| Rfc | 3678 |
|---|
| Title | Socket Interface Extensions for Multicast Source Filters |
|---|
| Author | D. Thaler,
B. Fenner, B. Quinn |
|---|
| Date | January 2004 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | INFORMATIONAL |
|---|
|
Network Working Group D. Thaler
Request for Comments: 3678 Microsoft
Category: Informational B. Fenner
AT&T Research
B. Quinn
Stardust.com
January 2004
Socket Interface Extensions for Multicast Source Filters
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMPv3) for IPv4 and the
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2) for IPv6 add the capability for
applications to express source filters on multicast group
memberships, which allows receiver applications to determine the set
of senders (sources) from which to accept multicast traffic. This
capability also simplifies support of one-to-many type multicast
applications.
This document specifies new socket options and functions to manage
source filters for IP Multicast group memberships. It also defines
the socket structures to provide input and output arguments to these
new application program interfaces (APIs). These extensions are
designed to provide access to the source filtering features, while
introducing a minimum of change into the system and providing
complete compatibility for existing multicast applications.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 What Needs to be Added . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Headers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Overview of APIs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. IPv4 Multicast Source Filter APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1 Basic (Delta-based) API for IPv4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1.1 IPv4 Any-Source Multicast API. . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.2 IPv4 Source-Specific Multicast API . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.3 Error Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Advanced (Full-state) API for IPv4. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1 Set Source Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.2 Get Source Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5: Protocol-Independent Multicast Source Filter APIs . . . . . . . 10
5.1 Basic (Delta-based) API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1.1 Any-Source Multicast API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.1.2 Source-Specific Multicast API. . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 Advanced (Full-state) API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2.1 Set Source Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2.2 Get Source Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. Appendix A: Use of ioctl() for full-state operations . . . . . 14
8.1. IPv4 Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.2. Protocol-Independent Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
12. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. Introduction
The de facto standard application program interface (API) for TCP/IP
applications is the "sockets" interface. Although this API was
developed for Unix in the early 1980s it has also been implemented on
a wide variety of non-Unix systems. TCP/IP applications written
using the sockets API have in the past enjoyed a high degree of
portability and we would like the same portability with applications
that employ multicast source filters. Changes are required to the
sockets API to support such filtering and this memo describes these
changes.
This document specifies new socket options and functions to manage
source filters for IP Multicast group memberships. It also defines
the socket structures to provide input and output arguments to these
new APIs. These extensions are designed to provide access to the
source filtering features required by applications, while introducing
a minimum of change into the system and providing complete
compatibility for existing multicast applications.
Furthermore, RFC 3493 [1] defines socket interface extensions for
IPv6, including protocol-independent functions for most operations.
However, while it defines join and leave functions for IPv6, it does
not provide protocol-independent versions of these operations. Such
functions will be described in this document.
The reader should note that this document is for informational
purposes only, and that the official standard specification of the
sockets API is [2].
2. Design Considerations
There are a number of important considerations in designing changes
to this well-worn API:
o The API changes should provide both source and binary
compatibility for programs written to the original API. That
is, existing program binaries should continue to operate when
run on a system supporting the new API. In addition, existing
applications that are re-compiled and run on a system
supporting the new API should continue to operate. Simply put,
the API changes for multicast receivers that specify source
filters should not break existing programs.
o The changes to the API should be as small as possible in order
to simplify the task of converting existing multicast receiver
applications to use source filters.
o Applications should be able to detect when the new source
filter APIs are unavailable (e.g., calls fail with the ENOTSUPP
error) and react gracefully (e.g., revert to old non-source-
filter API or display a meaningful error message to the user).
o Lack of type-safety in an API is a bad thing which should be
avoided when possible.
Several implementations exist that use ioctl() for a portion of the
functionality described herein, and for historical purposes, the
ioctl API is documented in Appendix A. The preferred API, however,
includes new functions. The reasons for adding new functions are:
o New functions provide type-safety, unlike ioctl, getsockopt,
and setsockopt.
o A new function can be written as a wrapper over an ioctl,
getsockopt, or setsockopt call, if necessary. Hence, it
provides more freedom as to how the functionality is
implemented in an operating system. For example, a new
function might be implemented as an inline function in an
include file, or a function exported from a user-mode library
which internally uses some mechanism to exchange information
with the kernel, or be implemented directly in the kernel.
o At least one operation defined herein needs to be able to both
pass information to the TCP/IP stack, as well as retrieve
information from it. In some implementations this is
problematic without either changing getsockopt or using ioctl.
Using new functions avoids the need to change such
implementations.
2.1. What Needs to be Added
The current IP Multicast APIs allow a receiver application to specify
the group address (destination) and (optionally) the local interface.
These existing APIs need not change (and cannot, to retain binary
compatibility). Hence, what is needed are new source filter APIs
that provide the same functionality and also allow receiver multicast
applications to:
o Specify zero or more unicast (source) address(es) in a source
filter.
o Determine whether the source filter describes an inclusive or
exclusive list of sources.
The new API design must enable this functionality for both IPv4 and
IPv6.
2.2. Data Types
The data types of the structure elements given in this memo are
intended to be examples, not absolute requirements. Whenever
possible, data types from POSIX 1003.1g [2] are used: uintN_t means
an unsigned integer of exactly N bits (e.g., uint32_t).
2.3. Headers
When function prototypes and structures are shown, we show the
headers that must be #included to cause that item to be defined.
2.4. Structures
When structures are described, the members shown are the ones that
must appear in an implementation. Additional, nonstandard members
may also be defined by an implementation. As an additional
precaution, nonstandard members could be verified by Feature Test
Macros as described in [2]. (Such Feature Test Macros are not
defined by this RFC.)
The ordering shown for the members of a structure is the recommended
ordering, given alignment considerations of multibyte members, but an
implementation may order the members differently.
3. Overview of APIs
There are a number of different APIs described in this document that
are appropriate for a number of different application types and IP
versions. Before providing detailed descriptions, this section
provides a "taxonomy" with a brief description of each.
There are two categories of source-filter APIs, both of which are
designed to allow multicast receiver applications to designate the
unicast address(es) of sender(s) along with the multicast group
(destination address) to receive.
o Basic (Delta-based): Some applications desire the simplicity of
a delta-based API in which each function call specifies a
single source address which should be added to or removed from
the existing filter for a given multicast group address on
which to listen. Such applications typically fall into either
of two categories:
+ Any-Source Multicast: By default, all sources are accepted.
Individual sources may be turned off and back on as needed
over time. This is also known as "exclude" mode, since the
source filter contains a list of excluded sources.
+ Source-Specific Multicast: Only sources in a given list are
allowed. The list may change over time. This is also known
as "include" mode, since the source filter contains a list
of included sources.
This API would be used, for example, by "single-source"
applications such as audio/video broadcasting. It would
also be used for logical multi-source sessions where each
source independently allocates its own Source-Specific
Multicast group address.
o Advanced (Full-state): This API allows an application to define
a complete source-filter comprised of zero or more source
addresses, and replace the previous filter with a new one.
Applications which require the ability to switch between filter
modes without leaving a group must use a full-state API (i.e.,
to change the semantics of the source filter from inclusive to
exclusive, or vice versa).
Applications which use a large source list for a given group
address should also use the full-state API, since filter
changes can be done atomically in a single operation.
The above types of APIs exist in IPv4-specific variants as well as
with protocol-independent variants. One might ask why the protocol-
independent APIs cannot accommodate IPv4 applications as well as
IPv6. Since any IPv4 application requires modification to use
multicast source filters anyway, it might seem like a good
opportunity to create IPv6-compatible source code.
The primary reasons for extending an IPv4-specific API are:
o To minimize changes needed in existing IPv4 multicast
application source code to add source filter support.
o To avoid overloading APIs to accommodate the differences
between IPv4 interface addresses (e.g., in the ip_mreq
structure) and interface indices.
4. IPv4 Multicast Source Filter APIs
Version 3 of the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMPv3) [3] and
version 2 of the Multicast Listener Discovery (MLDv2) protocol [4]
provide the ability to communicate source filter information to the
router and hence avoid pulling down data from unwanted sources onto
the local link. However, source filters may be implemented by the
operating system regardless of whether the routers support IGMPv3 or
MLDv2, so when the source-filter API is available, applications can
always benefit from using it.
4.1. Basic (Delta-based) API for IPv4
The reception of multicast packets is controlled by the setsockopt()
options summarized below. An error of EOPNOTSUPP is returned if
these options are used with getsockopt().
The following structures are used by both the Any-Source Multicast
and the Source-Specific Multicast API:
#include <netinet/in.h>
struct ip_mreq {
struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP address of group */
struct in_addr imr_interface; /* IP address of interface */
};
struct ip_mreq_source {
struct in_addr imr_multiaddr; /* IP address of group */
struct in_addr imr_sourceaddr; /* IP address of source */
struct in_addr imr_interface; /* IP address of interface */
};
4.1.1. IPv4 Any-Source Multicast API
The following socket options are defined in <netinet/in.h> for
applications in the Any-Source Multicast category:
Socket option Argument type
IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP struct ip_mreq
IP_BLOCK_SOURCE struct ip_mreq_source
IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE struct ip_mreq_source
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP struct ip_mreq
IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP and IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP are already implemented on
most operating systems, and are used to join and leave an any-source
group.
IP_BLOCK_SOURCE can be used to block data from a given source to a
given group (e.g., if the user "mutes" that source), and
IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE can be used to undo this (e.g., if the user then
"unmutes" the source).
4.1.2. IPv4 Source-Specific Multicast API
The following socket options are available for applications in the
Source-Specific category:
Socket option Argument type
IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP struct ip_mreq_source
IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP struct ip_mreq_source
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP struct ip_mreq
IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP and IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP are used to
join and leave a source-specific group.
IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP is supported, as a convenience, to drop all
sources which have been joined for a particular group and interface.
The operations are the same as if the socket had been closed.
4.1.3. Error Codes
When the option would be legal on the group, but an address is
invalid (e.g., when trying to block a source that is already blocked
by the socket, or when trying to drop an unjoined group) the error
generated is EADDRNOTAVAIL.
When the option itself is not legal on the group (i.e., when trying a
Source-Specific option on a group after doing IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, or
when trying an Any-Source option without doing IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP) the
error generated is EINVAL.
When any of these options are used with getsockopt(), the error
generated is EOPNOTSUPP.
Finally, if the implementation imposes a limit on the maximum number
of sources in a source filter, ENOBUFS is generated when an operation
would exceed the maximum.
4.2. Advanced (Full-state) API for IPv4
Several implementations exist that use ioctl() for this API, and for
historical purposes, the ioctl() API is documented in Appendix A.
The preferred API uses the new functions described below.
4.2.1. Set Source Filter
#include <netinet/in.h>
int setipv4sourcefilter(int s, struct in_addr interface,
struct in_addr group, uint32_t fmode,
uint32_t numsrc, struct in_addr *slist);
On success the value 0 is returned, and on failure, the value -1 is
returned and errno is set accordingly.
The s argument identifies the socket.
The interface argument holds the local IP address of the interface.
The group argument holds the IP multicast address of the group.
The fmode argument identifies the filter mode. The value of this
field must be either MCAST_INCLUDE or MCAST_EXCLUDE, which are
likewise defined in <netinet/in.h>.
The numsrc argument holds the number of source addresses in the slist
array.
The slist argument points to an array of IP addresses of sources to
include or exclude depending on the filter mode.
If the implementation imposes a limit on the maximum number of
sources in a source filter, ENOBUFS is generated when the operation
would exceed the maximum.
4.2.2. Get Source Filter
#include <netinet/in.h>
int getipv4sourcefilter(int s, struct in_addr interface,
struct in_addr group, uint32_t *fmode,
uint32_t *numsrc, struct in_addr *slist);
On success the value 0 is returned, and on failure, the value -1 is
returned and errno is set accordingly.
The s argument identifies the socket.
The interface argument holds the local IP address of the interface.
The group argument holds the IP multicast address of the group.
The fmode argument points to an integer that will contain the filter
mode on a successful return. The value of this field will be either
MCAST_INCLUDE or MCAST_EXCLUDE, which are likewise defined in
<netinet/in.h>.
On input, the numsrc argument holds the number of source addresses
that will fit in the slist array. On output, the numsrc argument
will hold the total number of sources in the filter.
The slist argument points to buffer into which an array of IP
addresses of included or excluded (depending on the filter mode)
sources will be written. If numsrc was 0 on input, a NULL pointer
may be supplied.
If the application does not know the size of the source list
beforehand, it can make a reasonable guess (e.g., 0), and if upon
completion, numsrc holds a larger value, the operation can be
repeated with a large enough buffer.
That is, on return, numsrc is always updated to be the total number
of sources in the filter, while slist will hold as many source
addresses as fit, up to the minimum of the array size passed in as
the original numsrc value and the total number of sources in the
filter.
5. Protocol-Independent Multicast Source Filter APIs
Protocol-independent functions are provided for join and leave
operations so that an application may pass a sockaddr_storage
structure obtained from calls such as getaddrinfo() [1] as the group
to join. For example, an application can resolve a DNS name (e.g.,
NTP.MCAST.NET) to a multicast address which may be either IPv4 or
IPv6, and may easily join and leave the group.
5.1. Basic (Delta-based) API
The reception of multicast packets is controlled by the setsockopt()
options summarized below. An error of EOPNOTSUPP is returned if
these options are used with getsockopt().
The following structures are used by both the Any-Source Multicast
and the Source-Specific Multicast API: #include <netinet/in.h>
struct group_req {
uint32_t gr_interface; /* interface index */
struct sockaddr_storage gr_group; /* group address */
};
struct group_source_req {
uint32_t gsr_interface; /* interface index */
struct sockaddr_storage gsr_group; /* group address */
struct sockaddr_storage gsr_source; /* source address */
};
The sockaddr_storage structure is defined in RFC 3493 [1] to be large
enough to hold either IPv4 or IPv6 address information.
The rules for generating errors are the same as those given in
Section 5.1.3.
5.1.1. Any-Source Multicast API
Socket option Argument type
MCAST_JOIN_GROUP struct group_req
MCAST_BLOCK_SOURCE struct group_source_req
MCAST_UNBLOCK_SOURCE struct group_source_req
MCAST_LEAVE_GROUP struct group_req
MCAST_JOIN_GROUP and MCAST_LEAVE_GROUP are used to join and leave an
any-source group.
MCAST_BLOCK_SOURCE can be used to block data from a given source to a
given group (e.g., if the user "mutes" that source), and
MCAST_UNBLOCK_SOURCE can be used to undo this (e.g., if the user then
"unmutes" the source).
5.1.2. Source-Specific Multicast API
Socket option Argument type
MCAST_JOIN_SOURCE_GROUP struct group_source_req
MCAST_LEAVE_SOURCE_GROUP struct group_source_req
MCAST_LEAVE_GROUP struct group_req
MCAST_JOIN_SOURCE_GROUP and MCAST_LEAVE_SOURCE_GROUP are used to join
and leave a source-specific group.
MCAST_LEAVE_GROUP is supported, as a convenience, to drop all sources
which have been joined for a particular group and interface. The
operations are the same as if the socket had been closed.
5.2. Advanced (Full-state) API
Implementations may exist that use ioctl() for this API, and for
historical purposes, the ioctl() API is documented in Appendix A.
The preferred API uses the new functions described below.
5.2.1. Set Source Filter
#include <netinet/in.h>
int setsourcefilter(int s, uint32_t interface,
struct sockaddr *group, socklen_t grouplen,
uint32_t fmode, uint_t numsrc,
struct sockaddr_storage *slist);
On success the value 0 is returned, and on failure, the value -1 is
returned and errno is set accordingly.
The s argument identifies the socket.
The interface argument holds the interface index of the interface.
The group argument points to either a sockaddr_in structure (for
IPv4) or a sockaddr_in6 structure (for IPv6) that holds the IP
multicast address of the group.
The grouplen argument gives the length of the sockaddr_in or
sockaddr_in6 structure.
The fmode argument identifies the filter mode. The value of this
field must be either MCAST_INCLUDE or MCAST_EXCLUDE, which are
likewise defined in <netinet/in.h>.
The numsrc argument holds the number of source addresses in the slist
array.
The slist argument points to an array of IP addresses of sources to
include or exclude depending on the filter mode.
If the implementation imposes a limit on the maximum number of
sources in a source filter, ENOBUFS is generated when the operation
would exceed the maximum.
5.2.2. Get Source Filter
#include <netinet/in.h>
int getsourcefilter(int s, uint32_t interface,
struct sockaddr *group, socklen_t grouplen,
uint32_t fmode, uint_t *numsrc,
struct sockaddr_storage *slist);
On success the value 0 is returned, and on failure, the value -1 is
returned and errno is set accordingly.
The s argument identifies the socket.
The interface argument holds the local IP address of the interface.
The group argument points to either a sockaddr_in structure (for
IPv4) or a sockaddr_in6 structure (for IPv6) that holds the IP
multicast address of the group.
The fmode argument points to an integer that will contain the filter
mode on a successful return. The value of this field will be either
MCAST_INCLUDE or MCAST_EXCLUDE, which are likewise defined in
<netinet/in.h>.
On input, the numsrc argument holds the number of source addresses
that will fit in the slist array. On output, the numsrc argument
will hold the total number of sources in the filter.
The slist argument points to buffer into which an array of IP
addresses of included or excluded (depending on the filter mode)
sources will be written. If numsrc was 0 on input, a NULL pointer
may be supplied.
If the application does not know the size of the source list
beforehand, it can make a reasonable guess (e.g., 0), and if upon
completion, numsrc holds a larger value, the operation can be
repeated with a large enough buffer.
That is, on return, numsrc is always updated to be the total number
of sources in the filter, while slist will hold as many source
addresses as fit, up to the minimum of the array size passed in as
the original numsrc value and the total number of sources in the
filter.
6. Security Considerations
Although source filtering can help to combat denial-of-service
attacks, source filtering alone is not a complete solution, since it
does not provide protection against spoofing the source address to be
an allowed source. Multicast routing protocols which use reverse-
path forwarding based on the source address, however, do provide some
natural protection against spoofing the source address, since if a
router receives a packet on an interface other than the one toward
the "real" source, it will drop the packet. However, this still does
not provide any guarantee of protection.
7. Acknowledgments
This document was updated based on feedback from the IETF's IDMR and
MAGMA Working Groups, and the Austin Group. Wilbert de Graaf also
provided many helpful comments.
8. Appendix A: Use of ioctl() for full-state operations
The API defined here is historic, but is documented here for
informational purposes since it is implemented by multiple platforms.
The new functions defined earlier in this document should now be used
instead.
Retrieving the source filter for a given group cannot be done with
getsockopt() on some existing platforms, since the group and
interface must be passed down in order to retrieve the correct
filter, and getsockopt only supports an output buffer. This can,
however, be done with an ioctl(), and hence for symmetry, both gets
and sets are done with an ioctl.
8.1. IPv4 Options
The following are defined in <sys/sockio.h>:
o ioctl() SIOCGIPMSFILTER: to retrieve the list of source
addresses that comprise the source filter along with the
current filter mode.
o ioctl() SIOCSIPMSFILTER: to set or modify the source filter
content (e.g., unicast source address list) or mode (exclude or
include).
Ioctl option Argument type
SIOCGIPMSFILTER struct ip_msfilter
SIOCSIPMSFILTER struct ip_msfilter
struct ip_msfilter {
struct in_addr imsf_multiaddr; /* IP multicast address of group */
struct in_addr imsf_interface; /* local IP address of interface */
uint32_t imsf_fmode; /* filter mode */
uint32_t imsf_numsrc; /* number of sources in src_list */
struct in_addr imsf_slist[1]; /* start of source list */
};
#define IP_MSFILTER_SIZE(numsrc) \
(sizeof(struct ip_msfilter) - sizeof(struct in_addr) \
+ (numsrc) * sizeof(struct in_addr))
The imsf_fmode mode is a 32-bit integer that identifies the filter
mode. The value of this field must be either MCAST_INCLUDE or
MCAST_EXCLUDE, which are likewise defined in <netinet/in.h>.
The structure length pointed to must be at least IP_MSFILTER_SIZE(0)
bytes long, and the imsf_numsrc parameter should be set so that
IP_MSFILTER_SIZE(imsf_numsrc) indicates the buffer length.
If the implementation imposes a limit on the maximum number of
sources in a source filter, ENOBUFS is generated when a set operation
would exceed the maximum.
The result of a get operation (SIOCGIPMSFILTER) will be that the
imsf_multiaddr and imsf_interface fields will be unchanged, while
imsf_fmode, imsf_numsrc, and as many source addresses as fit will be
filled into the application's buffer.
If the application does not know the size of the source list
beforehand, it can make a reasonable guess (e.g., 0), and if upon
completion, the imsf_numsrc field holds a larger value, the operation
can be repeated with a large enough buffer.
That is, on return from SIOCGIPMSFILTER, imsf_numsrc is always
updated to be the total number of sources in the filter, while
imsf_slist will hold as many source addresses as fit, up to the
minimum of the array size passed in as the original imsf_numsrc value
and the total number of sources in the filter.
8.2. Protocol-Independent Options
The following are defined in <sys/sockio.h>:
o ioctl() SIOCGMSFILTER: to retrieve the list of source addresses
that comprise the source filter along with the current filter
mode.
o ioctl() SIOCSMSFILTER: to set or modify the source filter
content (e.g., unicast source address list) or mode (exclude or
include).
Ioctl option Argument type
SIOCGMSFILTER struct group_filter
SIOCSMSFILTER struct group_filter
struct group_filter {
uint32_t gf_interface; /* interface index */
struct sockaddr_storage gf_group; /* multicast address */
uint32_t gf_fmode; /* filter mode */
uint32_t gf_numsrc; /* number of sources */
struct sockaddr_storage gf_slist[1]; /* source address */
};
#define GROUP_FILTER_SIZE(numsrc) \
(sizeof(struct group_filter) - sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage) \
+ (numsrc) * sizeof(struct sockaddr_storage))
The imf_numsrc field is used in the same way as described for
imsf_numsrc above.
9. Normative References
[1] Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J. and W.
Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC 3493,
February 2003.
[2] IEEE Std. 1003.1-2001 Standard for Information Technology --
Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX). Open Group
Technical Standard: Base Specifications, Issue 6, December 2001.
ISO/IEC 9945:2002. http://www.opengroup.org/austin
10. Informative References
[3] Cain, B., Deering, S., Kouvelas, I., Fenner, B. and A.
Thyagarajan, "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 3",
RFC 3376, October 2002.
[4] Vida, R. and L. Costa, "Multicast Listener Discovery Version 2
(MLDv2) for IPv6", Work in Progress, December 2003.
11. Authors' Addresses
Dave Thaler
Microsoft Corporation
One Microsoft Way
Redmond, WA 98052-6399
Phone: +1 425 703 8835
EMail: dthaler@microsoft.com
Bill Fenner
75 Willow Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone: +1 650 867 6073
EMail: fenner@research.att.com
Bob Quinn
IP Multicast Initiative (IPMI)
Stardust.com
1901 S. Bascom Ave. #333
Campbell, CA 95008
Phone: +1 408 879 8080
EMail: rcq@ipmulticast.com
12. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). All Rights Reserved.
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
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