| Rfc | 8298 |
|---|
| Title | Self-Clocked Rate Adaptation for Multimedia |
|---|
| Author | I. Johansson, Z.
Sarker |
|---|
| Date | December 2017 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | EXPERIMENTAL |
|---|
|
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) I. Johansson
Request for Comments: 8298 Z. Sarker
Category: Experimental Ericsson AB
ISSN: 2070-1721 December 2017
Self-Clocked Rate Adaptation for Multimedia
Abstract
This memo describes a rate adaptation algorithm for conversational
media services such as interactive video. The solution conforms to
the packet conservation principle and uses a hybrid loss-and-delay-
based congestion control algorithm. The algorithm is evaluated over
both simulated Internet bottleneck scenarios as well as in a Long
Term Evolution (LTE) system simulator and is shown to achieve both
low latency and high video throughput in these scenarios.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF
community. It has received public review and has been approved for
publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not
all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of
Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8298.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Wireless (LTE) Access Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Why is it a self-clocked algorithm? . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Overview of SCReAM Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Network Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Sender Transmission Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Media Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Detailed Description of SCReAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. SCReAM Sender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1.1. Constants and Parameter Values . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1.1.1. Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1.1.2. State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.1.2. Network Congestion Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1.2.1. Reaction to Packet Loss and ECN . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.2.2. Congestion Window Update . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1.2.3. Competing Flows Compensation . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1.2.4. Lost Packet Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1.2.5. Send Window Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1.2.6. Packet Pacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1.2.7. Resuming Fast Increase Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1.2.8. Stream Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.1.3. Media Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2. SCReAM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.1. Requirements on Feedback Elements . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2.2. Requirements on Feedback Intensity . . . . . . . . . 30
5. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6. Suggested Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1. Introduction
Congestion in the Internet occurs when the transmitted bitrate is
higher than the available capacity over a given transmission path.
Applications that are deployed in the Internet have to employ
congestion control to achieve robust performance and to avoid
congestion collapse in the Internet. Interactive real-time
communication imposes a lot of requirements on the transport;
therefore, a robust, efficient rate adaptation for all access types
is an important part of interactive real-time communications, as the
transmission channel bandwidth can vary over time. Wireless access
such as LTE, which is an integral part of the current Internet,
increases the importance of rate adaptation as the channel bandwidth
of a default LTE bearer [QoS-3GPP] can change considerably in a very
short time frame. Thus, a rate adaptation solution for interactive
real-time media, such as WebRTC [RFC7478], should be both quick and
be able to operate over a large range in channel capacity. This memo
describes Self-Clocked Rate Adaptation for Multimedia (SCReAM), a
solution that implements congestion control for RTP streams
[RFC3550]. While SCReAM was originally devised for WebRTC, it can
also be used for other applications where congestion control of RTP
streams is necessary. SCReAM is based on the self-clocking principle
of TCP and uses techniques similar to what is used in the rate
adaptation algorithm based on Low Extra Delay Background Transport
(LEDBAT) [RFC6817]. SCReAM is not entirely self-clocked as it
augments self-clocking with pacing and a minimum send rate. SCReAM
can take advantage of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) in cases
where ECN is supported by the network and the hosts. However, ECN is
not required for the basic congestion control functionality in
SCReAM.
1.1. Wireless (LTE) Access Properties
[WIRELESS-TESTS] describes the complications that can be observed in
wireless environments. Wireless access such as LTE typically cannot
guarantee a given bandwidth; this is true especially for default
bearers. The network throughput can vary considerably, for instance,
in cases where the wireless terminal is moving around. Even though
LTE can support bitrates well above 100 Mbps, there are cases when
the available bitrate can be much lower; examples are situations with
high network load and poor coverage. An additional complication is
that the network throughput can drop for short time intervals (e.g.,
at handover); these short glitches are initially very difficult to
distinguish from more permanent reductions in throughput.
Unlike wireline bottlenecks with large statistical multiplexing, it
is not possible to try to maintain a given bitrate when congestion is
detected with the hope that other flows will yield. This is because
there are generally few other flows competing for the same
bottleneck. Each user gets its own variable throughput bottleneck,
where the throughput depends on factors like channel quality, network
load, and historical throughput. The bottom line is, if the
throughput drops, the sender has no other option than to reduce the
bitrate. Once the radio scheduler has reduced the resource
allocation for a bearer, a flow (which is using RTP Media Congestion
Avoidance Techniques (RMCAT)) in that bearer aims to reduce the
sending rate quite quickly (within one RTT) in order to avoid
excessive queuing delay or packet loss.
1.2. Why is it a self-clocked algorithm?
Self-clocked congestion control algorithms provide a benefit over
their rate-based counterparts in that the former consists of two
adaptation mechanisms:
o A congestion window computation that evolves over a longer
timescale (several RTTs) especially when the congestion window
evolution is dictated by estimated delay (to minimize
vulnerability to, e.g., short-term delay variations).
o A fine-grained congestion control given by the self-clocking; it
operates on a shorter time scale (1 RTT). The benefits of self-
clocking are also elaborated upon in [TFWC].
A rate-based congestion control algorithm typically adjusts the rate
based on delay and loss. The congestion detection needs to be done
with a certain time lag to avoid overreaction to spurious congestion
events such as delay spikes. Despite the fact that there are two or
more congestion indications, the outcome is that there is still only
one mechanism to adjust the sending rate. This makes it difficult to
reach the goals of high throughput and prompt reaction to congestion.
2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Overview of SCReAM Algorithm
The core SCReAM algorithm has similarities to the concepts of self-
clocking used in TCP-friendly window-based congestion control [TFWC]
and follows the packet conservation principle. The packet
conservation principle is described as a key factor behind the
protection of networks from congestion [Packet-conservation].
In SCReAM, the receiver of the media echoes a list of received RTP
packets and the timestamp of the RTP packet with the highest sequence
number back to the sender in feedback packets. The sender keeps a
list of transmitted packets, their respective sizes, and the time
they were transmitted. This information is used to determine the
number of bytes that can be transmitted at any given time instant. A
congestion window puts an upper limit on how many bytes can be in
flight, i.e., transmitted but not yet acknowledged.
The congestion window is determined in a way similar to LEDBAT
[RFC6817]. LEDBAT is a congestion control algorithm that uses send
and receive timestamps to estimate the queuing delay (from now on
denoted "qdelay") along the transmission path. This information is
used to adjust the congestion window. The use of LEDBAT ensures that
the end-to-end latency is kept low. [LEDBAT-delay-impact] shows that
LEDBAT has certain inherent issues that make it counteract its
purpose of achieving low delay. The general problem described in the
paper is that the base delay is offset by LEDBAT's own queue buildup.
The big difference with using LEDBAT in the SCReAM context lies in
the facts that the source is rate limited and that the RTP queue must
be kept short (preferably empty). In addition, the output from a
video encoder is rarely constant bitrate; static content (talking
heads, for instance) gives almost zero video bitrate. This yields
two useful properties when LEDBAT is used with SCReAM; they help to
avoid the issues described in [LEDBAT-delay-impact]:
1. There is always a certain probability that SCReAM is short of
data to transmit; this means that the network queue will become
empty every once in a while.
2. The max video bitrate can be lower than the link capacity. If
the max video bitrate is 5 Mbps and the capacity is 10 Mbps, then
the network queue will become empty.
It is sufficient that any of the two conditions above is fulfilled to
make the base delay update properly. Furthermore,
[LEDBAT-delay-impact] describes an issue with short-lived competing
flows. In SCReAM, these short-lived flows will cause the self-
clocking to slow down, thereby building up the RTP queue; in turn,
this results in a reduced media video bitrate. Thus, SCReAM slows
the bitrate more when there are competing short-lived flows than the
traditional use of LEDBAT does. The basic functionality in the use
of LEDBAT in SCReAM is quite simple; however, there are a few steps
in order to make the concept work with conversational media:
o Congestion window validation techniques. These are similar to the
method described in [RFC7661]. Congestion window validation
ensures that the congestion window is limited by the actual number
bytes in flight; this is important especially in the context of
rate-limited sources such as video. Lack of congestion window
validation would lead to a slow reaction to congestion as the
congestion window does not properly reflect the congestion state
in the network. The allowed idle period in this memo is shorter
than in [RFC7661]; this to avoid excessive delays in the cases
where, e.g., wireless throughput has decreased during a period
where the output bitrate from the media coder has been low (for
instance, due to inactivity). Furthermore, this memo allows for
more relaxed rules for when the congestion window is allowed to
grow; this is necessary as the variable output bitrate generally
means that the congestion window is often underutilized.
o Fast increase mode makes the bitrate increase faster when no
congestion is detected. It makes the media bitrate ramp up within
5 to 10 seconds. The behavior is similar to TCP slowstart. Fast
increase mode is exited when congestion is detected. However,
fast increase mode can resume if the congestion level is low; this
enables a reasonably quick rate increase in case link throughput
increases.
o A qdelay trend is computed for earlier detection of incipient
congestion; as a result, it reduces jitter.
o Addition of a media rate control function.
o Use of inflection points in the media rate calculation to achieve
reduced jitter.
o Adjustment of qdelay target for better performance when competing
with other loss-based congestion-controlled flows.
The above-mentioned features will be described in more detail in
Sections 3.1 to 3.3. The full details are described in Section 4.
+---------------------------+
| Media encoder |
+---------------------------+
^ |
| |(1)
|(3) RTP
| V
| +-----------+
+---------+ | |
| Media | (2) | Queue |
| rate |<------| |
| control | |RTP packets|
+---------+ | |
+-----------+
|
|(4)
RTP
|
v
+------------+ +--------------+
| Network | (7) | Sender |
+-->| congestion |------>| Transmission |
| | control | | Control |
| +------------+ +--------------+
| |
|-------------RTCP----------| |(5)
(6) | RTP
| v
+------------+
| UDP |
| socket |
+------------+
Figure 1: SCReAM Sender Functional View
The SCReAM algorithm consists of three main parts: network congestion
control, sender transmission control, and media rate control. All of
these parts reside at the sender side. Figure 1 shows the functional
overview of a SCReAM sender. The receiver-side algorithm is very
simple in comparison, as it only generates feedback containing
acknowledgements of received RTP packets and an ECN count.
3.1. Network Congestion Control
The network congestion control sets an upper limit on how much data
can be in the network (bytes in flight); this limit is called CWND
(congestion window) and is used in the sender transmission control.
The SCReAM congestion control method uses techniques similar to
LEDBAT [RFC6817] to measure the qdelay. As is the case with LEDBAT,
it is not necessary to use synchronized clocks in the sender and
receiver in order to compute the qdelay. However, it is necessary
that they use the same clock frequency, or that the clock frequency
at the receiver can be inferred reliably by the sender. Failure to
meet this requirement leads to malfunction in the SCReAM congestion
control algorithm due to incorrect estimation of the network queue
delay.
The SCReAM sender calculates the congestion window based on the
feedback from the SCReAM receiver. The congestion window is allowed
to increase if the qdelay is below a predefined qdelay target;
otherwise, the congestion window decreases. The qdelay target is
typically set to 50-100 ms. This ensures that the queuing delay is
kept low. The reaction to loss or ECN events leads to an instant
reduction of CWND. Note that the source rate-limited nature of real-
time media, such as video, typically means that the queuing delay
will mostly be below the given delay target. This is contrary to the
case where large files are transmitted using LEDBAT congestion
control and the queuing delay will stay close to the delay target.
3.2. Sender Transmission Control
The sender transmission control limits the output of data, given by
the relation between the number of bytes in flight and the congestion
window. Packet pacing is used to mitigate issues with ACK
compression that MAY cause increased jitter and/or packet loss in the
media traffic. Packet pacing limits the packet transmission rate
given by the estimated link throughput. Even if the send window
allows for the transmission of a number of packets, these packets are
not transmitted immediately; rather, they are transmitted in
intervals given by the packet size and the estimated link throughput.
3.3. Media Rate Control
The media rate control serves to adjust the media bitrate to ramp up
quickly enough to get a fair share of the system resources when link
throughput increases.
The reaction to reduced throughput MUST be prompt in order to avoid
getting too much data queued in the RTP packet queue(s) in the
sender. The media bitrate is decreased if the RTP queue size exceeds
a threshold.
In cases where the sender's frame queues increase rapidly, such as in
the case of a Radio Access Type (RAT) handover, the SCReAM sender MAY
implement additional actions, such as discarding of encoded media
frames or frame skipping in order to ensure that the RTP queues are
drained quickly. Frame skipping results in the frame rate being
temporarily reduced. Which method to use is a design choice and is
outside the scope of this algorithm description.
4. Detailed Description of SCReAM
4.1. SCReAM Sender
This section describes the sender-side algorithm in more detail. It
is split between the network congestion control, sender transmission
control, and media rate control.
A SCReAM sender implements media rate control and an RTP queue for
each media type or source, where RTP packets containing encoded media
frames are temporarily stored for transmission. Figure 1 shows the
details when a single media source (or stream) is used. A
transmission scheduler (not shown in the figure) is added to support
multiple streams. The transmission scheduler can enforce differing
priorities between the streams and act like a coupled congestion
controller for multiple flows. Support for multiple streams is
implemented in [SCReAM-CPP-implementation].
Media frames are encoded and forwarded to the RTP queue (1) in
Figure 1. The media rate adaptation adapts to the size of the RTP
queue (2) and provides a target rate for the media encoder (3). The
RTP packets are picked from the RTP queue (4), for multiple flows
from each RTP queue based on some defined priority order or simply in
a round-robin fashion, by the sender transmission controller. The
sender transmission controller (in case of multiple flows a
transmission scheduler) sends the RTP packets to the UDP socket (5).
In the general case, all media SHOULD go through the sender
transmission controller and is limited so that the number of bytes in
flight is less than the congestion window. RTCP packets are received
(6) and the information about the bytes in flight and congestion
window is exchanged between the network congestion control and the
sender transmission control (7).
4.1.1. Constants and Parameter Values
Constants and state variables are listed in this section. Temporary
variables are not listed; instead, they are appended with '_t' in the
pseudocode to indicate their local scope.
4.1.1.1. Constants
The RECOMMENDED values, within parentheses "()", for the constants
are deduced from experiments.
QDELAY_TARGET_LO (0.1 s)
Target value for the minimum qdelay.
QDELAY_TARGET_HI (0.4 s)
Target value for the maximum qdelay. This parameter provides an
upper limit to how much the target qdelay (qdelay_target) can be
increased in order to cope with competing loss-based flows.
However, the target qdelay does not have to be initialized to this
high value, as it would increase end-to-end delay and also make the
rate control and congestion control loops sluggish.
QDELAY_WEIGHT (0.1)
Averaging factor for qdelay_fraction_avg.
QDELAY_TREND_TH (0.2)
Threshold for the detection of incipient congestion.
MIN_CWND (3000 bytes)
Minimum congestion window.
MAX_BYTES_IN_FLIGHT_HEAD_ROOM (1.1)
Headroom for the limitation of CWND.
GAIN (1.0)
Gain factor for congestion window adjustment.
BETA_LOSS (0.8)
CWND scale factor due to loss event.
BETA_ECN (0.9)
CWND scale factor due to ECN event.
BETA_R (0.9)
Scale factor for target rate due to loss event.
MSS (1000 byte)
Maximum segment size = Max RTP packet size.
RATE_ADJUST_INTERVAL (0.2 s)
Interval between media bitrate adjustments.
TARGET_BITRATE_MIN
Minimum target bitrate in bps (bits per second).
TARGET_BITRATE_MAX
Maximum target bitrate in bps.
RAMP_UP_SPEED (200000 bps/s)
Maximum allowed rate increase speed.
PRE_CONGESTION_GUARD (0.0..1.0)
Guard factor against early congestion onset. A higher value gives
less jitter, possibly at the expense of a lower link utilization.
This value MAY be subject to tuning depending on e.g., media coder
characteristics. Experiments with H264 and VP8 indicate that 0.1
is a suitable value. See [SCReAM-CPP-implementation] and
[SCReAM-implementation-experience] for evaluation of a real
implementation.
TX_QUEUE_SIZE_FACTOR (0.0..2.0)
Guard factor against RTP queue buildup. This value MAY be subject
to tuning depending on, e.g., media coder characteristics.
Experiments with H264 and VP8 indicate that 1.0 is a suitable
value. See [SCReAM-CPP-implementation] and
[SCReAM-implementation-experience] for evaluation of a real
implementation.
RTP_QDELAY_TH (0.02 s) RTP queue delay threshold for a target rate
reduction.
TARGET_RATE_SCALE_RTP_QDELAY (0.95) Scale factor for target rate
when RTP qdelay threshold exceeds RTP_QDELAY_TH.
QDELAY_TREND_LO (0.2) Threshold value for qdelay_trend.
T_RESUME_FAST_INCREASE (5 s) Time span until fast increase mode can
be resumed, given that the qdelay_trend is below QDELAY_TREND_LO.
RATE_PACE_MIN (50000 bps) Minimum pacing rate.
4.1.1.2. State Variables
The values within parentheses "()" indicate initial values.
qdelay_target (QDELAY_TARGET_LO)
qdelay target, a variable qdelay target is introduced to manage
cases where a fixed qdelay target would otherwise starve the RMCAT
flow under such circumstances (e.g., FTP competes for the bandwidth
over the same bottleneck). The qdelay target is allowed to vary
between QDELAY_TARGET_LO and QDELAY_TARGET_HI.
qdelay_fraction_avg (0.0)
Fractional qdelay filtered by the Exponentially Weighted Moving
Average (EWMA).
qdelay_fraction_hist[20] ({0,..,0})
Vector of the last 20 fractional qdelay samples.
qdelay_trend (0.0)
qdelay trend; indicates incipient congestion.
qdelay_trend_mem (0.0)
Low-pass filtered version of qdelay_trend.
qdelay_norm_hist[100] ({0,..,0})
Vector of the last 100 normalized qdelay samples.
in_fast_increase (true)
True if in fast increase mode.
cwnd (MIN_CWND)
Congestion window.
bytes_newly_acked (0)
The number of bytes that was acknowledged with the last received
acknowledgement, i.e., bytes acknowledged since the last CWND
update.
max_bytes_in_flight (0)
The maximum number of bytes in flight over a sliding time window,
i.e., transmitted but not yet acknowledged bytes.
send_wnd (0)
Upper limit to how many bytes can currently be transmitted.
Updated when cwnd is updated and when RTP packet is transmitted.
target_bitrate (0 bps)
Media target bitrate.
target_bitrate_last_max (1 bps)
Inflection point of the media target bitrate, i.e., the last known
highest target_bitrate. Used to limit bitrate increase speed close
to the last known congestion point.
rate_transmit (0.0 bps)
Measured transmit bitrate.
rate_ack (0.0 bps)
Measured throughput based on received acknowledgements.
rate_media (0.0 bps)
Measured bitrate from the media encoder.
rate_media_median (0.0 bps)
Median value of rate_media, computed over more than 10 s.
s_rtt (0.0s)
Smoothed RTT (in seconds), computed with a similar method to that
described in [RFC6298].
rtp_queue_size (0 bits)
Sum of the sizes of RTP packets in queue.
rtp_size (0 byte)
Size of the last transmitted RTP packet.
loss_event_rate (0.0)
The estimated fraction of RTTs with lost packets detected.
4.1.2. Network Congestion Control
This section explains the network congestion control, which performs
two main functions:
o Computation of congestion window at the sender: This gives an
upper limit to the number of bytes in flight.
o Calculation of send window at the sender: RTP packets are
transmitted if allowed by the relation between the number of bytes
in flight and the congestion window. This is controlled by the
send window.
SCReAM is a window-based and byte-oriented congestion control
protocol, where the number of bytes transmitted is inferred from the
size of the transmitted RTP packets. Thus, a list of transmitted RTP
packets and their respective transmission times (wall-clock time)
MUST be kept for further calculation.
The number of bytes in flight (bytes_in_flight) is computed as the
sum of the sizes of the RTP packets ranging from the RTP packet most
recently transmitted, down to but not including the acknowledged
packet with the highest sequence number. This can be translated to
the difference between the highest transmitted byte sequence number
and the highest acknowledged byte sequence number. As an example: If
an RTP packet with sequence number SN is transmitted and the last
acknowledgement indicates SN-5 as the highest received sequence
number, then bytes_in_flight is computed as the sum of the size of
RTP packets with sequence number SN-4, SN-3, SN-2, SN-1, and SN. It
does not matter if, for instance, the packet with sequence number
SN-3 was lost -- the size of RTP packet with sequence number SN-3
will still be considered in the computation of bytes_in_flight.
Furthermore, a variable bytes_newly_acked is incremented with a value
corresponding to how much the highest sequence number has increased
since the last feedback. As an example: If the previous
acknowledgement indicated the highest sequence number N and the new
acknowledgement indicated N+3, then bytes_newly_acked is incremented
by a value equal to the sum of the sizes of RTP packets with sequence
number N+1, N+2, and N+3. Packets that are lost are also included,
which means that even though, e.g., packet N+2 was lost, its size is
still included in the update of bytes_newly_acked. The
bytes_newly_acked variable is reset to zero after a CWND update.
The feedback from the receiver is assumed to consist of the following
elements.
o A list of received RTP packets' sequence numbers.
o The wall-clock timestamp corresponding to the received RTP packet
with the highest sequence number.
o The accumulated number of ECN-CE-marked packets (n_ECN). Here,
"CE" refers to "Congestion Experienced".
When the sender receives RTCP feedback, the qdelay is calculated as
outlined in [RFC6817]. A qdelay sample is obtained for each received
acknowledgement. No smoothing of the qdelay is performed; however,
some smoothing occurs anyway because the CWND computation is a low-
pass filter function. A number of variables are updated as
illustrated by the pseudocode below; temporary variables are appended
with '_t'. As mentioned in Section 6, calculation of the proper
congestion window and media bitrate may benefit from additional
optimizations to handle very high and very low bitrates, and from
additional damping to handle periodic packet bursts. Some such
optimizations are implemented in [SCReAM-CPP-implementation], but
they do not form part of the specification of SCReAM at this time.
<CODE BEGINS>
update_variables(qdelay):
qdelay_fraction_t = qdelay / qdelay_target
# Calculate moving average
qdelay_fraction_avg = (1 - QDELAY_WEIGHT) * qdelay_fraction_avg +
QDELAY_WEIGHT * qdelay_fraction_t
update_qdelay_fraction_hist(qdelay_fraction_t)
# Compute the average of the values in qdelay_fraction_hist
avg_t = average(qdelay_fraction_hist)
# R is an autocorrelation function of qdelay_fraction_hist,
# with the mean (DC component) removed, at lag K
# The subtraction of the scalar avg_t from
# qdelay_fraction_hist is performed element-wise
a_t = R(qdelay_fraction_hist-avg_t, 1) /
R(qdelay_fraction_hist-avg_t, 0)
# Calculate qdelay trend
qdelay_trend = min(1.0, max(0.0, a_t * qdelay_fraction_avg))
# Calculate a 'peak-hold' qdelay_trend; this gives a memory
# of congestion in the past
qdelay_trend_mem = max(0.99 * qdelay_trend_mem, qdelay_trend)
<CODE ENDS>
The qdelay fraction is sampled every 50 ms, and the last 20 samples
are stored in a vector (qdelay_fraction_hist). This vector is used
in the computation of a qdelay trend that gives a value between 0.0
and 1.0 depending on the estimated congestion level. The prediction
coefficient 'a_t' has positive values if qdelay shows an increasing
or decreasing trend; thus, an indication of congestion is obtained
before the qdelay target is reached. As a side effect, if qdelay
decreases, it's taken as a sign of congestion; however, experiments
have shown that this is beneficial, as increasing or decreasing queue
delay is an indication that the transmit rate is very close to the
path capacity.
The autocorrelation function 'R' is defined as follows. Let x be a
vector constituting N values, the biased autocorrelation function for
a given lag=k for the vector x is given by.
n=N-k
R(x,k) = SUM x(n) * x(n + k)
n=1
The prediction coefficient is further multiplied with
qdelay_fraction_avg to reduce sensitivity to increasing qdelay when
it is very small. The 50 ms sampling is a simplification that could
have the effect that the same qdelay is sampled several times;
however, this does not pose any problem, as the vector is only used
to determine if the qdelay is increasing or decreasing. The
qdelay_trend is utilized in the media rate control to indicate
incipient congestion and to determine when to exit from fast increase
mode. qdelay_trend_mem is used to enforce a less aggressive rate
increase after congestion events. The function
update_qdelay_fraction_hist(..) removes the oldest element and adds
the latest qdelay_fraction element to the qdelay_fraction_hist
vector.
4.1.2.1. Reaction to Packet Loss and ECN
A loss event is indicated if one or more RTP packets are declared
missing. The loss detection is described in Section 4.1.2.4. Once a
loss event is detected, further detected lost RTP packets SHOULD be
ignored for a full smoothed round-trip time; the intention is to
limit the congestion window decrease to at most once per round trip.
The congestion window back-off due to loss events is deliberately a
bit less than is the case with TCP Reno, for example. TCP is
generally used to transmit whole files; the file is then like a
source with an infinite bitrate until the whole file has been
transmitted. SCReAM, on the other hand, has a source whose rate is
limited to a value close to the available transmit rate and often
below that value; the effect is that SCReAM has less opportunity to
grab free capacity than a TCP-based file transfer. To compensate for
this, it is RECOMMENDED to let SCReAM reduce the congestion window
less than what is the case with TCP when loss events occur.
An ECN event is detected if the n_ECN counter in the feedback report
has increased since the previous received feedback. Once an ECN
event is detected, the n_ECN counter is ignored for a full smoothed
round-trip time; the intention is to limit the congestion window
decrease to at most once per round trip. The congestion window back-
off due to an ECN event MAY be smaller than if a loss event occurs.
This is in line with the idea outlined in [ALT-BACKOFF] to enable ECN
marking thresholds lower than the corresponding packet drop
thresholds.
4.1.2.2. Congestion Window Update
The update of the congestion window depends on if loss, ECN-marking,
or neither of the two occurs. The pseudocode below describes the
actions for each case.
<CODE BEGINS>
on congestion event(qdelay):
# Either loss or ECN mark is detected
in_fast_increase = false
if (is loss)
# Loss is detected
cwnd = max(MIN_CWND, cwnd * BETA_LOSS)
else
# No loss, so it is then an ECN mark
cwnd = max(MIN_CWND, cwnd * BETA_ECN)
end
adjust_qdelay_target(qdelay) #compensating for competing flows
calculate_send_window(qdelay, qdelay_target)
# When no congestion event
on acknowledgement(qdelay):
update_bytes_newly_acked()
update_cwnd(bytes_newly_acked)
adjust_qdelay_target(qdelay) # compensating for competing flows
calculate_send_window(qdelay, qdelay_target)
check_to_resume_fast_increase()
<CODE ENDS>
The methods are described in detail below.
The congestion window update is based on qdelay, except for the
occurrence of loss events (one or more lost RTP packets in one RTT)
or ECN events, which were described earlier.
Pseudocode for the update of the congestion window is found below.
<CODE BEGINS>
update_cwnd(bytes_newly_acked):
# In fast increase mode?
if (in_fast_increase)
if (qdelay_trend >= QDELAY_TREND_TH)
# Incipient congestion detected; exit fast increase mode
in_fast_increase = false
else
# No congestion yet; increase cwnd if it
# is sufficiently used
# Additional slack of bytes_newly_acked is
# added to ensure that CWND growth occurs
# even when feedback is sparse
if (bytes_in_flight * 1.5 + bytes_newly_acked > cwnd)
cwnd = cwnd + bytes_newly_acked
end
return
end
end
# Not in fast increase mode
# off_target calculated as with LEDBAT
off_target_t = (qdelay_target - qdelay) / qdelay_target
gain_t = GAIN
# Adjust congestion window
cwnd_delta_t =
gain_t * off_target_t * bytes_newly_acked * MSS / cwnd
if (off_target_t > 0 &&
bytes_in_flight * 1.25 + bytes_newly_acked <= cwnd)
# No cwnd increase if window is underutilized
# Additional slack of bytes_newly_acked is
# added to ensure that CWND growth occurs
# even when feedback is sparse
cwnd_delta_t = 0;
end
# Apply delta
cwnd += cwnd_delta_t
# limit cwnd to the maximum number of bytes in flight
cwnd = min(cwnd, max_bytes_in_flight *
MAX_BYTES_IN_FLIGHT_HEAD_ROOM)
cwnd = max(cwnd, MIN_CWND)
<CODE ENDS>
CWND is updated differently depending on whether or not the
congestion control is in fast increase mode, as controlled by the
variable in_fast_increase.
When in fast increase mode, the congestion window is increased with
the number of newly acknowledged bytes as long as the window is
sufficiently used. Sparse feedback can potentially limit congestion
window growth; therefore, additional slack is added, given by the
number of newly acknowledged bytes.
The congestion window growth when in_fast_increase is false is
dictated by the relation between qdelay and qdelay_target; congestion
window growth is limited if the window is not used sufficiently.
SCReAM calculates the GAIN in a similar way to what is specified in
[RFC6817]. However, [RFC6817] specifies that the CWND increase is
limited by an additional function controlled by a constant
ALLOWED_INCREASE. This additional limitation is removed in this
specification.
Further, the CWND is limited by max_bytes_in_flight and MIN_CWND.
The limitation of the congestion window by the maximum number of
bytes in flight over the last 5 seconds (max_bytes_in_flight) avoids
possible overestimation of the throughput after, for example, idle
periods. An additional MAX_BYTES_IN_FLIGHT_HEAD_ROOM provides slack
to allow for a certain amount of variability in the media coder
output rate.
4.1.2.3. Competing Flows Compensation
It is likely that a flow using the SCReAM algorithm will have to
share congested bottlenecks with other flows that use a more
aggressive congestion control algorithm (for example, large FTP flows
using loss-based congestion control). The worst condition occurs
when the bottleneck queues are of tail-drop type with a large buffer
size. SCReAM takes care of such situations by adjusting the
qdelay_target when loss-based flows are detected, as shown in the
pseudocode below.
<CODE BEGINS>
adjust_qdelay_target(qdelay)
qdelay_norm_t = qdelay / QDELAY_TARGET_LOW
update_qdelay_norm_history(qdelay_norm_t)
# Compute variance
qdelay_norm_var_t = VARIANCE(qdelay_norm_history(200))
# Compensation for competing traffic
# Compute average
qdelay_norm_avg_t = AVERAGE(qdelay_norm_history(50))
# Compute upper limit to target delay
new_target_t = qdelay_norm_avg_t + sqrt(qdelay_norm_var_t)
new_target_t *= QDELAY_TARGET_LO
if (loss_event_rate > 0.002)
# Packet losses detected
qdelay_target = 1.5 * new_target_t
else
if (qdelay_norm_var_t < 0.2)
# Reasonably safe to set target qdelay
qdelay_target = new_target_t
else
# Check if target delay can be reduced; this helps prevent
# the target delay from being locked to high values forever
if (new_target_t < QDELAY_TARGET_LO)
# Decrease target delay quickly, as measured queuing
# delay is lower than target
qdelay_target = max(qdelay_target * 0.5, new_target_t)
else
# Decrease target delay slowly
qdelay_target *= 0.9
end
end
end
# Apply limits
qdelay_target = min(QDELAY_TARGET_HI, qdelay_target)
qdelay_target = max(QDELAY_TARGET_LO, qdelay_target)
<CODE ENDS>
Two temporary variables are calculated. qdelay_norm_avg_t is the
long-term average queue delay, qdelay_norm_var_t is the long-term
variance of the queue delay. A high qdelay_norm_var_t indicates that
the queue delay changes; this can be an indication that bottleneck
bandwidth is reduced or that a competing flow has just entered.
Thus, it indicates that it is not safe to adjust the queue delay
target.
A low qdelay_norm_var_t indicates that the queue delay is relatively
stable. The reason could be that the queue delay is low, but it
could also be that a competing flow is causing the bottleneck to
reach the point that packet losses start to occur, in which case the
queue delay will stay relatively high for a longer time.
The queue delay target is allowed to be increased if either the loss
event rate is above a given threshold or qdelay_norm_var_t is low.
Both these conditions indicate that a competing flow may be present.
In all other cases, the queue delay target is decreased.
The function that adjusts the qdelay_target is simple and could
produce false positives and false negatives. The case that self-
inflicted congestion by the SCReAM algorithm may be falsely
interpreted as the presence of competing loss-based FTP flows is a
false positive. The opposite case -- where the algorithm fails to
detect the presence of a competing FTP flow -- is a false negative.
Extensive simulations have shown that the algorithm performs well in
LTE test cases and that it also performs well in simple bandwidth-
limited bottleneck test cases with competing FTP flows. However, the
potential failure of the algorithm cannot be completely ruled out. A
false positive (i.e., when self-inflicted congestion is mistakenly
identified as competing flows) is especially problematic when it
leads to increasing the target queue delay, which can cause the end-
to-end delay to increase dramatically.
If it is deemed unlikely that competing flows occur over the same
bottleneck, the algorithm described in this section MAY be turned
off. One such case is QoS-enabled bearers in 3GPP-based access such
as LTE. However, when sending over the Internet, often the network
conditions are not known for sure, so in general it is not possible
to make safe assumptions on how a network is used and whether or not
competing flows share the same bottleneck. Therefore, turning this
algorithm off must be considered with caution, as it can lead to
basically zero throughput if competing with loss-based traffic.
4.1.2.4. Lost Packet Detection
Lost packet detection is based on the received sequence number list.
A reordering window SHOULD be applied to prevent packet reordering
from triggering loss events. The reordering window is specified as a
time unit, similar to the ideas behind Recent ACKnowledgement (RACK)
[RACK]. The computation of the reordering window is made possible by
means of a lost flag in the list of transmitted RTP packets. This
flag is set if the received sequence number list indicates that the
given RTP packet is missing. If later feedback indicates that a
previously lost marked packet was indeed received, then the
reordering window is updated to reflect the reordering delay. The
reordering window is given by the difference in time between the
event that the packet was marked as lost and the event that it was
indicated as successfully received. Loss is detected if a given RTP
packet is not acknowledged within a time window (indicated by the
reordering window) after an RTP packet with a higher sequence number
was acknowledged.
4.1.2.5. Send Window Calculation
The basic design principle behind packet transmission in SCReAM is to
allow transmission only if the number of bytes in flight is less than
the congestion window. There are, however, two reasons why this
strict rule will not work optimally:
o Bitrate variations: Media sources such as video encoders generally
produce frames whose size always vary to a larger or smaller
extent. The RTP queue absorbs the natural variations in frame
sizes. However, the RTP queue should be as short as possible to
prevent the end-to-end delay from increasing. To achieve that,
the media rate control takes the RTP queue size into account when
the target bitrate for the media is computed. A strict 'send only
when bytes in flight is less than the congestion window' rule can
cause the RTP queue to grow simply because the send window is
limited; in turn, this can cause the target bitrate to be pushed
down. The consequence is that the congestion window will not
increase, or will increase very slowly, because the congestion
window is only allowed to increase when there is a sufficient
amount of data in flight. The final effect is that the media
bitrate increases very slowly or not at all.
o Reverse (feedback) path congestion: Especially in transport over
buffer-bloated networks, the one-way delay in the reverse
direction can jump due to congestion. The effect is that the
acknowledgements are delayed, and the self-clocking is temporarily
halted, even though the forward path is not congested.
The send window is adjusted depending on qdelay, its relation to the
qdelay target, and the relation between the congestion window and the
number of bytes in flight. A strict rule is applied when qdelay is
higher than qdelay_target, to avoid further queue buildup in the
network. For cases when qdelay is lower than the qdelay_target, a
more relaxed rule is applied. This allows the bitrate to increase
quickly when no congestion is detected while still being able to
exhibit stable behavior in congested situations.
The send window is given by the relation between the adjusted
congestion window and the amount of bytes in flight according to the
pseudocode below.
<CODE BEGINS>
calculate_send_window(qdelay, qdelay_target)
# send window is computed differently depending on congestion level
if (qdelay <= qdelay_target)
send_wnd = cwnd + MSS - bytes_in_flight
else
send_wnd = cwnd - bytes_in_flight
end
<CODE ENDS>
The send window is updated whenever an RTP packet is transmitted or
an RTCP feedback messaged is received.
4.1.2.6. Packet Pacing
Packet pacing is used in order to mitigate coalescing, i.e., when
packets are transmitted in bursts, with the risks of increased jitter
and potentially increased packet loss. Packet pacing also mitigates
possible issues with queue overflow due to key-frame generation in
video coders. The time interval between consecutive packet
transmissions is greater than or equal to t_pace, where t_pace is
given by the equations below :
<CODE BEGINS>
pace_bitrate = max (RATE_PACE_MIN, cwnd * 8 / s_rtt)
t_pace = rtp_size * 8 / pace_bitrate
<CODE ENDS>
rtp_size is the size of the last transmitted RTP packet, and s_rtt is
the smoothed round trip time. RATE_PACE_MIN is the minimum pacing
rate.
4.1.2.7. Resuming Fast Increase Mode
Fast increase mode can resume in order to speed up the bitrate
increase if congestion abates. The condition to resume fast increase
mode (in_fast_increase = true) is that qdelay_trend is less than
QDELAY_TREND_LO for T_RESUME_FAST_INCREASE seconds or more.
4.1.2.8. Stream Prioritization
The SCReAM algorithm makes a good distinction between network
congestion control and media rate control. This is easily extended
to many streams -- RTP packets from two or more RTP queues are
scheduled at the rate permitted by the network congestion control.
The scheduling can be done by means of a few different scheduling
regimes. For example, the method for coupled congestion control
specified in [COUPLED-CC] can be used. One implementation of SCReAM
[SCReAM-CPP-implementation] uses credit-based scheduling. In credit-
based scheduling, credit is accumulated by queues as they wait for
service and is spent while the queues are being serviced. For
instance, if one queue is allowed to transmit 1000 bytes, then a
credit of 1000 bytes is allocated to the other unscheduled queues.
This principle can be extended to weighted scheduling, where the
credit allocated to unscheduled queues depends on the relative
weights. The latter is also implemented in
[SCReAM-CPP-implementation].
4.1.3. Media Rate Control
The media rate control algorithm is executed at regular intervals,
indicated by RATE_ADJUSTMENT_INTERVAL, with the exception of a prompt
reaction to loss events. The media rate control operates based on
the size of the RTP packet send queue and observed loss events. In
addition, qdelay_trend is also considered in the media rate control
in order to reduce the amount of induced network jitter.
The role of the media rate control is to strike a reasonable balance
between a low amount of queuing in the RTP queue(s) and a sufficient
amount of data to send in order to keep the data path busy. Setting
the media rate control too cautiously leads to possible
underutilization of network capacity; this can cause the flow to
become starved out by other more opportunistic traffic. On the other
hand, setting it too aggressively leads to increased jitter.
The target_bitrate is adjusted depending on the congestion state.
The target bitrate can vary between a minimum value
(TARGET_BITRATE_MIN) and a maximum value (TARGET_BITRATE_MAX).
TARGET_BITRATE_MIN SHOULD be set to a low enough value to prevent RTP
packets from becoming queued up when the network throughput is
reduced. The sender SHOULD also be equipped with a mechanism that
discards RTP packets when the network throughput becomes very low and
RTP packets are excessively delayed.
For the overall bitrate adjustment, two network throughput estimates
are computed :
o rate_transmit: The measured transmit bitrate.
o rate_ack: The ACKed bitrate, i.e., the volume of ACKed bits per
second.
Both estimates are updated every 200 ms.
The current throughput, current_rate, is computed as the maximum
value of rate_transmit and rate_ack. The rationale behind the use of
rate_ack in addition to rate_transmit is that rate_transmit is
affected also by the amount of data that is available to transmit,
thus a lack of data to transmit can be seen as reduced throughput
that can cause an unnecessary rate reduction. To overcome this
shortcoming, rate_ack is used as well. This gives a more stable
throughput estimate.
The rate change behavior depends on whether a loss or ECN event has
occurred and whether the congestion control is in fast increase mode.
<CODE BEGINS>
# The target_bitrate is updated at a regular interval according
# to RATE_ADJUST_INTERVAL
on loss:
# Loss event detected
target_bitrate = max(BETA_R * target_bitrate,
TARGET_BITRATE_MIN)
exit
on ecn_mark:
# ECN event detected
target_bitrate = max(BETA_ECN * target_bitrate,
TARGET_BITRATE_MIN)
exit
ramp_up_speed_t = min(RAMP_UP_SPEED, target_bitrate / 2.0)
scale_t = (target_bitrate - target_bitrate_last_max) /
target_bitrate_last_max
scale_t = max(0.2, min(1.0, (scale_t * 4)^2))
# min scale_t value 0.2, as the bitrate should be allowed to
# increase slowly. This prevents locking the rate to
# target_bitrate_last_max
if (in_fast_increase = true)
increment_t = ramp_up_speed_t * RATE_ADJUST_INTERVAL
increment_t *= scale_t
target_bitrate += increment_t
else
current_rate_t = max(rate_transmit, rate_ack)
# Compute a bitrate change
delta_rate_t = current_rate_t * (1.0 - PRE_CONGESTION_GUARD *
queue_delay_trend) - TX_QUEUE_SIZE_FACTOR * rtp_queue_size
# Limit a positive increase if close to target_bitrate_last_max
if (delta_rate_t > 0)
delta_rate_t *= scale_t
delta_rate_t =
min(delta_rate_t, ramp_up_speed_t * RATE_ADJUST_INTERVAL)
end
target_bitrate += delta_rate_t
# Force a slight reduction in bitrate if RTP queue
# builds up
rtp_queue_delay_t = rtp_queue_size / current_rate_t
if (rtp_queue_delay_t > RTP_QDELAY_TH)
target_bitrate *= TARGET_RATE_SCALE_RTP_QDELAY
end
end
rate_media_limit_t =
max(current_rate_t, max(rate_media, rtp_rate_median))
rate_media_limit_t *= (2.0 - qdelay_trend_mem)
target_bitrate = min(target_bitrate, rate_media_limit_t)
target_bitrate = min(TARGET_BITRATE_MAX,
max(TARGET_BITRATE_MIN, target_bitrate))
<CODE ENDS>
In case of a loss event, the target_bitrate is updated and the rate
change procedure is exited. Otherwise, the rate change procedure
continues. The rationale behind the rate reduction due to loss is
that a congestion window reduction will take effect, and a rate
reduction proactively prevents RTP packets from being queued up when
the transmit rate decreases due to the reduced congestion window. A
similar rate reduction happens when ECN events are detected.
The rate update frequency is limited by RATE_ADJUST_INTERVAL, unless
a loss event occurs. The value is based on experimentation with
real-life limitations in video coders taken into account
[SCReAM-CPP-implementation]. A too short interval is shown to make
the rate control loop in video coders more unstable; a too long
interval makes the overall congestion control sluggish.
When in fast increase mode (in_fast_increase = true), the bitrate
increase is given by the desired ramp-up speed (RAMP_UP_SPEED). The
ramp-up speed is limited when the target bitrate is low to avoid rate
oscillation at low bottleneck bitrates. The setting of RAMP_UP_SPEED
depends on preferences. A high setting such as 1000 kbps/s makes it
possible to quickly get high-quality media; however, this is at the
expense of increased jitter, which can manifest itself as choppy
video rendering, for example.
When in_fast_increase is false, the bitrate increase is given by the
current bitrate and is also controlled by the estimated RTP queue and
the qdelay trend, thus it is sufficient that an increased congestion
level is sensed by the network congestion control to limit the
bitrate. The target_bitrate_last_max is updated when congestion is
detected.
Finally, the target_bitrate is within the defined min and max values.
The aware reader may notice the dependency on the qdelay in the
computation of the target bitrate; this manifests itself in the use
of the qdelay_trend. As these parameters are used also in the
network congestion control, one may suspect some odd interaction
between the media rate control and the network congestion control.
This is in fact the case if the parameter PRE_CONGESTION_GUARD is set
to a high value. The use of qdelay_trend in the media rate control
is solely to reduce jitter; the dependency can be removed by setting
PRE_CONGESTION_GUARD=0. The effect is a somewhat larger rate
increase after congestion, at the expense of increased jitter in
congested situations.
4.2. SCReAM Receiver
The simple task of the SCReAM receiver is to feed back
acknowledgements of received packets and total ECN count to the
SCReAM sender. In addition, the receive time of the RTP packet with
the highest sequence number is echoed back. Upon reception of each
RTP packet, the receiver MUST maintain enough information to send the
aforementioned values to the SCReAM sender via an RTCP transport-
layer feedback message. The frequency of the feedback message
depends on the available RTCP bandwidth. The requirements on the
feedback elements and the feedback interval are described below.
4.2.1. Requirements on Feedback Elements
The following feedback elements are REQUIRED for basic functionality
in SCReAM.
o A list of received RTP packets. This list SHOULD be sufficiently
long to cover all received RTP packets. This list can be realized
with the Loss RLE (Run Length Encoding) Report Block in [RFC3611].
o A wall-clock timestamp corresponding to the received RTP packet
with the highest sequence number is required in order to compute
the qdelay. This can be realized by means of the Packet Receipt
Times Report Block in [RFC3611]. begin_seq MUST be set to the
highest received sequence number (which has possibly wrapped
around); end_seq MUST be set to begin_seq+1 modulo 65536. The
timestamp clock MAY be set according to [RFC3611], i.e., equal to
the RTP timestamp clock. Detailed individual packet receive times
are not necessary, as SCReAM does currently not describe how they
can be used.
The basic feedback needed for SCReAM involves the use of the Loss RLE
Report Block and the Packet Receipt Times Report Block as shown in
Figure 2.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|V=2|P|reserved | PT=XR=207 | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SSRC |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| BT=2 | rsvd. | T=0 | block length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SSRC of source |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| begin_seq | end_seq |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| chunk 1 | chunk 2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
: ... :
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| chunk n-1 | chunk n |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| BT=3 | rsvd. | T=0 | block length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| SSRC of source |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| begin_seq | end_seq |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Receipt time of packet begin_seq |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Basic Feedback Message for SCReAM, Based on RFC 3611
In a typical use case, no more than four Loss RLE chunks are needed,
thus the feedback message will be 44 bytes. It is obvious from
Figure 2 that there is a lot of redundant information in the feedback
message. A more optimized feedback format, including the additional
feedback elements listed below, could reduce the feedback message
size a bit.
An additional feedback element that can improve the performance of
SCReAM is:
o Accumulated number of ECN-CE-marked packets (n_ECN). For
instance, this can be realized with the ECN Feedback Report Format
in [RFC6679]. The given feedback report format is slightly
overkill, as SCReAM would do quite well with only a counter that
increments by one for each received packet with the ECN-CE
codepoint set. The more bulky format could nevertheless be useful
for, e.g., ECN black-hole detection.
4.2.2. Requirements on Feedback Intensity
SCReAM benefits from relatively frequent feedback. It is RECOMMENDED
that a SCReAM implementation follows the guidelines below.
The feedback interval depends on the media bitrate. At low bitrates,
it is sufficient with a feedback interval of 100 to 400 ms; while at
high bitrates, a feedback interval of roughly 20 ms is preferred. At
very high bitrates, even shorter feedback intervals MAY be needed in
order to keep the self-clocking in SCReAM working well. One
indication that feedback is too sparse is that the SCReAM
implementation cannot reach high bitrates, even in uncongested links.
More frequent feedback might solve this issue.
The numbers above can be formulated as a feedback interval function
that can be useful for the computation of the desired RTCP bandwidth.
The following equation expresses the feedback rate:
rate_fb = min(50, max(2.5, rate_media / 10000))
rate_media is the RTP media bitrate expressed in bps; rate_fb is the
feedback rate expressed in packets/s. Converting to feedback
interval, we get:
fb_int = 1.0 / min(50, max(2.5, rate_media / 10000))
The transmission interval is not critical. So, in the case of multi-
stream handling between two hosts, the feedback for two or more
synchronization sources (SSRCs) can be bundled to save UDP/IP
overhead. However, the final realized feedback interval SHOULD not
exceed 2*fb_int in such cases, meaning that a scheduled feedback
transmission event should not be delayed more than fb_int.
SCReAM works with AVPF regular mode; immediate or early mode is not
required by SCReAM but can nonetheless be useful for RTCP messages
not directly related to SCReAM, such as those specified in [RFC4585].
It is RECOMMENDED to use reduced-size RTCP [RFC5506], where regular
full compound RTCP transmission is controlled by trr-int as described
in [RFC4585].
5. Discussion
This section covers a few discussion points.
o Clock drift: SCReAM can suffer from the same issues with clock
drift as is the case with LEDBAT [RFC6817]. However, Appendix A.2
in [RFC6817] describes ways to mitigate issues with clock drift.
o Support for alternate ECN semantics: This specification adopts the
proposal in [ALT-BACKOFF] to reduce the congestion window less
when ECN-based congestion events are detected. Future work on Low
Loss, Low Latency for Scalable throughput (L4S) may lead to
updates in a future document that describes SCReAM support for
L4S.
o A new transport-layer feedback message (as specified in RFC 4585)
could be standardized if the use of the already existing RTCP
extensions as described in Section 4.2 is not deemed sufficient.
o The target bitrate given by SCReAM is the bitrate including the
RTP and Forward Error Correction (FEC) overhead. The media
encoder SHOULD take this overhead into account when the media
bitrate is set. This means that the media coder bitrate SHOULD be
computed as
media_rate = target_bitrate - rtp_plus_fec_overhead_bitrate
It is not necessary to make a 100% perfect compensation for the
overhead, as the SCReAM algorithm will inherently compensate for
moderate errors. Under-compensating for the overhead has the
effect of increasing jitter, while overcompensating will cause the
bottleneck link to become underutilized.
6. Suggested Experiments
SCReAM has been evaluated in a number of different ways, mostly in a
simulator. The OpenWebRTC implementation work ([OpenWebRTC] and
[SCReAM-implementation]) involved extensive testing with artificial
bottlenecks with varying bandwidths and using two different video
coders (OpenH264 and VP9).
Preferably, further experiments will be done by means of
implementation in real clients and web browsers. RECOMMENDED
experiments are:
o Trials with various access technologies: EDGE/3G/4G, Wi-Fi, DSL.
Some experiments have already been carried out with LTE access;
see [SCReAM-CPP-implementation] and
[SCReAM-implementation-experience].
o Trials with different kinds of media: Audio, video, slideshow
content. Evaluation of multi-stream handling in SCReAM.
o Evaluation of functionality of the compensation mechanism when
there are competing flows: Evaluate how SCReAM performs with
competing TCP-like traffic and to what extent the compensation for
competing flows causes self-inflicted congestion.
o Determine proper parameters: A set of default parameters are given
that makes SCReAM work over a reasonably large operation range.
However, for very low or very high bitrates, it may be necessary
to use different values for the RAMP_UP_SPEED, for instance.
o Experimentation with further improvements to the congestion window
and media bitrate calculation. [SCReAM-CPP-implementation]
implements some optimizations, not described in this memo, that
improve performance slightly. Further experiments are likely to
lead to more optimizations of the algorithm.
7. IANA Considerations
This document does not require any IANA actions.
8. Security Considerations
The feedback can be vulnerable to attacks similar to those that can
affect TCP. It is therefore RECOMMENDED that the RTCP feedback is at
least integrity protected. Furthermore, as SCReAM is self-clocked, a
malicious middlebox can drop RTCP feedback packets and thus cause the
self-clocking in SCReAM to stall. However, this attack is mitigated
by the minimum send rate maintained by SCReAM when no feedback is
received.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC3611] Friedman, T., Ed., Caceres, R., Ed., and A. Clark, Ed.,
"RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)",
RFC 3611, DOI 10.17487/RFC3611, November 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3611>.
[RFC4585] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
"Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4585, July 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4585>.
[RFC5506] Johansson, I. and M. Westerlund, "Support for Reduced-Size
Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Opportunities
and Consequences", RFC 5506, DOI 10.17487/RFC5506, April
2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5506>.
[RFC6298] Paxson, V., Allman, M., Chu, J., and M. Sargent,
"Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer", RFC 6298,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6298, June 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6298>.
[RFC6817] Shalunov, S., Hazel, G., Iyengar, J., and M. Kuehlewind,
"Low Extra Delay Background Transport (LEDBAT)", RFC 6817,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6817, December 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6817>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
9.2. Informative References
[ALT-BACKOFF]
Khademi, N., Welzl, M., Armitage, G., and G. Fairhurst,
"TCP Alternative Backoff with ECN (ABE)", Work in
Progress, draft-ietf-tcpm-alternativebackoff-ecn-04,
November 2017.
[COUPLED-CC]
Islam, S., Welzl, M., and S. Gjessing, "Coupled congestion
control for RTP media", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-
rmcat-coupled-cc-07, September 2017.
[LEDBAT-delay-impact]
Ros, D. and M. Welzl, "Assessing LEDBAT's Delay Impact",
IEEE Communications Letters, Vol. 17, No. 5,
DOI 10.1109/LCOMM.2013.040213.130137, May 2013,
<http://home.ifi.uio.no/michawe/research/publications/
ledbat-impact-letters.pdf>.
[OpenWebRTC]
Ericsson Research, "OpenWebRTC",
<http://www.openwebrtc.org>.
[Packet-conservation]
Jacobson, V., "Congestion Avoidance and Control", ACM
SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,
DOI 10.1145/52325.52356, August 1988.
[QoS-3GPP] 3GPP, "Policy and charging control architecture", 3GPP TS
23.203, July 2017,
<http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/archive/23_series/23.203/>.
[RACK] Cheng, Y., Cardwell, N., and N. Dukkipati, "RACK: a time-
based fast loss detection algorithm for TCP", Work in
Progress, draft-ietf-tcpm-rack-02, March 2017.
[RFC6679] Westerlund, M., Johansson, I., Perkins, C., O'Hanlon, P.,
and K. Carlberg, "Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
for RTP over UDP", RFC 6679, DOI 10.17487/RFC6679, August
2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6679>.
[RFC7478] Holmberg, C., Hakansson, S., and G. Eriksson, "Web Real-
Time Communication Use Cases and Requirements", RFC 7478,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7478, March 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7478>.
[RFC7661] Fairhurst, G., Sathiaseelan, A., and R. Secchi, "Updating
TCP to Support Rate-Limited Traffic", RFC 7661,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7661, October 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7661>.
[SCReAM-CPP-implementation]
Ericsson Research, "SCReAM - Mobile optimised congestion
control algorithm",
<https://github.com/EricssonResearch/scream>.
[SCReAM-implementation]
Ericsson Research, "OpenWebRTC specific GStreamer
plugins", <https://github.com/EricssonResearch/
openwebrtc-gst-plugins>.
[SCReAM-implementation-experience]
Sarker, Z. and I. Johansson, "Updates on SCReAM: An
implementation experience", November 2015,
<https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/94/slides/
slides-94-rmcat-8.pdf>.
[TFWC] Choi, S. and M. Handley, "Fairer TCP-Friendly Congestion
Control Protocol for Multimedia Streaming Applications",
DOI 10.1145/1364654.1364717, December 2007,
<http://www-dept.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/M.Handley/papers/
tfwc-conext.pdf>.
[WIRELESS-TESTS]
Sarker, Z., Johansson, I., Zhu, X., Fu, J., Tan, W., and
M. Ramalho, "Evaluation Test Cases for Interactive Real-
Time Media over Wireless Networks", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-rmcat-wireless-tests-04, May 2017.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following people for their comments,
questions, and support during the work that led to this memo: Markus
Andersson, Bo Burman, Tomas Frankkila, Frederic Gabin, Laurits Hamm,
Hans Hannu, Nikolas Hermanns, Stefan Haakansson, Erlendur Karlsson,
Daniel Lindstroem, Mats Nordberg, Jonathan Samuelsson, Rickard
Sjoeberg, Robert Swain, Magnus Westerlund, and Stefan Aalund. Many
additional thanks to RMCAT chairs Karen E. E. Nielsen and Mirja
Kuehlewind for patiently reading, suggesting improvements and also
for asking all the difficult but necessary questions. Thanks to
Stefan Holmer, Xiaoqing Zhu, Safiqul Islam, and David Hayes for the
additional review of this document. Thanks to Ralf Globisch for
taking time to try out SCReAM in his challenging low-bitrate use
cases, Robert Hedman for finding a few additional flaws in the
running code, and Gustavo Garcia and 'miseri' for code contributions.
Authors' Addresses
Ingemar Johansson
Ericsson AB
Laboratoriegraend 11
Luleaa 977 53
Sweden
Phone: +46 730783289
Email: ingemar.s.johansson@ericsson.com
Zaheduzzaman Sarker
Ericsson AB
Laboratoriegraend 11
Luleaa 977 53
Sweden
Phone: +46 761153743
Email: zaheduzzaman.sarker@ericsson.com