| Rfc | 5596 |
|---|
| Title | Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Simultaneous-Open
Technique to Facilitate NAT/Middlebox Traversal |
|---|
| Author | G. Fairhurst |
|---|
| Date | September 2009 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Updates | RFC4340 |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
|---|
|
Network Working Group G. Fairhurst
Request for Comments: 5596 University of Aberdeen
Updates: 4340 September 2009
Category: Standards Track
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)
Simultaneous-Open Technique to Facilitate NAT/Middlebox Traversal
Abstract
This document specifies an update to the Datagram Congestion Control
Protocol (DCCP), a connection-oriented and datagram-based transport
protocol. The update adds support for the DCCP-Listen packet. This
assists DCCP applications to communicate through middleboxes (e.g., a
Network Address Port Translator or a DCCP server behind a firewall),
where peering endpoints need to initiate communication in a near-
simultaneous manner to establish necessary middlebox state.
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright and License Notice
Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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publication of this document. Please review these documents
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include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the BSD License.
This document may contain material from IETF Documents or IETF
Contributions published or made publicly available before November
10, 2008. The person(s) controlling the copyright in some of this
material may not have granted the IETF Trust the right to allow
modifications of such material outside the IETF Standards Process.
Without obtaining an adequate license from the person(s) controlling
the copyright in such materials, this document may not be modified
outside the IETF Standards Process, and derivative works of it may
not be created outside the IETF Standards Process, except to format
it for publication as an RFC or to translate it into languages other
than English.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Scope of This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. DCCP NAT Traversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3. Structure of This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Procedure for Near-Simultaneous-Open . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1. Conventions and Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2. Protocol Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.1. DCCP-Listen Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2. Protocol Method for DCCP Server Endpoints . . . . . . 7
2.2.3. Protocol Method for DCCP Client Endpoints . . . . . . 11
2.2.4. Processing by Routers and Middleboxes . . . . . . . . 11
2.3. Examples of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3.1. Repetition of DCCP-Listen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.2. Optional Triggered Retransmission of DCCP-Request . . 14
2.4. Backwards Compatibility with RFC 4340 . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Discussion of Design Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1. Rationale for a New Packet Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1.1. Use of Sequence Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2. Generation of Listen Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3. Repetition of DCCP-Listen Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Appendix A. Discussion of Existing NAT Traversal Techniques . . . 23
A.1. NAT Traversal Based on a Simultaneous-Request . . . . . . 24
A.2. Role Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1. Introduction
The Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) [RFC4340] is both
datagram-based and connection-oriented. According to RFC 4340, DCCP
servers establish connections by passively listening for incoming
connection requests that are actively transmitted by DCCP clients.
These asymmetric roles can cause problems when the server is 'inside'
a middlebox, such as a Network Address Port Translation (NAPT), that
only allows connection requests to be initiated from inside (e.g.,
due to port overloading) [RFC5597]. Host-based and network firewalls
can also implement policies that lead to similar problems. This
behaviour is currently the default for many firewalls.
UDP can support middlebox traversal using various techniques
[RFC4787] that leverage the connectionless nature of UDP and are
therefore not suitable for DCCP. TCP supports middlebox traversal
through the use of its simultaneous-open procedure [RFC5382]. The
concepts of the TCP solution are applicable to DCCP, but DCCP cannot
simply reuse the same methods (see Appendix A).
After discussing the problem space for DCCP, this document specifies
an update to the DCCP state machine to offer native support that
allows a DCCP client to establish a connection to a DCCP server that
is inside one or more middleboxes. This reduces dependence on
external aids such as data relay servers [STUN] by explicitly
supporting a widely used principle known as 'hole punching'.
The method requires only a minor change to the standard DCCP
operational procedure. The use of a dedicated DCCP packet type ties
usage to a specific condition, ensuring the method is inter-operable
with hosts that do not implement this update or that choose to
disable it (see Section 4).
1.1. Scope of This Document
This method is useful in scenarios when a DCCP server is located
inside the perimeter controlled by a middlebox. It is relevant to
both client/server and peer-to-peer applications, such as Voice over
IP (VoIP), file sharing, or online gaming, and assists connections
that utilise prior out-of-band signaling (e.g., via a well-known
rendezvous server ([RFC3261], [H.323])) to notify both endpoints of
the connection parameters ([RFC3235], [NAT-APP]).
1.2. DCCP NAT Traversal
The behavioural requirements for NAT devices supporting DCCP are
described in [RFC5597]. A "traditional NAT" [RFC3022] that directly
maps an IP address to a different IP address does not require the
simultaneous-open technique described in this document.
The method is required when the DCCP server is positioned behind one
or more NAPT devices in the path (hierarchies of nested NAPT devices
are possible). This document refers to DCCP hosts located inside the
perimeter controlled by one or more NAPT devices as having "private"
addresses, and to DCCP hosts located in the global address realm as
having "public" addresses.
DCCP NAT traversal is considered for the following scenarios:
1. Private client connects to public server.
2. Public client connects to private server.
3. Private client connects to private server.
A defining characteristic of traditional NAT devices [RFC3022] is
that private hosts can connect to external hosts, but not vice versa.
Hence, case (1) is possible using the protocol defined in [RFC4340].
A pre-configured, static NAT address map would allow outside hosts to
establish connections in cases (2) and (3).
A DCCP implementation conforming to [RFC4340] and a NAT device
conforming to [RFC5597] would require a DCCP relay server to perform
NAT traversal for cases (2) and (3).
This document describes a method to support cases (2) and (3) without
the aid of a DCCP relay server. This method updates RFC 4340 and
requires the DCCP server to discover the IP address and the DCCP port
that correspond to the DCCP client. Such signaling may be performed
out-of-band (e.g., using the Session Description Protocol (SDP)
[RFC4566]).
1.3. Structure of This Document
For background information on existing NAT traversal techniques,
please consult Appendix A.
The normative specification of the update is presented in Section 2.
An informative discussion of underlying design decisions then follows
in Section 3. Security considerations are provided in Section 4 and
IANA considerations are provided in the concluding Section 5.
2. Procedure for Near-Simultaneous-Open
This section is normative and specifies the simultaneous-open
technique for DCCP. It updates the connection-establishment
procedures of [RFC4340].
2.1. Conventions and Terminology
The document uses the terms and definitions provided in [RFC4340].
Familiarity with this specification is assumed. In particular, the
following convention from Section 3.2 of [RFC4340] is used:
Each DCCP connection runs between two hosts, which we often name
DCCP A and DCCP B. Each connection is actively initiated by one
of the hosts, which we call the client; the other, initially
passive host is called the server.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
2.2. Protocol Method
The term "session" is used as defined in ([RFC2663], Section 2.3):
DCCP sessions are uniquely identified by the 4-tuple of <source IP-
address, source port, target IP-address, target port>.
DCCP, in addition, introduces Service Codes, which can be used to
identify different services available via the same port [RFC5595].
2.2.1. DCCP-Listen Packet Format
This document adds a new DCCP packet type, DCCP-Listen, whose format
is shown below.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Port | Dest Port |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Data Offset | CCVal | CsCov | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Res | Type |X| Reserved | Sequence Number High Bits |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sequence Number Low Bits |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Service Code |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: Format of a DCCP-Listen Packet
o The Source Port field indicates the port on which the DCCP server
is listening for a connection from the IP address that appears as
the destination IP address in the packet.
o The Destination Port field indicates the port selected by a DCCP
client to identify the connection. In this technique, this value
must be communicated out-of-band to the server.
o The value of X MUST be set to 1. A DCCP-Listen packet is sent
before a connection is established; therefore, there is no way to
negotiate use of short sequence numbers ([RFC4340], Section 5.1).
o The value of the Sequence Number field in a DCCP-Listen packet is
not related to the DCCP sequence number used in normal DCCP
messages (see Section 3 for a description of the use of the DCCP
sequence number). Thus, for DCCP-Listen packets:
* A DCCP server SHOULD set the high and low bits of the Sequence
Number field to 0.
* A DCCP client MUST ignore the value of the Sequence Number
field.
* Middleboxes MUST NOT interpret sequence numbers in DCCP-Listen
packets.
o The Service Code field contains the Service Code value for which
the server is listening for a connection (Section 8.1.2 of
[RFC4340] and [RFC5595]). This value MUST correspond to a Service
Code that the server is actually offering for a connection
identified by the same source IP address and the same source port
as that of the DCCP-Listen packet. Since the server may use
multiple Service Codes, the specific value of the Service Code
field needs to be communicated out-of-band, from client to server,
prior to sending the DCCP-Listen packet, e.g., described using the
Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566].
o At the time of writing, there are no known uses of header options
([RFC4340], Section 5.8) with a DCCP-Listen packet. Clients MUST
ignore all options in received DCCP-Listen packets. Therefore,
feature values cannot be negotiated using a DCCP-Listen packet.
o At the time of writing, there are no known uses of payload data
with a DCCP-Listen packet. Since DCCP-Listen packets are issued
before an actual connection is established, endpoints MUST ignore
any payload data encountered in DCCP-Listen packets.
o The following protocol fields are required to have specific
values:
* Data Offset MUST have a value of five or more (i.e., at least
20 bytes).
* CCVal MUST be zero (a connection has not been established).
* CsCov MUST be zero (use of the CsCov feature cannot be
negotiated).
* Type has the value 10, assigned by IANA to denote a DCCP-Listen
packet.
* X MUST be 1 (the generic header must be used).
The remaining fields, including the "Res" and "Reserved" fields are
specified by [RFC4340] and its successors. The interpretation of
these fields is not modified by this document.
2.2.2. Protocol Method for DCCP Server Endpoints
This document updates Section 8.1 of [RFC4340] for the case of a
fully specified DCCP server endpoint. The update modifies the way
the server performs a passive-open.
Prior to connection setup, it is common for a DCCP server endpoint to
not be fully specified: before the connection is established, a
server usually specifies only the destination port and Service Code.
(Sometimes the destination address is also specified.) This leaves
the source address and source port unspecified. The endpoint only
becomes fully specified after performing the handshake for an
incoming connection. For such cases, this document does not update
Section 8.4 of [RFC4340], i.e., the server adheres to the existing
state transitions in the left half of Figure 2 (CLOSED => LISTEN =>
RESPOND).
A fully specified DCCP server endpoint permits exactly one client,
identified by source IP-address:port, destination IP-address:port,
plus a single Service Code, to set up the connection. Such a server
SHOULD perform the actions and state transitions shown in the right
half of Figure 2 and specified below.
unspecified remote +--------+ fully specified remote
+---------------------| CLOSED |---------------------+
| +--------+ send DCCP-Listen |
| |
v v
+--------+ timeout +---------+
| LISTEN | +---+-----------| INVITED |
+--------+ | | +---------+
| | | 1st / 2nd ^ |
| more than 2 | | retransm. | | receive
| retransmissions | +-------------+ | Request
| | resend Listen v
| | +---------+
| +-------------->| LISTEN1 |
| +---------+
| |
| receive Request +---------+ receive Request* |
+------------------->| RESPOND |<--------------------+
send Response +---------+ send Response
* Note: The case of a server that responds to a DCCP-Request in
the INVITED state, transitions to the LISTEN1 state, and then
immediately transitions to the RESPOND state does not require
reception of an additional DCCP-Request packet.
Figure 2: Updated State Transition Diagram for DCCP-Listen
This diagram introduces two additional DCCP server states in addition
to those listed in Section 4.3 of [RFC4340]:
INVITED
The INVITED state is associated with a specific DCCP connection
and represents a fully specified server socket in the listening
state that is generating DCCP-Listen packets towards the client.
LISTEN1
The LISTEN1 state is associated with a specific DCCP connection
and represents a fully specified server socket in the passive
listening state that will not generate further DCCP-Listen packets
towards the client.
A fully specified server endpoint performs a passive-open from the
CLOSED state by inviting the remote client to connect. This is
performed by sending a single DCCP-Listen packet to the specified
remote IP-address:port, using the format specified in Section 2.2.1.
The figure below provides pseudocode describing the packet processing
in the INVITED state. This processing step follows Step 2 in Section
8.5 of [RFC4340]).
The INVITED state is, like LISTEN, a passive state, characterised by
waiting in the absence of an established connection. If the server
endpoint in the INVITED state receives a DCCP-Request that matches
the set of bound ports and addresses, it transitions to the LISTEN1
state and then immediately transitions to the RESPOND state, where
further processing resumes as specified in [RFC4340].
The server SHOULD repeat sending a DCCP-Listen packet while in the
INVITED state, at a 200-millisecond interval with up to at most 2
repetitions (Section 3 discusses this choice of time interval). If
the server is still in the INVITED state after a further period of
200ms following transmission of the third DCCP-Listen packet, it
SHOULD progress to the LISTEN1 state.
Fully specified server endpoints SHOULD treat ICMP error messages
received in response to a DCCP-Listen packet as "soft errors" that do
not cause a state transition. Reception of an ICMP error message as
a result of sending a DCCP-Listen packet does not necessarily
indicate a failure of the following connection request, and therefore
should not result in a server state change. This reaction to soft
errors exploits the valuable feature of the Internet that, for many
network failures, the network can be dynamically reconstructed
without any disruption of the endpoints.
Server endpoints SHOULD ignore any incoming DCCP-Listen packets. A
DCCP server in the LISTEN, INVITED, or LISTEN1 states MAY generate a
DCCP-Reset packet (Code 7, "Connection Refused") in response to a
received DCCP-Listen packet. This DCCP-Reset packet is an indication
that two servers are simultaneously awaiting connections on the same
port.
Further details on the design rationale are discussed in Section 3.
The figure below provides pseudocode describing the packet processing
in the INVITED state. This processing step follows Step 2 in Section
8.5 of RFC 4340 [RFC4340].
Step 2a: Process INVITED state
If S.state == INVITED,
/* State only entered for fully specified server endpoints */
/* on entry S will have been set to a socket */
If P.type == Request
/* Exit INVITED state and continue to process the packet */
S.state = LISTEN1
Continue with S.state := LISTEN1
Otherwise,
If P.type == Listen
/* The following line is optional */
Generate Reset(Connection Refused)
/* Otherwise, drop packet and return */
Otherwise,
Generate Reset(No Connection) unless P.type == Reset
Step 2b: Process LISTEN1 state
If S.state == LISTEN1,
/* State only entered for fully specified server endpoints */
/* Follows receipt of a Response packet */
/* or sending third Listen packet (after timer expiry) */
If P.type == Request,
S.state = RESPOND
Choose S.ISS (initial seqno) or set from Init Cookies
Initialize S.GAR := S.ISS
Set S.ISR, S.GSR, S.SWL, S.SWH from packet or Init Cookies
Continue with S.state == RESPOND
/* A Response packet will be generated in Step 11 */
Otherwise,
If P.type == Listen
/* The following line is optional */
Generate Reset(Connection Refused)
/* Otherwise, drop packet and return */
Otherwise,
Generate Reset(No Connection) unless P.type == Reset
Figure 3: Updated DCCP Pseudocode for INVITED and LISTEN1 States
2.2.3. Protocol Method for DCCP Client Endpoints
This document updates Section 8.1.1 of [RFC4340] by adding the
following rule for the reception of DCCP-Listen packets by clients:
Endpoints are required to ignore any header options or payload data
encountered in DCCP-Listen packets (Section 2.2.1) and hence do not
provide meaningful communication to a client. A client in any state
MUST silently discard any received DCCP-Listen packet, unless it
implements the optional procedure defined in the following section.
2.2.3.1. Optional Generation of Triggered Requests
This section describes an optional optimisation at the client that
can allow the client to avoid having to wait for a timeout following
a dropped DCCP-Request. The operation requires clients to respond to
reception of DCCP-Listen packets when received in the REQUEST state.
DCCP-Listen packets MUST be silently discarded in all other states.
A client implementing this optimisation MAY immediately perform a
retransmission of a DCCP-Request following the reception of the first
DCCP-Listen packet. The retransmission is performed in the same
manner as a timeout in the REQUEST state [RFC4340]. A triggered
retransmission SHOULD result in the client increasing the
exponential-backoff timer interval.
Note that a path delay greater than 200ms will result in multiple
DCCP-Listen packets arriving at the client before a DCCP-Response is
received. Clients MUST therefore perform only one such
retransmission for each DCCP connection. This requires maintaining
local state (e.g., one flag per connection).
Implementors and users of this optional method need to be aware that
host timing or path reordering can result in a server receiving two
DCCP-Requests (i.e., the server sending one unnecessary packet).
This would, in turn, trigger a client to send a second corresponding
DCCP-Response (also unnecessary). These additional packets are not
expected to modify or delay the DCCP open procedure [RFC4340].
Section 2.3.2 provides examples of the use of triggered
retransmission.
2.2.4. Processing by Routers and Middleboxes
DCCP-Listen packets do not require special treatment and should thus
be forwarded end-to-end across Internet paths, by routers and
middleboxes alike.
Middleboxes may utilise the connection information (address, port,
Service Code) to establish local forwarding state. The DCCP-Listen
packet carries the necessary information to uniquely identify a DCCP
session in combination with the source and destination addresses
(found in the enclosing IP header), including the DCCP Service Code
value [RFC5595]. The processing of the DCCP-Listen packet by NAT
devices is specified in [RFC5597].
2.3. Examples of Use
In the examples below, DCCP A is the client and DCCP B is the server.
A middlebox device (NAT/Firewall), NA, is placed before DCCP A, and
another middlebox, NB, is placed before DCCP B. Both NA and NB use a
policy that permits DCCP packets to traverse the device for outgoing
links, but only permits incoming DCCP packets when a previous packet
has been sent out for the same connection.
In the figure below, DCCP A and DCCP B decide to communicate using an
out-of-band mechanism (in this case, labelled SDP), whereupon the
client and server are started. DCCP B actively indicates its
listening state by sending a DCCP-Listen message. This fulfills the
requirement of punching a hole in NB (also creating the binding to
the external address and port). This message is dropped by NA since
no hole exists there yet. DCCP A initiates a connection by entering
the REQUEST state and sending a DCCP-Request. (It is assumed that if
NA were a NAT device, then this would also result in a binding that
maps the pinhole to the external address and port.) The DCCP-Request
is received by DCCP B, via the binding at NB. DCCP B transmits the
DCCP-Response and connects through the bindings now in place at NA
and NB.
DCCP A DCCP B
------ NA NB ------
+-----------------+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
| | | | | | | | State = CLOSED
| SDP --> |--+-+----+-+->| | State = INVITED
| | | |X---+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen |
|(State=REQUEST) | | | | | | |
|DCCP-Request --> |--+-+----+-+->| |
|(State=PARTOPEN) | <+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response| State = RESPOND
|DCCP-Ack --> |--+-+----+-+> | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|DCCP-Data --> |--+-+----+-+->| | State = OPEN
+-----------------+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
Figure 4: Event Sequence When the Server Is Started Before the Client
2.3.1. Repetition of DCCP-Listen
This section examines the effect of not receiving the DCCP-Request.
The figure below shows the sequence of packets where the DCCP server
enters the INVITED state after reception of out-of-band signaling
(e.g., SDP). The key timer operations at the client and server are
respectively shown on the left and right of the diagram. It
considers the case when the server does not receive a DCCP-Request
within the first 600ms (often the request would be received within
this interval).
The repetition of DCCP-Listen packets may be implemented using a
timer. The timer is restarted with an interval of 200ms when sending
each DCCP-Listen packet. It is cancelled when the server leaves the
INVITED state. If the timer expires after the first and second
transmission, it triggers a transmission of another DCCP-Listen
packet. If it expires after sending the third DCCP-Listen packet,
the server leaves the INVITED state to enter the LISTEN1 state (where
it passively waits for a DCCP-Request).
DCCP A DCCP B
------ NA NB ------
+----+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
| | | | | | | | State = CLOSED
| -->|--+-+----+-+--|--> SDP |
| | | | | | | | State = INVITED
| | | | | | | |
| | | |X---+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen | Timer Starts
| | | | | | | | |
DCCP-Request | -->|--->+--X | | | (dropped) | |
Timer Starts | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | 1st Timer Expiry
| | |<-+-+----+++--|<-- DCCP-Listen |
| | | | | | | | | Timer Starts
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | 2nd Timer Expiry
| | | | | | | | |
| | |<-+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen | Timer Starts
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | 3rd Timer Expiry
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | State = LISTEN1
| ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
| | | | | | | | |
Timer Expiry | -->|--+-+----+-+--|--> DCCP-Request |
| | | | | | | | State = RESPOND
| <--|--+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response|
+----+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
Figure 5: Repetition of the DCCP-Listen Packet
2.3.2. Optional Triggered Retransmission of DCCP-Request
The following figure illustrates a triggered retransmission. In this
figure, the first DCCP-Listen is assumed to be lost in the network
(e.g., does not open a pinhole at NB). A later DCCP-Request is also
not received (perhaps as a side effect of the first loss). After
200ms, the DCCP-Listen packet is retransmitted and correctly
received. This triggers the retransmission of the DCCP-Request,
which, when received, results in a corresponding DCCP-Response.
DCCP A DCCP B
------ NA NB ------
+-----------------+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
| | | | | | | | State = CLOSED
|SDP |--+-+----+-+->| | State = INVITED
|(State= REQUEST) | | | | | | |
| | | | | |X-|<-- DCCP-Listen |
|DCCP-Request --> |--+-+---X| | | |
| | <+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen |(retransmit)
| | | | | | | |
|DCCP-Request --> |--+-+----+-+->| | State = RESPOND
| (Triggered) | | | | | | |
| |<-+-+----+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response|
|(State= PARTOPEN)| | | | | | |
|DCCP-Ack --> |--+-+----+-+->| | State = OPEN
+-----------------+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
Figure 6: Example Showing a Triggered DCCP-Request
The figure below illustrates the sequence of packets exchanged when a
DCCP-Listen and DCCP-Request are processed out of order. Reception
of the DCCP-Listen packet by the client triggers retransmission of
the DCCP-Request. The server responds to the first DCCP-Request and
enters the RESPOND state. The server subsequently responds to the
second DCCP-Request with another DCCP-Response, which is ignored by
the client (already in the PARTOPEN state).
DCCP A DCCP B
------ NA NB ------
+-----------------+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
| | | | | | | | State = CLOSED
|SDP |--+-+----+-+->| | State = INVITED
|(State = REQUEST)| | | | | | |
|DCCP-Request --> |--+-+- -+-+--|<-- DCCP-Listen |
| | | | \/ | | | |
| | | | /\ | | | |
| |<-+-+- -+-+->| |
|DCCP-Request --> |--+-+- -+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response| State = RESPOND
| (Triggered) | | | \/ | | | |
| | | | /\ | | | |
| |<-+-+- -+-+->| |
|(State= PARTOPEN)| | | | | | |
|DCCP-Ack --> |--+-+- -+-+--|<-- DCCP-Response|
| (Triggered) | | | \/ | | | |
| | | | /\ | | | |
| (Ignored) |<-+-+- -+-+->| | State = OPEN
| | | | | | | |
+-----------------+ +-+ +-+ +-----------------+
Figure 7: Example Showing an Unnecessary Triggered DCCP-Request
2.4. Backwards Compatibility with RFC 4340
No changes are required if a DCCP client conforming to this document
communicates with a DCCP server conforming to [RFC4340].
If a client implements only [RFC4340], an incoming DCCP-Listen packet
would be ignored due to step 1 in Section 8.1 of [RFC4340], which at
the same time also conforms to the behaviour specified by this
document.
This document further does not modify communication for any DCCP
server that implements a passive-open without fully binding the
addresses, ports, and Service Codes to be used. The authors
therefore do not expect practical deployment problems with existing,
conformant DCCP implementations.
3. Discussion of Design Decisions
This is an informative section that reviews the rationale for the
design of this method.
3.1. Rationale for a New Packet Type
The DCCP-Listen packet specified in Section 2.2.1 has the same format
as the DCCP-Request packet ([RFC4340], Section 5.1), the only
difference is in the value of the Type field. The usage, however,
differs. The DCCP-Listen packet serves as an advisory message, not
as part of the actual connection setup: sequence numbers have no
meaning, and no payload can be communicated.
A DCCP-Request packet could, in theory, also have been used for the
same purpose. The following arguments were against this:
The first problem was that of semantic overloading: the DCCP-Request
defined in [RFC4340] serves a well-defined purpose, being the initial
packet of the 3-way handshake. Additional use in the manner of a
DCCP-Listen packet would have required DCCP processors to have two
different processing paths: one where a DCCP-Request was interpreted
as part of the initial handshake, and another where the same packet
was interpreted as an indication of an intention to accept a new
connection. This would complicate packet processing in hosts and, in
particular, stateful middleboxes (which may have restricted
computational resources).
The second problem is that a client receiving a DCCP-Request from a
server could generate a DCCP-Reset packet if it had not yet entered
the REQUEST state (step 7 in Section 8.5 of [RFC4340]). The method
specified in this document lets client endpoints ignore DCCP-Listen
packets. Adding a similar rule for the DCCP-Request packet would
have been cumbersome: clients would not have been able to distinguish
between a DCCP-Request packet meant to indicate an intention to
accept a new connection and a genuinely erratic connection
initiation.
The third problem is similar and refers to a client receiving the
indication after having itself sent a (connection-initiation) DCCP-
Request. Step 7 in Section 8.5 of [RFC4340] requires the client to
reply to a DCCP-Request from the server with a DCCP-Sync packet.
Since sequence numbers are ignored for this type of message,
additional and complex processing would become necessary: either to
ask the client not to respond to a DCCP-Request when the request is
used as an indication, or to ask middleboxes and servers to ignore
DCCP-Sync packets generated in response to DCCP-Request packets that
are used as indications. Furthermore, since no initial sequence
numbers have been negotiated at this stage, sending a DCCP-SyncAck
would not be meaningful.
The use of a separate packet type therefore allows simpler and
clearer processing.
3.1.1. Use of Sequence Numbers
Although the DCCP-Listen Sequence Number fields are ignored, they
have been retained in the DCCP-Listen packet header to reuse the
generic header format from Section 5.1 of [RFC4340].
DCCP assigns a random initial value to the sequence number when a
DCCP connection is established [RFC4340]. However, a sender is
required to set this value to zero for a DCCP-Listen packet. Both
clients and middleboxes are also required to ignore this value.
The rationale for ignoring the Sequence Number fields of DCCP-Listen
packets is that, at the time the DCCP-Listen is exchanged, the
endpoints have not yet entered connection setup: the DCCP-Listen
packet is sent while the server is still in the passive-open
(INVITED) state, i.e., it has not yet allocated state, other than
binding to the client's IP-address:port and Service Code.
3.2. Generation of Listen Packets
A DCCP server should by default permit generation of DCCP-Listen
packets. Since DCCP-Listen packets solve a particular problem with
NAT and/or firewall traversal, the generation of DCCP-Listen packets
on passive sockets is tied to a condition (binding to a remote
address and Service Code that are both known a priori) to ensure this
does not interfere with the general case of "normal" DCCP connections
(where client addresses are generally not known in advance).
In the TCP world, the analogue is a transition from LISTEN to
SYN_SENT by virtue of sending data: "A fully specified passive call
can be made active by the subsequent execution of a SEND" ([RFC0793],
Section 3.8). Unlike TCP, this update does not perform a role change
from passive to active. Like TCP, DCCP-Listen packets are only sent
by a DCCP-server when the endpoint is fully specified (Section 2.2).
3.3. Repetition of DCCP-Listen Packets
Repetition is a necessary requirement to increase robustness and the
chance of successful connection establishment when a DCCP-Listen
packet is lost due to congestion, link loss, or some other reason.
The decision to recommend a maximum number of 3 timeouts (2 repeated
copies of the original DCCP-Listen packet) results from the following
consideration: the repeated copies need to be spaced sufficiently far
apart in time to avoid suffering from correlated loss. The interval
of 200ms was chosen to accommodate a wide range of wireless and wired
network paths.
Another constraint is given by the retransmission interval for the
DCCP-Request ([RFC4340], Section 8.1.1). To establish state,
intermediate systems need to receive a (retransmitted) DCCP-Listen
packet before the DCCP-Request times out (1 second). With three
timeouts, each spaced 200 milliseconds apart, the overall time is
still below one second. The sum of 600 milliseconds is sufficiently
large to provide for longer one-way delays, as is the case, e.g., on
some wireless links.
The rationale behind transitioning to the LISTEN1 state after two
repetitions is that other problems, independent of establishing
middlebox state, may occur (such as delay or loss of the initial
DCCP-Request). Any late or retransmitted DCCP-Request packets will
then still reach the server, allowing connection establishment to
successfully complete.
4. Security Considerations
General security considerations for DCCP are described in [RFC4340].
Security considerations for Service Codes are further described in
[RFC5595].
The method specified in this document generates a DCCP-Listen packet
addressed to a specific DCCP client. This exposes the state of a
DCCP server that is in a passive listening state (i.e., waiting to
accept a connection from a known client).
The exposed information is not encrypted and therefore could be seen
on the network path to the DCCP client. An attacker on this return
path could observe a DCCP-Listen packet and then exploit this by
spoofing a packet (e.g., DCCP-Request or DCCP-Reset) with the IP
addresses, DCCP ports, and Service Code that correspond to the values
to be used for the connection. As in other on-path attacks, this
could be used to inject data into a connection or to deny a
connection request. A similar on-path attack is also possible for
any DCCP connection, once the session is initiated by the client
([RFC4340], Section 18).
The DCCP-Listen packet is only sent in response to explicit, prior
out-of-band signaling from a DCCP client to the DCCP server (e.g.,
SDP [RFC4566] information communicated via the Session Initiation
Protocol [RFC3261]) and will normally directly precede a DCCP-Request
sent by the client (which carries the same information).
This update does not significantly increase the complexity or
vulnerability of a DCCP implementation that conforms to [RFC4340]. A
DCCP server SHOULD therefore, by default, permit generation of DCCP-
Listen packets. A server that wishes to prevent disclosing this
information MAY refrain from generating DCCP-Listen packets without
impacting subsequent DCCP state transitions, but possibly inhibiting
middlebox traversal.
The DCCP base specification in RFC 4340 defines an Init Cookie
option, which lets a DCCP server avoid having to hold any state until
the three-way, connection-setup handshake has completed. This
specification enables an out-of-band mechanism that forces the server
to hold state for a connection that has not yet been established.
This is a change in the security profile of DCCP, although the impact
is expected to be minimal and depends on the security features of the
out-of-band mechanism (SIP SDP is one such mechanism that provides
sufficient security features).
The method creates a new way for a client to set up a DCCP connection
to a server using out-of-band data, transported over a signaling
connection. If the signaling connection is not encrypted, an
eavesdropper could see the client IP address and the port for the to-
be-established DCCP connection, and generate a DCCP-Listen packet
towards the client using its own server IP address and port.
However, a client will only respond to a received DCCP-Listen packet
if the server IP address and port match an existing DCCP connection
that is in the REQUEST state (Section 2.3.2). The method therefore
cannot be used to redirect the connection to a different server IP
address.
5. IANA Considerations
The IANA registered a new packet type, "DCCP-Listen", in the IANA
DCCP Packet Types Registry. The decimal value 10 has been assigned
to this type. This registry entry references this document.
6. Acknowledgements
This update was originally co-authored by Dr. Gerrit Renker,
University of Aberdeen, and the present author acknowledges his
insight in design of the protocol mechanism and in careful review of
the early revisions of the document text. Dan Wing assisted on
issues relating to the use of NAT and NAPT.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC4340] Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram
Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340, March 2006.
[RFC5595] Fairhurst, G., "The DCCP Service Code", RFC 5595,
September 2009.
7.2. Informative References
[Epp05] Eppinger, J-L., "TCP Connections for P2P Apps: A Software
Approach to Solving the NAT Problem", Carnegie Mellon
University/ISRI Technical Report CMU-ISRI-05-104,
January 2005.
[FSK05] Ford, B., Srisuresh, P., and D. Kegel, "Peer-to-Peer
Communication Across Network Address Translators",
Proceedings of USENIX-05, pages 179-192, 2005.
[GF05] Guha, S. and P. Francis, "Characterization and Measurement
of TCP Traversal through NATs and Firewalls", Proceedings
of Internet Measurement Conference (IMC-05), pages 199-
211, 2005.
[GTF04] Guha, S., Takeda, Y., and P. Francis, "NUTSS: A SIP based
approach to UDP and TCP connectivity", Proceedings of
SIGCOMM-04 Workshops, Portland, OR, pages 43-48, 2004.
[H.323] ITU-T, "Packet-based Multimedia Communications Systems",
Recommendation H.323, July 2003.
[ICE] Rosenberg, J., "TCP Candidates with Interactive
Connectivity Establishment (ICE)", Work in Progress,
July 2008.
[NAT-APP] Ford, B., "Application Design Guidelines for Traversal
through Network Address Translators", Work in Progress,
March 2007.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, September 1981.
[RFC2663] Srisuresh, P. and M. Holdrege, "IP Network Address
Translator (NAT) Terminology and Considerations",
RFC 2663, August 1999.
[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network
Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022,
January 2001.
[RFC3235] Senie, D., "Network Address Translator (NAT)-Friendly
Application Design Guidelines", RFC 3235, January 2002.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002.
[RFC4566] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", RFC 4566, July 2006.
[RFC4787] Audet, F. and C. Jennings, "Network Address Translation
(NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast UDP", BCP 127,
RFC 4787, January 2007.
[RFC5382] Guha, S., Biswas, K., Ford, B., Sivakumar, S., and P.
Srisuresh, "NAT Behavioral Requirements for TCP", BCP 142,
RFC 5382, October 2008.
[RFC5597] Denis-Courmont, R., "Network Address Translation (NAT)
Behavioral Requirements for the Datagram Congestion
Control Protocol", BCP 150, RFC 5597, September 2009.
[STUN] Rosenberg, J., Mahy, R., and P. Matthews, "Traversal Using
Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session
Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)", Work in Progress,
June 2009.
Appendix A. Discussion of Existing NAT Traversal Techniques
This appendix provides a brief review of existing techniques to
establish connectivity across NAT devices, with the aim of providing
background information. It first considers TCP NAT traversal based
on simultaneous-open, and then discusses a second technique based on
role reversal. Further information can be found in [GTF04] and
[GF05].
A central idea shared by these techniques is to make peer-to-peer
sessions look like "outbound" sessions on each NAT device. Often a
rendezvous server, located in the public address realm, is used to
enable clients to discover their NAT topology and the addresses of
peers.
The term 'hole punching' was coined in [FSK05] and refers to creating
soft state in a traditional NAT device by initiating an outbound
connection. A well-behaved NAT can subsequently exploit this to
allow a reverse connection back to the host in the private address
realm.
UDP and TCP hole punching use nearly the same technique [RFC4787].
The adaptation of the basic UDP hole punching principle to TCP NAT
traversal [RFC5382] was introduced in Section 4 of [FSK05] and relies
on the simultaneous-open feature of TCP [RFC0793]. A further
difference between UDP and TCP lies in the way the clients perform
connectivity checks after obtaining suitable address pairs for
connection establishment. Whereas in UDP a single socket is
sufficient, TCP clients require several sockets for the same address
and port tuple:
o a passive socket to listen for connectivity tests from peers, and
o multiple active connections from the same address to test
reachability of other peers.
The SYN sent out by client A to its peer B creates soft state in A's
NAT. At the same time, B tries to connect to A:
o if the SYN from B has left B's NAT before the arrival of A's SYN,
both endpoints perform simultaneous-open (4-way handshake of SYN/
SYNACK);
o otherwise, A's SYN may not enter B's NAT, which leads to B
performing a normal open (SYN_SENT => ESTABLISHED) and A
performing a simultaneous-open (SYN_SENT => SYN_RCVD =>
ESTABLISHED).
In the latter case, it is necessary that the NAT does not interfere
with a RST segment (REQ-4 in [RFC5382]). The simultaneous-open
solution is convenient due to its simplicity, and is thus a preferred
mode of operation in the TCP extension for Interactive Connectivity
Establishment (ICE) ([ICE], Section 2).
A.1. NAT Traversal Based on a Simultaneous-Request
Among the various TCP NAT traversal approaches, the one using a TCP
simultaneous-open suggests itself as a candidate for DCCP due to its
simplicity ([GF05], [NAT-APP]).
A characteristic of TCP simultaneous-open is that this erases the
clear distinction between client and server: both sides enter through
active (SYN_SENT) as well as passive (SYN_RCVD) states. This
characteristic conflicts with the DCCP design decision to provide a
clear separation between client and server functions ([RFC4340],
Section 4.6).
In DCCP, several mechanisms implicitly rely on clearly defined
client/server roles:
o Feature Negotiation: with few exceptions, almost all of DCCP's
negotiable features use the "server-priority" reconciliation rule
([RFC4340], Section 6.3.1), whereby a peer exchanges its
preference lists of feature values, and the server decides the
outcome.
o Closing States: only a server may generate DCCP-CloseReq packets
(asking the peer to hold timewait state), while a client is only
permitted to send DCCP-Close or DCCP-Reset packets to terminate a
connection ([RFC4340], Section 8.3).
o Service Codes [RFC5595]: a server may be associated with multiple
Service Codes, while a client must be associated with exactly one
([RFC4340], Section 8.1.2).
o Init Cookies: may only be used by a server and on DCCP-Response
packets ([RFC4340], Section 8.1.4).
The latter two points are not obstacles per se, but would have
hindered the transition from a passive to an active socket. In DCCP,
a DCCP-Request is only generated by a client. The assumption that
"all DCCP hosts may be clients" was dismissed, since it would require
undesirable changes to the state machine and would limit application
programming. As a consequence, the retro-fitting of a TCP-style
simultaneous-open into DCCP to allow simultaneous exchange of DCCP-
Connect packets was not recommended.
A.2. Role Reversal
Another simple TCP NAT traversal scheme uses role traversal ([Epp05],
[GTF04]), where a peer first opens an active connection for the
single purpose of punching a hole in the firewall, and then reverts
to a listening socket, accepting connections that arrive via the new
path.
This solution would have had several disadvantages if used with DCCP.
First, a DCCP server would be required to change its role to
temporarily become a 'client'. This would have required modification
to the state machine -- in particular, the treatment of Service Codes
and perhaps Init Cookies. Further, the method would have needed to
follow feature negotiation, since an endpoint's choice of initial
options can rely on its role (i.e., an endpoint that knows it is the
server can make a priori assumptions about the preference lists of
features it is negotiating with the client, thereby enforcing a
particular policy). Finally, the server would have needed additional
processing to ensure that the connection arriving at the listening
socket matches the previously opened active connection.
This approach was therefore not recommend for DCCP.
Author's Address
Godred Fairhurst
University of Aberdeen
School of Engineering
Fraser Noble Building
Aberdeen AB24 3UE
Scotland
EMail: gorry@erg.abdn.ac.uk
URI: http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk