values greater than
128 indicate that the Binding Update was rejected by the Home Agent.
4.3. Mobile Network Prefix Option
The Mobile Network Prefix Option is included in the Binding Update to
indicate the prefix information for the Mobile Network to the Home
Agent. There could be multiple Mobile Network Prefix Options if the
Mobile Router has more than one IPv6 prefix in the Mobile Network and
wants the Home Agent to forward packets for each of these prefixes to
the Mobile Router's current location.
The Mobile Network Prefix Option has an alignment requirement of
8n+4. Its format is as follows.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Reserved | Prefix Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Mobile Network Prefix +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Type
6
Length
Eight-bit unsigned integer indicating the length in octets of
the option, excluding the type and length fields. Set to 18.
Reserved
This field is unused for now. The value MUST be initialized to
0 by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver.
Prefix Length
Eight-bit unsigned integer indicating the prefix length of the
IPv6 prefix contained in the option.
Mobile Network Prefix
A sixteen-byte field containing the Mobile Network Prefix
5. Mobile Router Operation
Mobile Router operation is derived largely from the combined
behaviors of a host, of a router [5], and of a Mobile Node [1].
A Mobile Node can act in two ways: (1) as a Mobile Host, in which
case the Home Agent doesn't maintain any prefix information related
to the Mobile Host's Home Address but does maintain a binding cache
entry related to the Mobile Host's Home Address, and (2) as a Mobile
Router, in which case, in addition to maintaining the binding cache
entry corresponding to the Mobile Router Home Address, the Home Agent
maintains forwarding information related to prefixes assigned to the
Mobile Network. The distinction between the two modes is represented
by the value of the Mobile Router Flag (R).
A Mobile Router MUST implement all requirements for IPv6 Mobile Nodes
as described in section 8.5 of [1].
5.1. Data Structures
Like a Mobile Host, a Mobile Router also maintains a Binding Update
List, described in section 11.1 of the Mobile IPv6 specification [1].
The Binding Update list is a conceptual data structure that records
information sent in the Binding Updates. There is one entry per each
destination to which the Mobile Router is currently sending Binding
Updates.
This document introduces a new Prefix Information field in the
Binding Update list structure. This field is used to store any
prefix information that the Mobile Router includes in the Binding
Update. If the Mobile Router sets the Mobile Router Flag (R) in the
Binding Update but does not include any prefix information in it this
field is set to null. The Mobile Router does not include prefix
information in the Binding Update in the implicit mode or when it,
runs a dynamic routing protocol with its Home Agent.
As does a Mobile Host, a Mobile Router stores the information
regarding status of flags of the Binding Update in the corresponding
Binding Update List entry. This document introduces a new Mobile
Router Flag (R) for this entry. The status of this flag is stored in
the Binding Update list whenever a Binding Update is sent.
A Mobile Router also maintains a Home Agent list populated according
to the same procedure as a Mobile Host.
5.2. Sending Binding Updates
A Mobile Router sends Binding Updates to its Home Agent, as described
in [1]. If the Mobile Router is not running a routing protocol as
described in section 8, it uses one of the following modes to tell
the Home Agent to determine which prefixes belong to the Mobile
Router. In both modes, the Mobile Router sets the Mobile Router Flag
(R).
Implicit:
In this mode, the Mobile Router does not include a Mobile
Network Prefix Option in the Binding Update. The Home Agent
can use any mechanism (not defined in this document) to
determine the Mobile Network Prefix(es) owned by the Mobile
Router and to set up forwarding for the Mobile Network. One
example would be manual configuration at the Home Agent mapping
the Mobile Router's Home Address to the information required
for setting up forwarding for the Mobile Network.
Explicit:
In this mode, the Mobile Router includes one or more Mobile
Network Prefix Options in the Binding Update. These options
contain information about the Mobile Network Prefix(es)
configured on the Mobile Network.
A Mobile Router MUST implement at least one mode and MAY implement
both. In the latter case, local configuration on the Mobile Router
decides which mode to use. This is out of scope for this document.
If the Mobile Router Flag is set, the Home Registration Flag (H) MUST
be set.
If the Mobile Router has a valid binding cache entry at the Home
Agent, subsequent Binding Updates for the same Home Address should
have the same value as the value in the binding cache for the Mobile
Router Flag (R). In explicit mode, the Mobile Router MUST include
prefix information in all Binding Updates, including those sent to
refresh existing binding cache entries, if it wants forwarding
enabled for the corresponding Mobile Network Prefixes.
5.3. Receiving Binding Acknowledgements
The Mobile Router receives Binding Acknowledgements from the Home
Agent corresponding to the Binding Updates it sent. If the Binding
Acknowledgement status is set to 0 (Binding Update accepted) and the
Mobile Router Flag (R) is set to 1, the Mobile Router assumes that
the Home Agent has successfully processed the Binding Update and has
set up forwarding for the Mobile Network. The Mobile Router can then
start using the bi-directional tunnel to reverse-tunnel traffic from
the Mobile Network. If the Mobile Router Flag (R) is not set, then
the Mobile Router concludes that its current Home Agent does not
support Mobile Routers and it performs Dynamic Home Agent Address
Discovery again to discover Home Agents that do. The Mobile Router
MUST also de-register with the Home Agent that did not support it
before attempting registration with another.
5.4. Error Processing
If the Binding Acknowledgement status is set to a value between 128
and 139, the Mobile Router takes necessary actions as described in
the Mobile IPv6 specification [1]. For the Binding Acknowledgement
status values defined in this document, the following sections
explain the Mobile Router's behavior.
5.4.1. Implicit Mode
In Implicit mode, the Mobile Router interprets only error statuses
140 (Mobile Router Operation not permitted) and 143 (Forwarding Setup
failed). The Mobile Router MUST treat Binding Acknowledgements with
statuses '141' and '142' as fatal errors, since they should not be
sent by the Home Agent in implicit mode.
If the Binding Acknowledgement from the Home Agent has the status
140, the Mobile Router SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home
Agent on the same home link. If no Home Agent replies positively,
the Mobile Router MUST refrain from sending Binding Updates with the
Mobile Router Flag set to any Home Agent on the home link, and it
must log the information.
If the Binding Acknowledgement has the status 143, the Mobile Router
SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home Agent on the same home
link. If no Home Agent replies positively, the Mobile Router SHOULD
refrain from sending this Binding Update to any Home Agent on the
home link, and MAY send Binding Updates in Explicit mode to a Home
Agent on the same home link.
5.4.2. Explicit Mode
If the Mobile Router sent a Binding Update to the Home Agent in
explicit mode, then the Mobile Router interprets only error statuses
140 (Mobile Router Operation not permitted), 141 (Invalid Prefix),
and 142 (Not Authorized for Prefix). The Mobile Router MUST treat
Binding Acknowledgements with status '143' as a fatal error, since it
should not be sent by the Home Agent in explicit mode.
If the Binding Acknowledgement from the Home Agent has the status
140, the Mobile Router SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home
Agent on the same home link. If no Home Agent replies positively,
then the Mobile Router MUST refrain from sending Binding Updates with
the Mobile Router Flag set to any Home Agent on the home link, and it
must log the information.
If the Binding Acknowledgement has the status 141 or 142, the Mobile
Router SHOULD send a Binding Update to another Home Agent on the same
home link. If no Home Agent replies positively, then the Mobile
Router SHOULD refrain from sending Binding Updates to any Home Agent
on the home link. The Mobile Router MUST also stop advertising the
prefix in the Mobile Network and try to obtain new IPv6 prefix
information for the Mobile Network. It would do this by the same
means that it initially got assigned the current Mobile Network
Prefix. Alternatively, the Mobile Router MAY send Binding Updates in
Implicit mode to a Home Agent on the same home link.
If by the end of this Error Processing procedure, as described in
sections 5.4.1 and 5.4.2, the Mobile Router has tried every available
mode and still has not received a positive Binding Acknowledgement,
the Mobile Router MUST stop sending Binding Updates with the Mobile
Router Flag set for this Home Address and it must log the
information.
In all cases above, the Mobile Router MUST conclude that the Home
Agent did not create a binding cache entry for the Mobile Router's
Home Address.
5.5. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel
When a successful Binding Acknowledgement is received, the Mobile
Router sets up its endpoint of the bi-directional tunnel.
The bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent allows packets to flow in both directions, while the Mobile
Router is connected to a visited link. The bi-directional tunnel is
created by merging two unidirectional tunnels, as described in RFC
2473 [3]. The tunnel from the Mobile Router to the Home Agent has
the Care-of address of the Mobile Router as the tunnel entry point
and the Home Agent's address as the tunnel exit point. The tunnel
from the Home Agent to the Mobile Router has the Home Agent's address
and the Mobile Router's Care-of Address as the tunnel entry point and
exit point, respectively. All IPv6 traffic to and from the Mobile
Network is sent through this bi-directional tunnel.
A Mobile Router uses the Tunnel Hop Limit normally assigned to
routers (not to hosts). Please refer to [3] for more details.
5.6. Neighbor Discovery for Mobile Router
When the Mobile Router is at home, it MAY be configured to send
Router Advertisements and to reply to Router Solicitations on the
interface attached to the home link. The value of the Router
Lifetime field SHOULD be set to 0 to prevent other nodes from
configuring the Mobile Router as the default router.
A Mobile Router SHOULD NOT send unsolicited Router Advertisements and
SHOULD NOT reply to Router Solicitations on any egress interface when
that interface is attached to a visited link. However, the Mobile
Router SHOULD reply with Neighbor Advertisements to Neighbor
Solicitations received on the egress interface, for addresses valid
on the visited link.
A router typically ignores Router Advertisements sent by other
routers on a link. However, a Mobile Router MUST NOT ignore Router
Advertisements received on the egress interface. The received Router
Advertisements MAY be used for address configuration, default router
selection, or movement detection.
5.7. Multicast Groups for Mobile Router
When at home, the Mobile Router joins the multicast group All Routers
Address with scopes 1 interface-local (on the home-advertising
interface), and 2 link-local, on any of its egress interfaces. When
in a visited network, the Mobile Router MUST NOT join the above
multicast groups on the corresponding interface.
5.8. Returning Home
When the Mobile Router detects that it has returned to its home link,
it MUST de-register with its Home Agent. The Mobile Router MUST
implement and follow the returning-home procedures defined for a
mobile node in [1]. In addition, the Mobile Router MAY start
behaving as a router on its egress interface, especially as follows:
- The Mobile Router MAY send Router Advertisements on its egress
interfaces, but the router lifetime SHOULD be set to 0 so that
hosts on the home link do not pick the Mobile Router as the
default router.
- The Mobile Router MAY join the All Routers Address multicast group
on the home link.
- The Mobile Router MAY send routing protocol messages on its egress
interface if it is configured to run a dynamic routing protocol.
When the Mobile Router sends a de-registration Binding Update in
Explicit mode, it SHOULD NOT include any Mobile Network Prefix
options in the Binding Update. When the Home Agent removes a binding
cache entry, it deletes all associated Mobile Network Prefix routes.
6. Home Agent Operation
For a Mobile Router to operate correctly, the Home Agent MUST satisfy
all the requirements listed in section 8.4 of [1]. The Home Agent
MUST implement both modes described in section 5.2 of this document.
6.1. Data Structures
6.1.1. Binding Cache
The Home Agent maintains Binding Cache Entries for each Mobile Router
currently registered with the Home Agent. The Binding Cache is a
conceptual data structure described in detail in [1].
The Home Agent might need to store the Mobile Network Prefixes
associated with a Mobile Router in the corresponding Binding Cache
Entry. This is required if the Binding Update that created the
Binding Cache Entry contained explicit prefix information. This
information can be used later to clean up routes installed in
explicit mode, when the Binding Cache Entry is removed, and to
maintain the routing table, for instance, should the routes be
removed manually.
The Home Agent also stores the status of the Mobile Router Flag (R)
in the Binding Cache entry.
6.1.2. Prefix Table
The Home Agent SHOULD be able to prevent a Mobile Router from
claiming Mobile Network Prefixes belonging to another Mobile Router.
The Home Agent can prevent such attacks if it maintains a Prefix
Table and verifies the prefix information provided by the Mobile
Router against Prefix Table entries. The Prefix Table SHOULD be used
by the Home Agent when it processes a Binding Update in explicit
mode. It is not required when a dynamic routing protocol is run
between the Mobile Router and the Home Agent.
Each entry in the Prefix Table contains the following fields:
- The Home Address of the Mobile Router. This field is used as the
key for searching the pre-configured Prefix Table.
- The Mobile Network Prefix of the Mobile Router associated with the
Home Address.
6.2. Mobile Network Prefix Registration
The Home Agent processes the Binding Update as described in section
10.3.1 of the Mobile IPv6 specification [1]. This section describes
the processing of the Binding Update if the Mobile Router (R) Flag is
set. The Home Agent performs the following check.
- The Home Registration (H) Flag MUST be set. If it is not, the
Home Agent MUST reject the Binding Update and send a Binding
Acknowledgement with status set to 140. Note: The basic support
does not allow sending a Binding Update for a Mobile Network
Prefix to correspondent nodes (for route optimization).
- Mobile IPv6 specification [1] requires that the Home Address in
the Binding Update be configured from a prefix advertised on the
home link. Otherwise the Binding Update is rejected with status
value 132 [1]. This specification relaxes this requirement so
that the Home Agent rejects the Binding Update only if the Home
Address does not belong to the prefix that the Home Agent is
configured to serve.
If the Home Agent has a valid binding cache entry for the Mobile
Router, and if the Binding Update has the Mobile Router Flag (R) set
to a value different from that in the existing binding cache entry,
then the Home Agent MUST reject the Binding Update and send a Binding
Acknowledgement with status set to 139 (Registration type change
disallowed). However, if the Binding Update is a de-registration
Binding Update, the Home Agent ignores the value of the Mobile Router
Flag (R).
If the Lifetime specified in the Binding Update is 0 or the specified
Care-of address matches the Home Address in the Binding Update, then
this is a request to delete the cached binding for the home address
and specified Mobile Network Prefixes. The Binding Update is
processed as described in section 6.7.
If the Home Agent does not reject the Binding Update as invalid, and
if a dynamic routing protocol is not run between the Home Agent and
the Mobile Router as described in section 8, then the Home Agent
retrieves the Mobile Network Prefix information as described below.
- If a Mobile Network Prefix Option is present in the Binding
Update, the prefix information for the Mobile Network Prefix is
retrieved from the Mobile Network Prefix field and the Prefix
Length field of the option. If the Binding Update contains more
than one option, the Home Agent MUST set up forwarding for all the
Mobile Network Prefixes. If the Home Agent fails to set up
forwarding to all the prefixes listed in the Binding Update, then
it MUST NOT forward traffic to any of the prefixes. Furthermore,
it MUST reject the Binding Update and send a Binding
Acknowledgement with status set to 141 (Invalid Prefix).
If the Home Agent verifies the prefix information with the Prefix
Table and the check fails, the Home Agent MUST discard the Binding
Update and send a Binding Acknowledgement with status set to 142
(Not Authorized for Prefix).
- If there is no option in the Binding Update carrying prefix
information, the Home Agent uses manual pre-configured information
to determine the prefixes assigned to the Mobile Router and to set
up forwarding for the Mobile Network. If there is no information
that the Home Agent can use, it MUST reject the Binding Update and
send a Binding Acknowledgement with status set to 143 (Forwarding
Setup failed).
If the Home Agent has a valid binding cache entry for the Mobile
Router, it should compare the list of prefixes in the Binding Update
against the prefixes stored in the binding cache entry. If the
binding cache entry contains prefixes that do not appear in the
Binding Update, the Home Agent MUST disable forwarding for these
Mobile Network Prefixes.
If all checks are passed, the Home Agent creates a binding cache
entry for Mobile Router's Home Address or updates the entry if it
already exists. Otherwise, the Home Agent MUST NOT register the
binding of the Mobile Router's Home Address.
The Home Agent defends the Mobile Router's Home Address through Proxy
Neighbor Discovery by multicasting a Neighbor Advertisement message
onto the home link on behalf of the Mobile Router. All fields in the
Proxy Neighbor Advertisement message should be set the same way they
would be by the Mobile Router if it sent this Neighbor Advertisement
while at home, as described in [6]. There is an exception: If the
Mobile Router (R) Flag has been set in the Binding Update, the Router
(R) bit in the Advertisement MUST be set.
The Home Agent also creates a bi-directional tunnel to the Mobile
Router for the requested Mobile Network Prefix or updates an existing
bi-directional tunnel as described in section 6.4.
6.3. Advertising Mobile Network Reachability
To receive packets meant for the Mobile Network, the Home Agent
advertises reachability to the Mobile Network. If the Home Link is
configured with an aggregated prefix and the Mobile Network Prefix is
aggregated under that prefix, then the routing changes related to the
Mobile Network may be restricted to the Home Link. If the Home Agent
is the only default router on the Home Link, routes to the Mobile
Network Prefix are aggregated naturally under the Home Agent, which
does not have to do anything special.
If the Home Agent receives routing updates through a dynamic routing
protocol from the Mobile Router, it can be configured to propagate
those routes on the relevant interfaces.
6.4. Establishment of Bi-directional Tunnel
The implementation of the bi-directional tunnels and the mechanism
for attaching them to the IP stack are outside the scope of this
specification. However, all implementations MUST be capable of the
following operations:
- The Home Agent can tunnel packets meant for the Mobile Network
prefix to the Mobile Router's current location, the Care-of
Address.
- The Home Agent can accept packets tunneled by the Mobile Router
with the source address of the outer IPv6 header set to the Mobile
Router's Care-of Address.
6.5. Forwarding Packets
When the Home Agent receives a data packet destined for the Mobile
Network, it MUST forward the packet to the Mobile Router through the
bi-directional tunnel. The Home Agent uses either the routing table,
the Binding Cache, or a combination to route packets to the Mobile
Network. This is implementation specific. Two examples are shown
below.
1. The Home Agent maintains a route to the Mobile Network Prefix with
the next hop set to the Mobile Router's Home Address. When the
Home Agent tries to forward the packet to the next hop, it finds a
binding cache entry for the home address. Then the Home Agent
extracts the Mobile Router's Care-of address and tunnels the
packet to the Care-of address.
2. The Home Agent maintains a route to the Mobile Network Prefix with
the outgoing interface set to the bi-directional tunnel interface
between the Home Agent and the Mobile Router. For this purpose,
the Home Agent MUST treat this tunnel as a tunnel interface. When
the packets are forwarded through the tunnel interface, they are
encapsulated automatically, with the source address and
destination address in the outer IPv6 header set to the Home
Agent's address and the Mobile Router's Care-of address,
respectively.
6.6. Sending Binding Acknowledgements
A Home Agent serving a Mobile Router sends Binding Acknowledgements
with the same rules it uses for sending Binding Acknowledgements to
Mobile Hosts [1], with the following enhancements.
The Home Agent sets the status code in the Binding Acknowledgement to
0 (Binding Update accepted) to indicate to the Mobile Router that it
successfully processed the Binding Update. It also sets the Mobile
Router Flag (R) to indicate to the Mobile Router that it has set up
forwarding for the Mobile Network.
If the Home Agent is not configured to support Mobile Routers, it
sets the status code in the Binding Acknowledgement to 140 (Mobile
Router Operation not permitted).
If one or more prefixes received in the Binding Update are invalid
and the Home Agent cannot set up forwarding for the prefixes, the
Home Agent sets the status code in the Binding Acknowledgement to 141
(Invalid Prefix) to indicate this to the Mobile Router.
If the Mobile Router is not authorized to use this Home Address to
forward packets for one or more prefixes present in the Binding
Update, the Home Agent sets the status code in the Binding
Acknowledgement to 142 (Not Authorized for Prefix) to indicate this.
The Home Agent sets the status code to 143 (Forwarding Setup failed)
if it is unable to determine the information needed to set up
forwarding for the Mobile Network. This is used in the Implicit
mode, in which the Mobile Router does not include any prefix
information in the Binding Update.
6.7. Mobile Network Prefix De-registration
When the Home Agent successfully processes the de-registration BU, it
deletes the Binding Cache Entry for the Mobile Router's Home Address
and stops proxying the Home Address. This is described in detail in
the Mobile IPv6 specification [1].
In addition, the Home Agent removes the bi-directional tunnel and
stops forwarding packets to the Mobile Network. The Home Agent
should keep all necessary information to clean up whichever routes it
installed, whether they come from an implicit or explicit source.
In Explicit mode, the Home Agent MUST ignore any Mobile Network
Prefix Options present in the de-registration Binding Update.
7. Modifications to Dynamic Home Agent Address Discovery
This document extends the Dynamic Home Agent Address Discovery
(DHAAD) defined in [1] so that Mobile Routers only attempt
registration with Home Agents that support them.
7.1. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Address Request
A new flag (R) (Support for Mobile Routers) is introduced in the
DHAAD Request message, defined in [1]. The Mobile Router sets this
flag to indicate that it wants to discover Home Agents supporting
Mobile Routers.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Support Flag (R)
A one-bit flag that when set indicates that the Mobile Router
wants to discover Home Agents supporting Mobile Routers.
For a description of the other fields in the message, see [1].
7.2. Modified Dynamic Home Agent Discovery Address Request
A new flag (R) (Support for Mobile Routers) is introduced in the
DHAAD Reply message, defined in [1]. If a Home Agent receives a
Dynamic Home Agent Discovery request message with the Mobile Router
Support Flag set, it MUST reply with a list of Home Agents supporting
Mobile Routers. The Mobile Router Support Flag MUST be set if there
is at least one Home Agent supporting Mobile Routers. If none of the
Home Agents support Mobile Routers, the Home Agent MAY reply with a
list of Home Agents that only support Mobile IPv6 Mobile Nodes. In
this case, the Mobile Router Support Flag MUST be set to 0.
The modified message format is as follows.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Support Flag (R)
A one-bit flag that when set indicates that the Home Agents
listed in this message support Mobile Routers.
For a description of the other fields in the message, see [1].
7.3. Modified Home Agent Information Option
A new flag (R) (Support for Mobile Routers) is introduced in the Home
Agent Information Option defined in [1]. If a Home Agent supports
Mobile Routers, it SHOULD set the flag.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Home Agent Preference | Home Agent Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Mobile Router Support Flag (R)
A one-bit flag that when set indicates that the Home Agent
supports Mobile Routers.
For a description of the other fields in the message, see [1].
8. Support for Dynamic Routing Protocols
In the solution described so far, forwarding to the Mobile Network at
the Home Agent is set up when the Home Agent receives a Binding
Update from the Mobile Router. An alternative to this is for the
Home Agent and the Mobile Router to run an intra-domain routing
protocol such as RIPng [12] and OSPF [13] through the bi-directional
tunnel. The Mobile Router can continue running the same routing
protocol that it ran when attached to the home link.
Support for running a intra-domain routing protocol is optional and
is governed by the configuration on the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent.
This feature is very useful when the Mobile Network is large with
multiple subnets containing different IPv6 prefixes. Routing changes
in the Mobile Network are quickly propagated to the Home Agent.
Routing changes in the home link are quickly propagated to the Mobile
Router.
When the Mobile Router is attached to the home link, it runs a
routing protocol by sending routing updates through its egress
interface. When the Mobile Router moves and attaches to a visited
network, it should stop sending routing updates on the interface by
which it attaches to the visited link. This reduces the chances that
prefixes specific to the Mobile Network will be leaked to the visited
network if routing protocol authentication is not enabled in the
visited network and in the Mobile Network. It is expected that
normal deployment practices will include proper authentication
mechanisms to prevent unauthorized route announcements on both the
home and visited networks. The Mobile Router then starts sending
routing protocol messages through the bi-directional tunnel toward
the Home Agent. Most routing protocols use link-local addresses as
source addresses for the routing information messages. The Mobile
Router is allowed to use link-local addresses for the inner IPv6
header of an encapsulated packet. But these MUST NOT be forwarded to
another link by either the Mobile Router or the Home Agent.
When the Home Agent receives the inner packet, it processes the
encapsulated routing protocol messages and updates its routing table
accordingly. As part of normal routing protocol operation, the next
hop information in these routing entries is filled with the Mobile
Router's link-local address, with the outgoing interface set to the
bi-directional tunnel.
Similarly, the Home Agent sends routing updates through the bi-
directional tunnel to the Mobile Router. The Mobile Router processes
these routing protocol messages and updates its routing table. For
all routes advertised by the Home Agent, the Mobile Router sets the
outgoing interface to the bi-directional tunnel to the Home Agent.
When the Mobile Router and the Home Agent exchange routes through a
dynamic routing protocol, the Mobile Router SHOULD NOT include Mobile
Network Prefixes in the Binding Update to the Home Agent. Depending
on its configuration, the Home Agent might not add routes based on
the prefix information in the Binding Updates and might use only the
routing protocol updates. Moreover, including prefix information in
both the Binding Updates and the routing protocol updates is
redundant.
As the routing protocol messages from the Home Agent to the Mobile
Router could potentially contain information about the internal
routing structure of the home network, these messages require
authentication and confidentiality protection. Appropriate
authentication and confidentiality protection mechanisms, defined in
[14], MUST be used. For protecting routing protocol messages by
using IPsec ESP [4], the bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile
Router and the Home Agent should be treated as the outgoing
interface, with the Home Agent and Mobile Router's addresses as
source and destination addresses for the inner encapsulated messages.
If a link state routing protocol such as OSPFv3 is run by the Mobile
Router and the Home Agent, the recommendations in Appendix B should
be followed.
9. Security Considerations
All signaling messages between the Mobile Router and the Home Agent
MUST be authenticated by IPsec [8]. The use of IPsec to protect
Mobile IPv6 signaling messages is described in detail in the HA-MN
IPsec specification [2]. The signaling messages described in this
document extend Mobile IPv6 messages and do not require any changes
to what is described in [2].
The Mobile Router has to perform ingress filtering on packets
received from the Mobile Network to ensure that nodes in the Mobile
Network do not use the bi-directional tunnel to launch IP spoofing
attacks. In particular, the Mobile Router SHOULD check that the IP
source addresses in the packets received belong to the Mobile Network
Prefix and are not the same as one of the addresses used by the
Mobile Router. If the Mobile Router receives an IP-in-IP tunneled
packet from a node in the Mobile Network and it has to forward the
decapsulated packet, it SHOULD perform the above mentioned checks on
the source address of the inner packet.
The Home Agent has to verify that packets received through the bi-
directional tunnel belong to the Mobile Network. This check is
necessary to prevent nodes from using the Home Agent to launch
attacks that would have otherwise been prevented by ingress
filtering. The source address of the outer IPv6 header MUST be set
to the Mobile Router's current Care-of Address. The source address
of the inner IPv6 header MUST be topologically correct with respect
to the IPv6 prefixes used in the Mobile Network.
If the Mobile Router sends a Binding Update with a one or more Mobile
Network Prefix options, the Home Agent MUST be able to verify that
the Mobile Router is authorized for the prefixes before setting up
forwarding for the prefixes.
When the Mobile Router runs a dynamic routing protocol as described
in section 8, it injects routing update messages into the Home Link.
As the routing protocol message could contain information about the
internal routing structure of the home network, these messages
require confidentiality protection. The Mobile Router SHOULD use
confidentiality protection through IPsec ESP as described in [14].
If the bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent is protected by ESP, in tunnel mode for all IP traffic, then no
additional confidentiality protection specific to the routing
protocol is required.
Home Agents and Mobile Routers may use IPsec ESP to protect payload
packets tunneled between themselves. This is useful to protect
communications against attackers on the path of the tunnel.
Please refer to the Mobile IPv6 specification [1] for security
considerations when the Mobile Router operates as a Mobile Host.
10. IANA Considerations
This document defines a new Mobility Header Option, the Mobile
Network Prefix Option as described in section 4.3. The type value
for this option MUST be assigned from the same space used by the
mobility options defined in [1].
This document also defines the following new Binding Acknowledgement
status values. These status values are defined in section 4.2 and
MUST be assigned from the same space used for Binding Acknowledgement
status values in [1].
- Mobile Router Operation not permitted
- Invalid Prefix
- Not Authorized for Prefix
- Forwarding Setup failed (prefixes missing)
11. Contributors
We would like to acknowledge Ludovic Bellier, Claude Castelluccia,
Thierry Ernst [15], Miguel Catalina-Gallego, Christophe Janneteau,
T.J. Kniveton, Hong-Yon Lach, Jari T. Malinen, Koshiro Mitsuya,
Alexis Olivereau, Charles E. Perkins, and Keisuke Uehara for their
work on earlier proposals for Network Mobility. This document has
inherited a lot of ideas from these proposals.
12. Acknowledgements
We thank all members of the NEMO Working Group, and of the preceding
MONET BoF, for fruitful discussions on the mailing list and at IETF
meetings.
Kent Leung, Marco Molteni, and Patrick Wetterwald are acknowledged
for their work on Network Mobility for IPv4 and IPv6.
Tim Leinmueller is acknowledged for many insightful remarks and for
section 7.
Jari Arkko, James Kempf, Chan-Wah Ng, and Erik Nordmark are
acknowledged for their thorough review and comments.
Souhwan Jung, Fan Zhao, S. Felix Wu, HyunGon Kim, and SungWon Sohn
are acknowledged for identifying threats related to tunneling between
the Mobile Network and the Home Agent.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[1] Johnson, D., Perkins, C., and J. Arkko, "Mobility Support in
IPv6", RFC 3775, June 2004.
[2] Arkko, J., Devarapalli, V., and F. Dupont, "Using IPsec to
Protect Mobile IPv6 Signaling between Mobile Nodes and Home
Agents", RFC 3776, June 2004.
[3] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in IPv6
Specification", RFC 2473, December 1998.
[4] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998.
[5] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[6] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery
for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December 1998.
[7] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
13.2. Informative References
[8] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998.
[9] Manner, J. and M. Kojo, Eds., "Mobility Related Terminology",
RFC 3753, June 2004.
[10] Ernst, T., and H.-Y. Lach, "Network Mobility Support
Terminology", Work in Progress, October 2004.
[11] Ernst, T., "Network Mobility Support Goals and Requirements",
Work in Progress, October 2004.
[12] Malkin, G. and R. Minnear, "RIPng for IPv6", RFC 2080, January
1997.
[13] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., and J. Moy, "OSPF for IPv6", RFC 2740,
December 1999.
[14] Gupta, M. and N. Melam, "Authentication/Confidentiality for
OSPFv3", Work in Progress, December 2004.
[15] Ernst, T., "Network Mobility Support in IPv6", PhD Thesis,
University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France. October 2001.
[16] Moy, J., "Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits", RFC 1793,
April 1995.
[17] Thubert, P., et al., "NEMO Home Network models", Work in
Progress, October 2004.
Appendix A. Examples of NEMO Basic Support Operation
This section tries to illustrate the NEMO protocol by using a Mobile
Router and a Mobile Node belonging to different administrative
domains. The Mobile Router's Mobile Network consists of a Local
Fixed Node (LFN) and a Local Fixed Router (LFR) [10]. The LFR has an
access link to which other Mobile Nodes or Mobile Routers could
attach.
Figure 1 depicts the scenario where both the Mobile Router and the
Mobile Node are at home.
+----+ +-------+
| MN | | HA_MN |
+--+-+ 1:: +---+---+
2+-------------+3
|
|
+-------+2 2:: +-------------------+ 3:: 2+-------+
| CN_MN |------| Internet |------| CN_MR |
+-------+ +-------------------+ +-------+
4:: |
|
2+-------------+3
+--+-+ +---+---+
| MR | | HA_MR |
+--+-+ +-------+
5:: |1
----------
2| |3
+--+-+ +--+-+
| LFN| | LFR|
+--+-+ +--+-+
6:: |1
----------
Figure 1. Mobile Router and Mobile Node at home.
The Mobile Router then moves away from the home link and attaches to
a visited link. This is shown in Figure 2. The Mobile Router sends
a Binding Update to HA_MR when it attaches to a visited link and
configures a Care-of Address. HA_MR creates a binding cache entry
for the Mobile Router's Home Address and also sets up forwarding for
the prefixes on the Mobile Network.
+----+ +-------+
| MN | | HA_MN |
+--+-+ 1:: +---+---+
2+-------------+3
|
|
+-------+2 2:: +-------------------+ 3:: 2+-------+
| CN_MN |------| Internet |------| CN_MR |
+-------+ ++------------------+ +-------+
| 7:: 4:: | 4::2->7::2
| |
2+ +3
+--+-+ +---+---+
| MR | | HA_MR | 4::2->7::2
+--+-+ +-------+ 5::/prefixlen -> forward
5:: |1 to MR
---------- 6::/prefixlen -> forward
2| |3 to MR
+--+-+ +--+-+
| LFN| | LFR|
+--+-+ +--+-+
6:: |1
----------
Figure 2. Mobile Router on a visited link.
Figure 3 shows the Mobile Node moving away from its home link and
attaching to the Mobile Router. The Mobile Node configures a Care-of
Address from the prefix advertised on the Mobile Network and sends a
Binding Update to its Home Agent (HA_MN) and to its Correspondent
Node (CN_MN). Both HA_MN and CN_MN create binding cache entries for
the Mobile Node's Home Address.
+-------+
| HA_MN | 1::2->6::2
1:: +---+---+
---------|3
|
|
+-------+2 2:: +-------------------+ 3:: 2+-------+
| CN_MN |------| Internet |------| CN_MR |
+-------+ ++------------------+ +-------+
1::2->6::2 | 7:: 4:: | 4::2->7::2
| |
2+ +3
+--+-+ +---+---+
| MR | | HA_MR | 4::2->7::2
+--+-+ +-------+ 5::/prefixlen -> forward
5:: |1 to MR
---------- 6::/prefixlen -> forward
2| |3 to MR
+--+-+ +--+-+
| LFN| | LFR|
+--+-+ +--+-+
6:: |1
--------+-
|2
+--+-+
| MN |
+----+
Figure 3. Mobile Node attached to Mobile
Router on a visited link
Appendix B. Running Link State Routing Protocol with NEMO Basic Support
The bi-directional tunnel between the Mobile Router and the Home
Agent is used as a virtual interface over which routing protocol
messages are exchanged. When a link state routing protocol is run,
the following recommendations should be followed.
B.1. Tunnel Interface Considerations
If the tunnel interface goes up and down every time the Mobile Router
moves to a new visited network with a high level of mobility and a
sufficient number of Mobile Routers, the amount of interface state
changes will adversely affect the Home Agent's performance. This
also introduces a high level of instability in the home network. To
avoid this, the following should be considered when the bi-
directional tunnel is implemented:
- A tunnel interface is consistently assigned to each Mobile Router,
as long as it has a valid binding cache at the Home Agent.
- Every time the Mobile Router moves and updates the binding cache
entry, the bi-directional tunnel should not be torn down and set
up again. The tunnel end points should be updated dynamically
with the Mobile Router's current Care-of Address.
- With a large number of interfaces, Hello packet processing may
become a burden. Therefore, the tunnel interface should be
treated as On-Demand circuits for OSPF [16].
B.2. OSPF Area Considerations
The following should be considered when the Home Network is
configured for running OSPF:
- The entire Home domain SHOULD NOT be configured as a single area
if a Home Agent supports Mobile Routers. At least the home
network should be configured as a separate area.
- The bi-directional tunnel interfaces to the Mobile Routers should
never be included in the same area as the backbone links.
For a more detailed discussion on configuring a home network for NEMO
Basic Support, please see [17].
One disadvantage of running OSPFv3 with NEMO Basic Support is the
possibility that the Mobile Networks will be told of the topology of
the entire home network, including all the fixed and Mobile Routers.
The only thing the Mobile Routers might really need is a default
route through the Home Agent.
To reduce the amount of routing protocol messages received by a
Mobile Router, one can configure each bi-directional tunnel to a
Mobile Router as a separate area. But this requires that the Home
Agent support a large number of OSPF areas if it supports a large
number of Mobile Routers, and it might not be possible with most
router implementations.
Another option is to configure multiple areas on the Home Link and
group a number of Mobile Routers into each area. This reduces the
number of areas that a Home Agent needs to support but also reduces
the amount of routing protocol traffic that a Mobile Router receives.
Authors' Addresses
Vijay Devarapalli
Nokia Research Center
313 Fairchild Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
USA
EMail: vijay.devarapalli@nokia.com
Ryuji Wakikawa
Keio University and WIDE
5322 Endo Fujisawa Kanagawa
252-8520
Japan
EMail: ryuji@sfc.wide.ad.jp
Alexandru Petrescu
Motorola Labs
Parc les Algorithmes Saint Aubin
Gif-sur-Yvette 91193
France
EMail: Alexandru.Petrescu@motorola.com
Pascal Thubert
Cisco Systems Technology Center
Village d'Entreprises Green Side
400, Avenue Roumanille
Biot - Sophia Antipolis 06410
France
EMail: pthubert@cisco.com
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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