| Rfc | 6487 |
|---|
| Title | A Profile for X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates |
|---|
| Author | G. Huston, G.
Michaelson, R. Loomans |
|---|
| Date | February 2012 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
|---|
|
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) G. Huston
Request for Comments: 6487 G. Michaelson
Category: Standards Track R. Loomans
ISSN: 2070-1721 APNIC
February 2012
A Profile for X.509 PKIX Resource Certificates
Abstract
This document defines a standard profile for X.509 certificates for
the purpose of supporting validation of assertions of "right-of-use"
of Internet Number Resources (INRs). The certificates issued under
this profile are used to convey the issuer's authorization of the
subject to be regarded as the current holder of a "right-of-use" of
the INRs that are described in the certificate. This document
contains the normative specification of Certificate and Certificate
Revocation List (CRL) syntax in the Resource Public Key
Infrastructure (RPKI). This document also specifies profiles for the
format of certificate requests and specifies the Relying Party RPKI
certificate path validation procedure.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6487.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Describing Resources in Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. End-Entity (EE) Certificates and Signing Functions in the RPKI 5
4. Resource Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Serial Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Signature Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.4. Issuer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.5. Subject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.6. Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.6.1. notBefore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.6.2. notAfter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.7. Subject Public Key Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.8. Resource Certificate Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.8.1. Basic Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.8.2. Subject Key Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.8.3. Authority Key Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.8.4. Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.8.5. Extended Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.8.6. CRL Distribution Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.8.7. Authority Information Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.8.8. Subject Information Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.8.9. Certificate Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8.10. IP Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.8.11. AS Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5. Resource Certificate Revocation Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. Resource Certificate Requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.1. PCKS#10 Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6.1.1. PKCS#10 Resource Certificate Request Template Fields . 14
6.2. CRMF Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
6.2.1. CRMF Resource Certificate Request Template Fields . . 15
6.2.2. Resource Certificate Request Control Fields . . . . . 16
6.3. Certificate Extension Attributes in Certificate Requests . 16
7. Resource Certificate Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.1. Resource Extension Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7.2. Resource Certification Path Validation . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Design Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
9. Operational Considerations for Profile Agility . . . . . . . . 22
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Appendix A. Example Resource Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix B. Example Certificate Revocation List . . . . . . . . . 31
1. Introduction
This document defines a standard profile for X.509 certificates
[X.509] for use in the context of certification of Internet Number
Resources (INRs), i.e., IP Addresses and Autonomous System (AS)
numbers. Such certificates are termed "resource certificates". A
resource certificate is a certificate that conforms to the PKIX
profile [RFC5280], and that conforms to the constraints specified in
this profile. A resource certificate attests that the issuer has
granted the subject a "right-of-use" for a listed set of IP addresses
and/or Autonomous System numbers.
This document is referenced by Section 7 of the "Certificate Policy
(CP) for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)" [RFC6484].
It is an integral part of that policy and the normative specification
for certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) syntax used in
the RPKI. The document also specifies profiles for the format of
certificate requests, and the relying party (RP) RPKI certificate
path validation procedure.
Resource certificates are to be used in a manner that is consistent
with the RPKI Certificate Policy (CP) [RFC6484]. They are issued by
entities that assign and/or allocate public INRs, and thus the RPKI
is aligned with the public INR distribution function. When an INR is
allocated or assigned by a number registry to an entity, this
allocation can be described by an associated resource certificate.
This certificate is issued by the number registry, and it binds the
certificate subject's key to the INRs enumerated in the certificate.
One or two critical extensions, the IP Address Delegation or AS
Identifier Delegation Extensions [RFC3779], enumerate the INRs that
were allocated or assigned by the issuer to the subject.
Relying party (RP) validation of a resource certificate is performed
in the manner specified in Section 7.1. This validation procedure
differs from that described in Section 6 of [RFC5280], such that:
o additional validation processing imposed by the INR extensions is
required,
o a confirmation of a public key match between the CRL issuer and
the resource certificate issuer is required, and
o the resource certificate is required to conform to this profile.
This profile defines those fields that are used in a resource
certificate that MUST be present for the certificate to be valid.
Any extensions not explicitly mentioned MUST be absent. The same
applies to the CRLs used in the RPKI, that are also profiled in this
document. A Certification Authority (CA) conforming to the RPKI CP
MUST issue certificates and CRLs consistent with this profile.
1.1. Terminology
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the terms and concepts
described in "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate
and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile" [RFC5280], and "X.509
Extensions for IP Addresses and AS Identifiers" [RFC3779].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2. Describing Resources in Certificates
The framework for describing an association between the subject of a
certificate and the INRs currently under the subject's control is
described in [RFC3779]. This profile further requires that:
o Every resource certificate MUST contain either the IP Address
Delegation or the Autonomous System Identifier Delegation
extension, or both.
o These extensions MUST be marked as critical.
o The sorted canonical format describing INRs, with maximal spanning
ranges and maximal spanning prefix masks, as defined in [RFC3779],
MUST be used for the resource extension field, except where the
"inherit" construct is used instead.
When validating a resource certificate, an RP MUST verify that the
INRs described in the issuer's resource certificate encompass the
INRs of the resource certificate being validated. In this context,
"encompass" allows for the issuer's INRs to be the same as, or a
strict superset of, the subject's INRs.
3. End-Entity (EE) Certificates and Signing Functions in the RPKI
As noted in [RFC6480], the primary function of end-entity (EE)
certificates in the RPKI is the verification of signed objects that
relate to the usage of the INRs described in the certificate, e.g.,
Route Origin Authorizations (ROAs) and manifests.
The private key associated with an EE certificate is used to sign a
single RPKI signed object, i.e., the EE certificate is used to
validate only one object. The EE certificate is embedded in the
object as part of a Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) signed-data
structure [RFC6488]. Because of the one-to-one relationship between
the EE certificate and the signed object, revocation of the
certificate effectively revokes the corresponding signed object.
An EE certificate may be used to validate a sequence of signed
objects, where each signed object in the sequence overwrites the
previous instance of the signed object in the repository publication
point, such that only one instance of the signed object is published
at any point in time (e.g., an EE certificate MAY be used to sign a
sequence of manifests [RFC6486]). Such EE certificates are termed
"sequential use" EE certificates.
EE certificates used to validate only one instance of a signed
object, and are not used thereafter or in any other validation
context, are termed "one-time-use" EE certificates.
4. Resource Certificates
A resource certificate is a valid X.509 public key certificate,
consistent with the PKIX profile [RFC5280], containing the fields
listed in this section. Only the differences from [RFC5280] are
noted below.
Unless specifically noted as being OPTIONAL, all the fields listed
here MUST be present, and any other fields MUST NOT appear in a
conforming resource certificate. Where a field value is specified
here, this value MUST be used in conforming resource certificates.
4.1. Version
As resource certificates are X.509 version 3 certificates, the
version MUST be 3 (i.e., the value of this field is 2).
RPs need not process version 1 or version 2 certificates (in contrast
to [RFC5280]).
4.2. Serial Number
The serial number value is a positive integer that is unique for each
certificate issued by a given CA.
4.3. Signature Algorithm
The algorithm used in this profile is specified in [RFC6485].
4.4. Issuer
The value of this field is a valid X.501 distinguished name.
An issuer name MUST contain one instance of the CommonName attribute
and MAY contain one instance of the serialNumber attribute. If both
attributes are present, it is RECOMMENDED that they appear as a set.
The CommonName attribute MUST be encoded using the ASN.1 type
PrintableString [X.680]. Issuer names are not intended to be
descriptive of the identity of issuer.
The RPKI does not rely on issuer names being globally unique, for
reasons of security. However, it is RECOMMENDED that issuer names be
generated in a fashion that minimizes the likelihood of collisions.
See Section 8 for (non-normative) suggested name-generation
mechanisms that fulfill this recommendation.
4.5. Subject
The value of this field is a valid X.501 distinguished name
[RFC4514], and is subject to the same constraints as the issuer name.
In the RPKI, the subject name is determined by the issuer, not
proposed by the subject [RFC6481]. Each distinct subordinate CA and
EE certified by the issuer MUST be identified using a subject name
that is unique per issuer. In this context, "distinct" is defined as
an entity and a given public key. An issuer SHOULD use a different
subject name if the subject's key pair has changed (i.e., when the CA
issues a certificate as part of re-keying the subject.) Subject
names are not intended to be descriptive of the identity of subject.
4.6. Validity
The certificate validity period is represented as a SEQUENCE of two
dates: the date on which the certificate validity period begins
(notBefore) and the date on which the certificate validity period
ends (notAfter).
While a CA is typically advised against issuing a certificate with a
validity period that spans a greater period of time than the validity
period of the CA's certificate that will be used to validate the
issued certificate, in the context of this profile, a CA MAY have
valid grounds to issue a subordinate certificate with a validity
period that exceeds the validity period of the CA's certificate.
4.6.1. notBefore
The "notBefore" time SHOULD be no earlier than the time of
certificate generation.
In the RPKI, it is valid for a certificate to have a value for this
field that pre-dates the same field value in any superior
certificate. Relying Parties SHOULD NOT attempt to infer from this
time information that a certificate was valid at a time in the past,
or that it will be valid at a time in the future, as the scope of an
RP's test of validity of a certificate refers specifically to
validity at the current time.
4.6.2. notAfter
The "notAfter" time represents the anticipated lifetime of the
current resource allocation or assignment arrangement between the
issuer and the subject.
It is valid for a certificate to have a value for this field that
post-dates the same field value in any superior certificate. The
same caveats apply to RP's assumptions relating to the certificate's
validity at any time other than the current time.
4.7. Subject Public Key Info
The algorithm used in this profile is specified in [RFC6485].
4.8. Resource Certificate Extensions
The following X.509 v3 extensions MUST be present in a conforming
resource certificate, except where explicitly noted otherwise. Each
extension in a resource certificate is designated as either critical
or non-critical. A certificate-using system MUST reject the
certificate if it encounters a critical extension it does not
recognize; however, a non-critical extension MAY be ignored if it is
not recognized [RFC5280].
4.8.1. Basic Constraints
The Basic Constraints extension field is a critical extension in the
resource certificate profile, and MUST be present when the subject is
a CA, and MUST NOT be present otherwise.
The issuer determines whether the "cA" boolean is set.
The Path Length Constraint is not specified for RPKI certificates,
and MUST NOT be present.
4.8.2. Subject Key Identifier
This extension MUST appear in all resource certificates. This
extension is non-critical.
The Key Identifier used for resource certificates is the 160-bit
SHA-1 hash of the value of the DER-encoded ASN.1 bit string of the
Subject Public Key, as described in Section 4.2.1.2 of [RFC5280].
4.8.3. Authority Key Identifier
This extension MUST appear in all resource certificates, with the
exception of a CA who issues a "self-signed" certificate. In a self-
signed certificate, a CA MAY include this extension, and set it equal
to the Subject Key Identifier. The authorityCertIssuer and
authorityCertSerialNumber fields MUST NOT be present. This extension
is non-critical.
The Key Identifier used for resource certificates is the 160-bit
SHA-1 hash of the value of the DER-encoded ASN.1 bit string of the
issuer's public key, as described in Section 4.2.1.1 of [RFC5280].
4.8.4. Key Usage
This extension is a critical extension and MUST be present.
In certificates issued to certification authorities only, the
keyCertSign and CRLSign bits are set to TRUE, and these MUST be the
only bits set to TRUE.
In EE certificates, the digitalSignature bit MUST be set to TRUE and
MUST be the only bit set to TRUE.
4.8.5. Extended Key Usage
The Extended Key Usage (EKU) extension MUST NOT appear in any CA
certificate in the RPKI. This extension also MUST NOT appear in EE
certificates used to verify RPKI objects (e.g., ROAs or manifests.
The extension MUST NOT be marked critical.
The EKU extension MAY appear in EE certificates issued to routers or
other devices. Permitted values for the EKU OIDs will be specified
in Standards Track RFCs issued by other IETF working groups that
adopt the RPKI profile and that identify application-specific
requirements that motivate the use of such EKUs.
4.8.6. CRL Distribution Points
This extension MUST be present, except in "self-signed" certificates,
and it is non-critical. In a self-signed certificate, this extension
MUST be omitted.
In this profile, the scope of the CRL is specified to be all
certificates issued by this CA issuer.
The CRL Distribution Points (CRLDP) extension identifies the
location(s) of the CRL(s) associated with certificates issued by this
issuer. The RPKI uses the URI [RFC3986] form of object
identification. The preferred URI access mechanism is a single rsync
URI ("rsync://") [RFC5781] that references a single inclusive CRL for
each issuer.
In this profile, the certificate issuer is also the CRL issuer,
implying that the CRLIssuer field MUST be omitted, and the
distributionPoint field MUST be present. The Reasons field MUST be
omitted.
The distributionPoint MUST contain the fullName field, and MUST NOT
contain a nameRelativeToCRLIssuer. The form of the generalName MUST
be of type URI.
The sequence of distributionPoint values MUST contain only a single
DistributionPoint. The DistributionPoint MAY contain more than one
URI value. An rsync URI [RFC5781] MUST be present in the
DistributionPoint and MUST reference the most recent instance of this
issuer's CRL. Other access form URIs MAY be used in addition to the
rsync URI, representing alternate access mechanisms for this CRL.
4.8.7. Authority Information Access
In the context of the RPKI, this extension identifies the publication
point of the certificate of the issuer of the certificate in which
the extension appears. In this profile, a single reference to the
publication point of the immediate superior certificate MUST be
present, except for a "self-signed" certificate, in which case the
extension MUST be omitted. This extension is non-critical.
This profile uses a URI form of object identification. The preferred
URI access mechanisms is "rsync", and an rsync URI [RFC5781] MUST be
specified with an accessMethod value of id-ad-caIssuers. The URI
MUST reference the point of publication of the certificate where this
Issuer is the subject (the issuer's immediate superior certificate).
Other accessMethod URIs referencing the same object MAY also be
included in the value sequence of this extension.
A CA MUST use a persistent URL name scheme for CA certificates that
it issues [RFC6481]. This implies that a reissued certificate
overwrites a previously issued certificate (to the same subject) in
the publication repository. In this way, certificates subordinate to
the reissued (CA) certificate can maintain a constant Authority
Information Access (AIA) extension pointer and thus need not be
reissued when the parent certificate is reissued.
4.8.8. Subject Information Access
In the context of the RPKI, this Subject Information Access (SIA)
extension identifies the publication point of products signed by the
subject of the certificate.
4.8.8.1. SIA for CA Certificates
This extension MUST be present and MUST be marked non-critical.
This extension MUST have an instance of an accessMethod of id-ad-
caRepository, with an accessLocation form of a URI that MUST specify
an rsync URI [RFC5781]. This URI points to the directory containing
all published material issued by this CA, i.e., all valid CA
certificates, published EE certificates, the current CRL, manifest,
and signed objects validated via EE certificates that have been
issued by this CA [RFC6481]. Other accessDescription elements with
an accessMethod of id-ad-caRepository MAY be present. In such cases,
the accessLocation values describe alternate supported URI access
mechanisms for the same directory. The ordering of URIs in this
accessDescription sequence reflect the CA's relative preferences for
access methods to be used by RPs, with the first element of the
sequence being the most preferred by the CA.
This extension MUST have an instance of an AccessDescription with an
accessMethod of id-ad-rpkiManifest,
id-ad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix 48 }
id-ad-rpkiManifest OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ad 10 }
with an rsync URI [RFC5781] form of accessLocation. The URI points
to the CA's manifest of published objects [RFC6486] as an object URL.
Other accessDescription elements MAY exist for the id-ad-rpkiManifest
accessMethod, where the accessLocation value indicates alternate
access mechanisms for the same manifest object.
4.8.8.2. SIA for EE Certificates
This extension MUST be present and MUST be marked non-critical.
This extension MUST have an instance of an accessMethod of id-ad-
signedObject,
id-ad-signedObject OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-ad 11 }
with an accessLocation form of a URI that MUST include an rsync URI
[RFC5781]. This URI points to the signed object that is verified
using this EE certificate [RFC6481]. Other accessDescription
elements may exist for the id-ad-signedObject accessMethod, where the
accessLocation value indicates alternate URI access mechanisms for
the same object, ordered in terms of the EE's relative preference for
supported access mechanisms.
Other AccessMethods MUST NOT be used for an EE certificates's SIA.
4.8.9. Certificate Policies
This extension MUST be present and MUST be marked critical. It MUST
include exactly one policy, as specified in the RPKI CP [RFC6484]
4.8.10. IP Resources
Either the IP Resources extension, or the AS Resources extension, or
both, MUST be present in all RPKI certificates, and if present, MUST
be marked critical.
This extension contains the list of IP address resources as per
[RFC3779]. The value may specify the "inherit" element for a
particular Address Family Identifier (AFI) value. In the context of
resource certificates describing public number resources for use in
the public Internet, the Subsequent AFI (SAFI) value MUST NOT be
used.
This extension MUST either specify a non-empty set of IP address
records, or use the "inherit" setting to indicate that the IP address
resource set of this certificate is inherited from that of the
certificate's issuer.
4.8.11. AS Resources
Either the AS Resources extension, or the IP Resources extension, or
both, MUST be present in all RPKI certificates, and if present, MUST
be marked critical.
This extension contains the list of AS number resources as per
[RFC3779], or it may specify the "inherit" element. Routing Domain
Identifier (RDI) values are NOT supported in this profile and MUST
NOT be used.
This extension MUST either specify a non-empty set of AS number
records, or use the "inherit" setting to indicate that the AS number
resource set of this certificate is inherited from that of the
certificate's issuer.
5. Resource Certificate Revocation Lists
Each CA MUST issue a version 2 CRL that is consistent with [RFC5280].
RPs are NOT required to process version 1 CRLs (in contrast to
[RFC5280]). The CRL issuer is the CA. CRLs conforming to this
profile MUST NOT include Indirect or Delta CRLs. The scope of each
CRL MUST be all certificates issued by this CA.
The issuer name is as in Section 4.4 above.
Where two or more CRLs are issued by the same CA, the CRL with the
highest value of the "CRL Number" field supersedes all other CRLs
issued by this CA.
The algorithm used in CRLs issued under this profile is specified in
[RFC6485].
The contents of the CRL are a list of all non-expired certificates
that have been revoked by the CA.
An RPKI CA MUST include the two extensions, Authority Key Identifier
and CRL Number, in every CRL that it issues. RPs MUST be prepared to
process CRLs with these extensions. No other CRL extensions are
allowed.
For each revoked resource certificate, only the two fields, Serial
Number and Revocation Date, MUST be present, and all other fields
MUST NOT be present. No CRL entry extensions are supported in this
profile, and CRL entry extensions MUST NOT be present in a CRL.
6. Resource Certificate Requests
A resource certificate request MAY use either of PKCS#10 or
Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF). A CA MUST support
certificate issuance in PKCS#10 and a CA MAY support CRMF requests.
Note that there is no certificate response defined in this profile.
For CA certificate requests, the CA places the resource certificate
in the repository, as per [RFC6484]. No response is defined for EE
certificate requests.
6.1. PCKS#10 Profile
This profile refines the specification in [RFC2986], as it relates to
resource certificates. A Certificate Request Message object,
formatted according to PKCS#10, is passed to a CA as the initial step
in issuing a certificate.
With the exception of the SubjectPublicKeyinfo and the SIA extension
request, the CA is permitted to alter any field in the request when
issuing a certificate.
6.1.1. PKCS#10 Resource Certificate Request Template Fields
This profile applies the following additional requirements to fields
that MAY appear in a CertificationRequestInfo:
Version
This field is mandatory and MUST have the value 0.
Subject
This field MAY be omitted. If present, the value of this field
SHOULD be empty (i.e., NULL), in which case the CA MUST
generate a subject name that is unique in the context of
certificates issued by this CA. This field is allowed to be
non-empty only for a re-key/reissuance request, and only if the
CA has adopted a policy (in its Certificate Practice Statement
(CPS)) that permits reuse of names in these circumstances.
SubjectPublicKeyInfo
This field specifies the subject's public key and the algorithm
with which the key is used. The algorithm used in this profile
is specified in [RFC6485].
Attributes
[RFC2986] defines the attributes field as key-value pairs where
the key is an OID and the value's structure depends on the key.
The only attribute used in this profile is the extensionRequest
attribute as defined in [RFC2985]. This attribute contains
certificate extensions. The profile for extensions in
certificate requests is specified in Section 6.3.
This profile applies the following additional constraint to fields
that MAY appear in a CertificationRequest Object:
signatureAlgorithm
The signatureAlgorithm value is specified in [RFC6485].
6.2. CRMF Profile
This profile refines the Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF)
specification in [RFC4211], as it relates to resource certificates.
A Certificate Request Message object, formatted according to the
CRMF, is passed to a CA as the initial step in certificate issuance.
With the exception of the SubjectPublicKeyinfo and the SIA extension
request, the CA is permitted to alter any requested field when
issuing the certificate.
6.2.1. CRMF Resource Certificate Request Template Fields
This profile applies the following additional requirements to fields
that may appear in a Certificate Request Template:
version
This field SHOULD be omitted. If present, it MUST specify a
request for a version 3 Certificate.
serialNumber
This field MUST be omitted.
signingAlgorithm
This field MUST be omitted.
issuer
This MUST be omitted in this profile.
Validity
This field MAY be omitted. If omitted, the CA will issue a
Certificate with Validity dates as determined by the CA. If
specified, then the CA MAY override the requested values with
dates as determined by the CA.
Subject
This field MAY be omitted. If present, the value of this field
SHOULD be empty (i.e., NULL), in which case the CA MUST
generate a subject name that is unique in the context of
certificates issued by this CA. This field is allowed to be
non-empty only for a re-key/reissuance request, and only if the
CA has adopted a policy (in its CPS) that permits the reuse of
names in these circumstances.
PublicKey
This field MUST be present.
extensions
The profile for extensions in certificate requests is specified
in Section 6.3.
6.2.2. Resource Certificate Request Control Fields
The following control fields are supported in this profile:
Authenticator Control
The intended model of authentication of the subject is a "long
term" model, and the guidance offered in [RFC4211] is that the
Authenticator Control field be used.
6.3. Certificate Extension Attributes in Certificate Requests
The following extensions MAY appear in a PKCS#10 or CRMF Certificate
Request. Any other extensions MUST NOT appear in a Certificate
Request. This profile places the following additional constraints on
these extensions:
BasicConstraints
If this is omitted, then the CA will issue an EE certificate
(hence no BasicConstraints extension will be included).
The pathLengthConstraint is not supported in this profile, and
this field MUST be omitted.
The CA MAY honor the cA boolean if set to TRUE (CA Certificate
Request). If this bit is set, then it indicates that the
subject is requesting a CA certificate.
The CA MUST honor the cA bit if set to FALSE (EE Certificate
Request), in which case the corresponding EE certificate will
not contain a Basic Constraints extension.
KeyUsage
The CA MAY honor KeyUsage extensions of keyCertSign and cRLSign
if present, as long as this is consistent with the
BasicConstraints SubjectType sub-field, when specified.
ExtendedKeyUsage
The CA MAY honor ExtendedKeyUsage extensions of keyCertSign and
cRLSign if present, as long as this is consistent with the
BasicConstraints SubjectType sub-field, when specified.
SubjectInformationAccess
This field MUST be present, and the field value SHOULD be
honored by the CA if it conforms to the requirements set forth
in Section 4.8.8. If the CA is unable to honor the requested
value for this field, then the CA MUST reject the Certificate
Request.
7. Resource Certificate Validation
This section describes the resource certificate validation procedure.
This refines the generic procedure described in Section 6 of
[RFC5280].
7.1. Resource Extension Validation
The IP Resources and AS Resources extensions [RFC3779] define
critical extensions for INRs. These are ASN.1 encoded
representations of the IPv4 and IPv6 address range and an AS number
set.
Valid resource certificates MUST have a valid IP address and/or AS
number resource extension. In order to validate a resource
certificate, the resource extension MUST also be validated. This
validation process relies on definitions of comparison of resource
sets:
more specific
Given two contiguous IP address ranges or two contiguous AS
number ranges, A and B, A is "more specific" than B if range B
includes all IP addresses or AS numbers described by range A,
and if range B is larger than range A.
equal
Given two contiguous IP address ranges or two contiguous AS
number ranges, A and B, A is "equal" to B if range A describes
precisely the same collection of IP addresses or AS numbers
described by range B. The definition of "inheritance" in
[RFC3779] is equivalent to this "equality" comparison.
encompass
Given two IP address and AS number sets, X and Y, X
"encompasses" Y if, for every contiguous range of IP addresses
or AS numbers elements in set Y, the range element is either
"more specific" than or "equal" to a contiguous range element
within the set X.
Validation of a certificate's resource extension in the context of a
certification path (see Section 7.2 entails that for every adjacent
pair of certificates in the certification path (certificates 'x' and
'x + 1'), the number resources described in certificate 'x'
"encompass" the number resources described in certificate 'x + 1',
and the resources described in the trust anchor information
"encompass" the resources described in the first certificate in the
certification path.
7.2. Resource Certification Path Validation
Validation of signed resource data using a target resource
certificate consists of verifying that the digital signature of the
signed resource data is valid, using the public key of the target
resource certificate, and also validating the resource certificate in
the context of the RPKI, using the path validation process. This
path validation process verifies, among other things, that a
prospective certification path (a sequence of n certificates)
satisfies the following conditions:
1. for all 'x' in {1, ..., n-1}, the subject of certificate 'x'
is the issuer of certificate ('x' + 1);
2. certificate '1' is issued by a trust anchor;
3. certificate 'n' is the certificate to be validated; and
4. for all 'x' in {1, ..., n}, certificate 'x' is valid.
Certificate validation entails verifying that all of the following
conditions hold, in addition to the certification path validation
criteria specified in Section 6 of [RFC5280]:
1. The certificate can be verified using the issuer's public key
and the signature algorithm
2. The current time lies within the certificate's Validity From
and To values.
3. The certificate contains all fields that MUST be present, as
defined by this specification, and contains values for
selected fields that are defined as allowable values by this
specification.
4. No field, or field value, that this specification defines as
MUST NOT be present is used in the certificate.
5. The issuer has not revoked the certificate. A revoked
certificate is identified by the certificate's serial number
being listed on the issuer's current CRL, as identified by the
CRLDP of the certificate, the CRL is itself valid, and the
public key used to verify the signature on the CRL is the same
public key used to verify the certificate itself.
6. The resource extension data is "encompassed" by the resource
extension data contained in a valid certificate where this
issuer is the subject (the previous certificate in the context
of the ordered sequence defined by the certification path).
7. The certification path originates with a certificate issued by
a trust anchor, and there exists a signing chain across the
certification path where the subject of Certificate 'x' in the
certification path matches the issuer in Certificate 'x + 1'
in the certification path, and the public key in Certificate
'x' can verify the signature value in Certificate 'x+1'.
A certificate validation algorithm MAY perform these tests in any
chosen order.
Certificates and CRLs used in this process MAY be found in a locally
maintained cache, maintained by a regular synchronization across the
distributed publication repository structure [RFC6481].
There exists the possibility of encountering certificate paths that
are arbitrarily long, or attempting to generate paths with loops as
means of creating a potential denial-of-service (DOS) attack on an
RP. An RP executing this procedure MAY apply further heuristics to
guide the certification path validation process to a halt in order to
avoid some of the issues associated with attempts to validate such
malformed certification path structures. Implementations of resource
certificate validation MAY halt with a validation failure if the
certification path length exceeds a locally defined configuration
parameter.
8. Design Notes
The following notes provide some additional commentary on the
considerations that lie behind some of the design choices that were
made in the design of this certificate profile. These notes are
non-normative, i.e., this section of the document does not constitute
a formal part of the profile specification, and the interpretation of
key words as defined in RFC 2119 are not applicable in this section
of the document.
Certificate Extensions:
This profile does not permit the use of any other critical or
non-critical extensions. The rationale for this restriction is
that the resource certificate profile is intended for a
specific defined use. In this context, having certificates
with additional non-critical extensions that RPs may see as
valid certificates without understanding the extensions is
inappropriate, because if the RP were in a position to
understand the extensions, it would contradict or qualify this
original judgment of validity in some way. This profile takes
the position of minimalism over extensibility. The specific
goal for the associated RPKI is to precisely match the INR
allocation structure through an aligned certificate structure
that describes the allocation and its context within the INR
distribution hierarchy. The profile defines a resource
certificate that is structured to meet these requirements.
Certification Authorities and Key Values:
This profile uses a definition of an instance of a CA as a
combination of a named entity and a key pair. Within this
definition, a CA instance cannot rollover a key pair. However,
the entity can generate a new instance of a CA with a new key
pair and roll over all the signed subordinate products to the
new CA [RFC6489].
This has a number of implications in terms of subject name
management, CRL Scope, and repository publication point
management.
CRL Scope and Key Values:
For CRL Scope, this profile specifies that a CA issues a single
CRL at a time, and the scope of the CRL is all certificates
issued by this CA. Because the CA instance is bound to a
single key pair, this implies that the CA's public key, the key
used to validate the CA's CRL, and the key used to validate the
certificates revoked by that CRL are all the same key value.
Repository Publication Point:
The definition of a CA affects the design of the repository
publication system. In order to minimize the amount of forced
re-certification on key rollover events, a repository
publication regime that uses the same repository publication
point for all CA instances that refers to the same entity, but
with different key values, will minimize the extent of
re-generation of certificates to only immediate subordinate
certificates. This is described in [RFC6489].
Subject Name:
This profile specifies that subject names must be unique per
issuer, and does not specify that subject names must be
globally unique (in terms of assured uniqueness). This is due
to the nature of the RPKI as a distributed PKI, implying that
there is no ready ability for certification authorities to
coordinate a simple RPKI-wide unique name space without
resorting to additional critical external dependencies. CAs
are advised to use subject name generation procedures that
minimize the potential for name clashes.
One way to achieve this is for a CA to use a subject name
practice that uses the CommonName component of the
Distinguished Name as a constant value for any given entity
that is the subject of CA-issued certificates, and set the
serialNumber component of the Distinguished Name to a value
that is derived from the hash of the subject public key value.
If the CA elects not to use the serialNumber component of the
DistinguishedName, then it is considered beneficial that a CA
generates CommonNames that have themselves a random component
that includes significantly more than 40 bits of entropy in the
name. Some non-normative recommendations to achieve this
include:
1) Hash of the subject public key (encoded as ASCII HEX).
example: cn="999d99d564de366a29cd8468c45ede1848e2cc14"
2) A Universally Unique IDentifier (UUID) [RFC4122]
example: cn="6437d442-6fb5-49ba-bbdb-19c260652098"
3) A randomly generated ASCII HEX encoded string of length 20
or greater:
example: cn="0f8fcc28e3be4869bc5f8fa114db05e1">
(A string of 20 ASCII HEX digits would have 80-bits of
entropy)
4) An internal database key or subscriber ID combined with one
of the above
example: cn="<DBkey1> (6437d442-6fb5-49ba-bbdb-
19c2606520980)"
(The issuing CA may wish to be able to extract the database
key or subscriber ID from the commonName. Since only the
issuing CA would need to be able to parse the commonName,
the database key and the source of entropy (e.g., a UUID)
could be separated in any way that the CA wants, as long as
it conforms to the rules for PrintableString. The separator
could be a space character, parenthesis, hyphen, slash,
question mark, etc.
9. Operational Considerations for Profile Agility
This profile requires that relying parties reject certificates or
CRLs that do not conform to the profile. (Through the remainder of
this section, the term "certificate" is used to refer to both
certificates and CRLs.) This includes certificates that contain
extensions that are prohibited, but that are otherwise valid as per
[RFC5280]. This means that any change in the profile (e.g.,
extensions, permitted attributes or optional fields, or field
encodings) for certificates used in the RPKI will not be backward
compatible. In a general PKI context, this constraint probably would
cause serious problems. In the RPKI, several factors minimize the
difficulty of effecting changes of this sort.
Note that the RPKI is unique in that every relying party (RP)
requires access to every certificate issued by the CAs in this
system. An important update of the certificates used in the RPKI
must be supported by all CAs and RPs in the system, lest views of the
RPKI data differ across RPs. Thus, incremental changes require very
careful coordination. It would not be appropriate to introduce a new
extension, or authorize use of an extant, standard extension, for a
security-relevant purpose on a piecemeal basis.
One might imagine that the "critical" flag in X.509 certificate
extensions could be used to ameliorate this problem. However, this
solution is not comprehensive and does not address the problem of
adding a new, security-critical extension. (This is because such an
extension needs to be supported universally, by all CAs and RPs.)
Also, while some standard extensions can be marked either critical or
non-critical, at the discretion of the issuer, not all have this
property, i.e., some standard extensions are always non-critical.
Moreover, there is no notion of criticality for attributes within a
name or optional fields within a field or an extension. Thus, the
critical flag is not a solution to this problem.
In typical PKI deployments, there are few CAs and many RPs. However,
in the RPKI, essentially every CA in the RPKI is also an RP. Thus
the set of entities that will need to change in order to issue
certificates under a new format is the same set of entities that will
need to change to accept these new certificates. To the extent that
this is literally true, it says that CA/RP coordination for a change
is tightly linked anyway. In reality, there is an important
exception to this general observation. Small ISPs and holders of
provider-independent allocations are expected to use managed CA
services, offered by Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) and
potentially by wholesale Internet Service Providers (ISPs). This
reduces the number of distinct CA implementations that are needed and
makes it easier to effect changes for certificate issuance. It seems
very likely that these entities also will make use of RP software
provided by their managed CA service provider, which reduces the
number of distinct RP software implementations. Also note that many
small ISPs (and holders of provider-independent allocations) employ
default routes, and thus need not perform RP validation of RPKI data,
eliminating these entities as RPs.
Widely available PKI RP software does not cache large numbers of
certificates, an essential strategy for the RPKI. It does not
process manifest or ROA data structures, essential elements of the
RPKI repository system. Experience shows that such software deals
poorly with revocation status data. Thus, extant RP software is not
adequate for the RPKI, although some open source tools (e.g., OpenSSL
and cryptlib) can be used as building blocks for an RPKI RP
implementation. Thus, it is anticipated that RPs will make use of
software that is designed specifically for the RPKI environment and
is available from a limited number of open sources. Several RIRs and
two companies are providing such software today. Thus it is feasible
to coordinate change to this software among the small number of
developers/maintainers.
If the resource certificate profile is changed in the future, e.g.,
by adding a new extension or changing the allowed set of name
attributes or encoding of these attributes, the following procedure
will be employed to effect deployment in the RPKI. The model is
analogous to that described in [RPKI-ALG], but is simpler.
A new document will be issued as an update to this RFC. The CP for
the RPKI [RFC6484] will be updated to reference the new certificate
profile. The new CP will define a new policy OID for certificates
issued under the new certificate profile. The updated CP also will
define a timeline for transition to the new certificate (CRL) format.
This timeline will define 3 phases and associated dates:
1. At the end of phase 1, all RPKI CAs MUST be capable of issuing
certificates under the new profile, if requested by a subject.
Any certificate issued under the new format will contain the
new policy OID.
2. During phase 2, CAs MUST issue certificates under the new
profile, and these certificates MUST coexist with certificates
issued under the old format. (CAs will continue to issue
certificates under the old OID/format as well.) The old and
new certificates MUST be identical, except for the policy OID
and any new extensions, encodings, etc. The new certificates,
and associated signed objects, will coexist in the RPKI
repository system during this phase, analogous to what is
required by an algorithm transition for the RPKI [RPKI-ALG].
Relying parties MAY make use of the old or the new certificate
formats when processing signed objects retrieved from the RPKI
repository system. During this phase, a relying party that
elects to process both formats will acquire the same values
for all certificate fields that overlap between the old and
new formats. Thus if either certificate format is verifiable,
the relying party accepts the data from that certificate.
This allows CAs to issue certificates under the new format
before all relying parties are prepared to process that
format.
3. At the beginning of phase 3, all relying parties MUST be
capable of processing certificates under the new format.
During this phase, CAs will issue new certificates ONLY under
the new format. Certificates issued under the old OID will be
replaced with certificates containing the new policy OID. The
repository system will no longer require matching old and new
certificates under the different formats.
At the end of phase 3, all certificates under the old OID will have
been replaced. The resource certificate profile RFC will be replaced
to remove support for the old certificate format, and the CP will be
replaced to remove reference to the old policy OID and to the old
resource certificate profile RFC. The system will have returned to a
new, steady state.
10. Security Considerations
The Security Considerations of [RFC5280] and [RFC3779] apply to
resource certificates. The Security Considerations of [RFC2986] and
[RFC4211] apply to resource certificate certification requests.
A resource certificate PKI cannot in and of itself resolve any forms
of ambiguity relating to uniqueness of assertions of rights of use in
the event that two or more valid certificates encompass the same
resource. If the issuance of resource certificates is aligned to the
status of resource allocations and assignments, then the information
conveyed in a certificate is no better than the information in the
allocation and assignment databases.
This profile requires that the key used to sign an issued certificate
be the same key used to sign the CRL that can revoke the certificate,
implying that the certification path used to validate the signature
on a certificate is the same as that used to validate the signature
of the CRL that can revoke the certificate. It is noted that this is
a tighter constraint than required in X.509 PKIs, and there may be a
risk in using a path validation implementation that is capable of
using separate validation paths for a certificate and the
corresponding CRL. If there are subject name collisions in the RPKI
as a result of CAs not following the guidelines provided here
relating to ensuring sufficient entropy in constructing subject
names, and this is combined with the situation that an RP uses an
implementation of validation path construction that is not in
conformance with this RPKI profile, then it is possible that the
subject name collisions can cause an RP to conclude that an otherwise
valid certificate has been revoked.
11. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to particularly acknowledge the valued
contribution from Stephen Kent in reviewing this document and
proposing numerous sections of text that have been incorporated into
the document. The authors also acknowledge the contributions of
Sandy Murphy, Robert Kisteleki, Randy Bush, Russ Housley, Ricardo
Patara, and Rob Austein in the preparation and subsequent review of
this document. The document also reflects review comments received
from Roque Gagliano, Sean Turner, and David Cooper.
12. References
12.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2986] Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #10: Certification
Request Syntax Specification Version 1.7", RFC 2986,
November 2000.
[RFC3779] Lynn, C., Kent, S., and K. Seo, "X.509 Extensions for IP
Addresses and AS Identifiers", RFC 3779, June 2004.
[RFC4211] Schaad, J., "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure
Certificate Request Message Format (CRMF)", RFC 4211,
September 2005.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation
List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
[RFC5781] Weiler, S., Ward, D., and R. Housley, "The rsync URI
Scheme", RFC 5781, February 2010.
[RFC6484] Kent, S., Kong, D., Seo, K., and R. Watro, "Certificate
Policy (CP) for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
(RPKI)", BCP 173, RFC 6484, February 2012.
[RFC6485] Huston, G., "The Profile for Algorithms and Key Sizes for
Use in the Resource Public Key Infrastructure (RPKI)",
RFC 6485, February 2012.
[X.509] ITU-T, "Recommendation X.509: The Directory -
Authentication Framework", 2000.
[X.680] ITU-T, "Recommendation X.680 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8824-
1:2002, Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", 2002.
12.2. Informative References
[RFC2985] Nystrom, M. and B. Kaliski, "PKCS #9: Selected Object
Classes and Attribute Types Version 2.0", RFC 2985,
November 2000.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, January 2005.
[RFC4122] Leach, P., Mealling, M., and R. Salz, "A Universally
Unique IDentifier (UUID) URN Namespace", RFC 4122,
July 2005.
[RFC4514] Zeilenga, K., "Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP): String Representation of Distinguished Names",
RFC 4514, June 2006.
[RFC6480] Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support
Secure Internet Routing", RFC 6480, February 2012.
[RFC6481] Huston, G., Loomans, R., and G. Michaelson, "A Profile
for Resource Certificate Repository Structure", RFC 6481,
February 2012.
[RFC6486] Austein, R., Huston, G., Kent, S., and M. Lepinski,
"Manifests for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
(RPKI)", RFC 6486, February 2012.
[RFC6488] Lepinski, M., Chi, A., and S. Kent, "Signed Object
Template for the Resource Public Key Infrastructure
(RPKI)", RFC 6488, February 2012.
[RFC6489] Huston, G., Michaelson, G., and S. Kent, "Certification
Authority (CA) Key Rollover in the Resource Public Key
Infrastructure (RPKI)", BCP 174, RFC 6489, February 2012.
[RPKI-ALG] Gagliano, R., Kent, S., and S. Turner, "Algorithm Agility
Procedure for RPKI", Work in Progress, November 2011.
Appendix A. Example Resource Certificate
The following is an example resource certificate.
Certificate Name: 9JfgAEcq7Q-47IwMC5CJIJr6EJs.cer
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial: 1500 (0x5dc)
Signature Algorithm: SHA256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: CN=APNIC Production-CVPQSgUkLy7pOXdNeVWGvnFX_0s
Validity
Not Before: Oct 25 12:50:00 2008 GMT
Not After : Jan 31 00:00:00 2010 GMT
Subject: CN=A91872ED
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (2048 bit)
Modulus (2048 bit):
00:bb:fb:4a:af:a4:b9:dc:d0:fa:6f:67:cc:27:39:
34:d1:80:40:37:de:88:d1:64:a2:f1:b3:fa:c6:7f:
bb:51:df:e1:c7:13:92:c3:c8:a2:aa:8c:d1:11:b3:
aa:99:c0:ac:54:d3:65:83:c6:13:bf:0d:9f:33:2d:
39:9f:ab:5f:cd:a3:e9:a1:fb:80:7d:1d:d0:2b:48:
a5:55:e6:24:1f:06:41:35:1d:00:da:1f:99:85:13:
26:39:24:c5:9a:81:15:98:fb:5f:f9:84:38:e5:d6:
70:ce:5a:02:ca:dd:61:85:b3:43:2d:0b:35:d5:91:
98:9d:da:1e:0f:c2:f6:97:b7:97:3e:e6:fc:c1:c4:
3f:30:c4:81:03:25:99:09:4c:e2:4a:85:e7:46:4b:
60:63:02:43:46:51:4d:ed:fd:a1:06:84:f1:4e:98:
32:da:27:ee:80:82:d4:6b:cf:31:ea:21:af:6f:bd:
70:34:e9:3f:d7:e4:24:cd:b8:e0:0f:8e:80:eb:11:
1f:bc:c5:7e:05:8e:5c:7b:96:26:f8:2c:17:30:7d:
08:9e:a4:72:66:f5:ca:23:2b:f2:ce:54:ec:4d:d9:
d9:81:72:80:19:95:57:da:91:00:d9:b1:e8:8c:33:
4a:9d:3c:4a:94:bf:74:4c:30:72:9b:1e:f5:8b:00:
4d:e3
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
F4:97:E0:00:47:2A:ED:0F:B8:EC:8C:0C:0B:90:89:
20:9A:FA:10:9B
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:09:53:D0:4A:05:24:2F:2E:E9:39:77:4D:79:
55:86:BE:71:57:FF:4B
X509v3 Key Usage: critical
Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
CA:TRUE
X509v3 CRL Distribution Points:
URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/repository/A3C38A24
D60311DCAB08F31979BDBE39/CVPQSgUkLy7pOXdNe
VWGvnFX_0s.crl
Authority Information Access:
CA Issuers - URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/repos
itory/8BDFC7DED5FD11DCB14CF4B1A703F9B7/CVP
QSgUkLy7pOXdNeVWGvnFX_0s.cer
X509v3 Certificate Policies: critical
Policy: 1.3.6.1.5.5.7.14.2
Subject Information Access:
CA Repository - URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/mem
ber_repository/A91872ED/06A83982887911DD81
3F432B2086D636/
Manifest - URI:rsync://rpki.apnic.net/member_r
epository/A91872ED/06A83982887911DD813F432
B2086D636/9JfgAEcq7Q-47IwMC5CJIJr6EJs.mft
sbgp-autonomousSysNum: critical
Autonomous System Numbers:
24021
38610
131072
131074
sbgp-ipAddrBlock: critical
IPv4:
203.133.248.0/22
203.147.108.0/23
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
51:4c:77:e4:21:64:80:e9:35:30:20:9f:d8:4b:88:60:b8:1f:
73:24:9d:b5:17:60:65:6a:28:cc:43:4b:68:97:ca:76:07:eb:
dc:bd:a2:08:3c:8c:56:38:c6:0a:1e:a8:af:f5:b9:42:02:6b:
77:e0:b1:1c:4a:88:e6:6f:b6:17:d3:59:41:d7:a0:62:86:59:
29:79:26:76:34:d1:16:2d:75:05:cb:b2:99:bf:ca:c6:68:1b:
b6:a9:b0:f4:43:2e:df:e3:7f:3c:b3:72:1a:99:fa:5d:94:a1:
eb:57:9c:9a:2c:87:d6:40:32:c9:ff:a6:54:b8:91:87:fd:90:
55:ef:12:3e:1e:2e:cf:c5:ea:c3:4c:09:62:4f:88:00:a0:7f:
cd:67:83:bc:27:e1:74:2c:18:4e:3f:12:1d:ef:29:0f:e3:27:
00:ce:14:eb:f0:01:f0:36:25:a2:33:a8:c6:2f:31:18:22:30:
cf:ca:97:43:ed:84:75:53:ab:b7:6c:75:f7:2f:55:5c:2e:82:
0a:be:91:59:bf:c9:06:ef:bb:b4:a2:71:9e:03:b1:25:8e:29:
7a:30:88:66:b4:f2:16:6e:df:ad:78:ff:d3:b2:9c:29:48:e3:
be:87:5c:fc:20:2b:df:da:ca:30:58:c3:04:c9:63:72:48:8c:
0a:5f:97:71
Appendix B. Example Certificate Revocation List
The following is an example Certificate Revocation List.
CRL Name: q66IrWSGuBE7jqx8PAUHAlHCqRw.crl
Data:
Version: 2
Signature Algorithm:
Hash: SHA256, Encryption: RSA
Issuer: CN=Demo Production APNIC CA - Not for real use,
E=ca@apnic.net
This Update: Thu Jul 27 06:30:34 2006 GMT
Next Update: Fri Jul 28 06:30:34 2006 GMT
Authority Key Identifier: Key Identifier:
ab:ae:88:ad:64:86:b8:11:3b:8e:ac:7c:3c:05:
07:02:51:c2:a9:1c
CRLNumber: 4
Revoked Certificates: 1
Serial Number: 1
Revocation Date: Mon Jul 17 05:10:19 2006 GMT
Serial Number: 2
Revocation Date: Mon Jul 17 05:12:25 2006 GMT
Serial Number: 4
Revocation Date: Mon Jul 17 05:40:39 2006 GMT
Signature:
b2:5a:e8:7c:bd:a8:00:0f:03:1a:17:fd:40:2c:46:
0e:d5:64:87:e7:e7:bc:10:7d:b6:3e:39:21:a9:12:
f4:5a:d8:b8:d4:bd:57:1a:7d:2f:7c:0d:c6:4f:27:
17:c8:0e:ae:8c:89:ff:00:f7:81:97:c3:a1:6a:0a:
f7:d2:46:06:9a:d1:d5:4d:78:e1:b7:b0:58:4d:09:
d6:7c:1e:a0:40:af:86:5d:8c:c9:48:f6:e6:20:2e:
b9:b6:81:03:0b:51:ac:23:db:9f:c1:8e:d6:94:54:
66:a5:68:52:ee:dd:0f:10:5d:21:b8:b8:19:ff:29:
6f:51:2e:c8:74:5c:2a:d2:c5:fa:99:eb:c5:c2:a2:
d0:96:fc:54:b3:ba:80:4b:92:7f:85:54:76:c9:12:
cb:32:ea:1d:12:7b:f8:f9:a2:5c:a1:b1:06:8e:d8:
c5:42:61:00:8c:f6:33:11:29:df:6e:b2:cc:c3:7c:
d3:f3:0c:8d:5c:49:a5:fb:49:fd:e7:c4:73:68:0a:
09:0e:6d:68:a9:06:52:3a:36:4f:19:47:83:59:da:
02:5b:2a:d0:8a:7a:33:0a:d5:ce:be:b5:a2:7d:8d:
59:a1:9d:ee:60:ce:77:3d:e1:86:9a:84:93:90:9f:
34:a7:02:40:59:3a:a5:d1:18:fb:6f:fc:af:d4:02:
d9
Authors' Addresses
Geoff Huston
APNIC
EMail: gih@apnic.net
URI: http://www.apnic.net
George Michaelson
APNIC
EMail: ggm@apnic.net
URI: http://www.apnic.net
Robert Loomans
APNIC
EMail: robertl@apnic.net
URI: http://www.apnic.net