| Rfc | 5433 |
|---|
| Title | Extensible Authentication Protocol - Generalized Pre-Shared Key
(EAP-GPSK) Method |
|---|
| Author | T. Clancy, H. Tschofenig |
|---|
| Date | February 2009 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
|---|
|
Network Working Group T. Clancy
Request for Comments: 5433 LTS
Category: Standards Track H. Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
February 2009
Extensible Authentication Protocol -
Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) Method
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of
publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document.
Abstract
This memo defines an Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) method
called EAP Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK). This method is a
lightweight shared-key authentication protocol supporting mutual
authentication and key derivation.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. Overview ........................................................6
4. Key Derivation ..................................................8
5. Key Management .................................................11
6. Ciphersuites ...................................................11
7. Generalized Key Derivation Function (GKDF) .....................12
8. Ciphersuites Processing Rules ..................................13
8.1. Ciphersuite #1 ............................................13
8.1.1. Encryption .........................................13
8.1.2. Integrity ..........................................13
8.2. Ciphersuite #2 ............................................14
8.2.1. Encryption .........................................14
8.2.2. Integrity ..........................................14
9. Packet Formats .................................................15
9.1. Header Format .............................................15
9.2. Ciphersuite Formatting ....................................16
9.3. Payload Formatting ........................................16
9.4. Protected Data ............................................21
10. Packet Processing Rules .......................................24
11. Example Message Exchanges .....................................25
12. Security Considerations .......................................28
12.1. Security Claims ..........................................28
12.2. Mutual Authentication ....................................29
12.3. Protected Result Indications .............................29
12.4. Integrity Protection .....................................29
12.5. Replay Protection ........................................30
12.6. Reflection Attacks .......................................30
12.7. Dictionary Attacks .......................................30
12.8. Key Derivation and Key Strength ..........................31
12.9. Denial-of-Service Resistance .............................31
12.10. Session Independence ....................................32
12.11. Compromise of the PSK ...................................32
12.12. Fragmentation ...........................................32
12.13. Channel Binding .........................................32
12.14. Fast Reconnect ..........................................33
12.15. Identity Protection .....................................33
12.16. Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation .......................33
12.17. Confidentiality .........................................34
12.18. Cryptographic Binding ...................................34
13. IANA Considerations ...........................................34
14. Contributors ..................................................35
15. Acknowledgments ...............................................36
16. References ....................................................37
16.1. Normative References .....................................37
16.2. Informative References ...................................38
1. Introduction
EAP Generalized Pre-Shared Key (EAP-GPSK) is an EAP method defining a
generalized pre-shared key authentication technique. Mutual
authentication is achieved through a nonce-based exchange that is
secured by a pre-shared key.
EAP-GPSK addresses a large number of design goals with the intention
of being applicable in a broad range of usage scenarios.
The main design goals of EAP-GPSK are:
Simplicity:
EAP-GPSK should be easy to implement.
Security Model:
EAP-GPSK has been designed in a threat model where the attacker
has full control over the communication channel. This EAP threat
model is presented in Section 7.1 of [RFC3748].
Efficiency:
EAP-GPSK does not make use of public key cryptography and fully
relies of symmetric cryptography. The restriction of symmetric
cryptographic computations allows for low computational overhead.
Hence, EAP-GPSK is lightweight and well suited for any type of
device, especially those with processing power, memory, and
battery constraints. Additionally, it seeks to minimize the
number of round trips.
Flexibility:
EAP-GPSK offers cryptographic flexibility. At the beginning, the
EAP server proposes a list of ciphersuites. The client then
selects one. The current version of EAP-GPSK includes two
ciphersuites, but additional ones can be easily added.
Extensibility:
The design of EAP-GPSK allows to securely exchange information
between the EAP peer and the EAP server using protected data
fields. These fields might, for example, be used to exchange
channel binding information or to provide support for identity
confidentiality.
2. Terminology
In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements
of the specification. These words are often capitalized. The key
words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD",
"SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document
are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
This section describes the various variables and functions used in
the EAP-GPSK method.
Variables:
CSuite_List: An octet array listing available ciphersuites (variable
length).
CSuite_Sel: Ciphersuite selected by the peer (6 octets).
ID_Peer: Peer Network Access Identifier (NAI) [RFC4282].
ID_Server: Server identity as an opaque blob.
KS: Integer representing the input key size, in octets, of the
selected ciphersuite CSuite_Sel. The key size is one of the
ciphersuite parameters.
ML: Integer representing the length of the Message Authentication
Code (MAC) output, in octets, of the selected ciphersuite
CSuite_Sel.
PD_Payload: Data carried within the protected data payload.
PD_Payload_Block: Block of possibly multiple PD_Payloads carried by
a GPSK packet.
PL: Integer representing the length of the PSK in octets (2 octets).
PL MUST be larger than or equal to KS.
RAND_Peer: Random integer generated by the peer (32 octets).
RAND_Server: Random integer generated by the server (32 octets).
Operations:
A || B: Concatenation of octet strings A and B.
A**B: Integer exponentiation.
truncate(A,B): Returns the first B octets of A.
ENC_X(Y): Encryption of message Y with a symmetric key X, using a
defined block cipher.
KDF-X(Y): Key Derivation Function that generates an arbitrary number
of octets of output using secret X and seed Y.
length(X): Function that returns the length of input X in octets,
encoded as a 2-octet integer in network byte order.
MAC_X(Y): Keyed message authentication code computed over Y with
symmetric key X.
SEC_X(Y): SEC is a function that provides integrity protection based
on the chosen ciphersuite. The function SEC uses the algorithm
defined by the selected ciphersuite and applies it to the message
content Y with key X. In short, SEC_X(Y) = Y || MAC_X(Y).
X[A..B]: Notation representing octets A through B of octet array X
where the first octet of the array has index zero.
The following abbreviations are used for the keying material:
EMSK: Extended Master Session Key is exported by the EAP method (64
octets).
MK: A session-specific Master Key between the peer and EAP server
from which all other EAP method session keys are derived (KS
octets).
MSK: Master Session Key exported by the EAP method (64 octets).
PK: Session key generated from the MK and used during protocol
exchange to encrypt protected data (KS octets).
PSK: Long-term key shared between the peer and the server (PL
octets).
SK: Session key generated from the MK and used during protocol
exchange to demonstrate knowledge of the PSK (KS octets).
3. Overview
The EAP framework (see Section 1.3 of [RFC3748]) defines three basic
steps that occur during the execution of an EAP conversation between
the EAP peer, the Authenticator, and the EAP server.
1. The first phase, discovery, is handled by the underlying
protocol, e.g., IEEE 802.1X as utilized by IEEE 802.11 [80211].
2. The EAP authentication phase with EAP-GPSK is defined in this
document.
3. The secure association distribution and secure association phases
are handled differently depending on the underlying protocol.
EAP-GPSK performs mutual authentication between the EAP peer ("Peer")
and EAP server ("Server") based on a pre-shared key (PSK). The
protocol consists of the message exchanges (GPSK-1, ..., GPSK-4) in
which both sides exchange nonces and their identities, and compute
and exchange a Message Authentication Code (MAC) over the previously
exchanged values, keyed with the pre-shared key. This MAC is
considered as proof of possession of the pre-shared key. Two further
messages, namely GPSK-Fail and GPSK-Protected-Fail, are used to deal
with error situations.
A successful protocol exchange is shown in Figure 1.
+--------+ +--------+
| | EAP-Request/Identity | |
| EAP |<------------------------------------| EAP |
| peer | | server |
| | EAP-Response/Identity | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-1 | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/GPSK-2 | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-3 | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/GPSK-4 | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Success | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
+--------+ +--------+
Figure 1: EAP-GPSK: Successful Exchange
The full EAP-GPSK protocol is as follows:
GPSK-1:
ID_Server, RAND_Server, CSuite_List
GPSK-2:
SEC_SK(ID_Peer, ID_Server, RAND_Peer, RAND_Server, CSuite_List,
CSuite_Sel, [ ENC_PK(PD_Payload_Block) ] )
GPSK-3:
SEC_SK(RAND_Peer, RAND_Server, ID_Server, CSuite_Sel, [
ENC_PK(PD_Payload_Block) ] )
GPSK-4:
SEC_SK( [ ENC_PK(PD_Payload_Block) ] )
The EAP server begins EAP-GPSK by selecting a random number
RAND_Server and encoding the supported ciphersuites into CSuite_List.
A ciphersuite consists of an encryption algorithm, a key derivation
function, and a message authentication code.
In GPSK-1, the EAP server sends its identity ID_Server, a random
number RAND_Server, and a list of supported ciphersuites CSuite_List.
The decision of which ciphersuite to offer and which ciphersuite to
pick is policy- and implementation-dependent and, therefore, outside
the scope of this document.
In GPSK-2, the peer sends its identity ID_Peer and a random number
RAND_Peer. Furthermore, it repeats the received parameters of the
GPSK-1 message (ID_Server, RAND_Server, CSuite_List) and the selected
ciphersuite. It computes a Message Authentication Code over all the
transmitted parameters.
The EAP server verifies the received Message Authentication Code and
the consistency of the identities, nonces, and ciphersuite parameters
transmitted in GPSK-1. In case of successful verification, the EAP
server computes a Message Authentication Code over the session
parameter and returns it to the peer (within GPSK-3). Within GPSK-2
and GPSK-3, the EAP peer and EAP server have the possibility to
exchange encrypted protected data parameters.
The peer verifies the received Message Authentication Code and the
consistency of the identities, nonces, and ciphersuite parameters
transmitted in GPSK-2. If the verification is successful, GPSK-4 is
prepared. This message can optionally contain the peer's protected
data parameters.
Upon receipt of GPSK-4, the server processes any included
PD_Payload_Block. Then, the EAP server sends an EAP Success message
to indicate the successful outcome of the authentication.
4. Key Derivation
EAP-GPSK provides key derivation in compliance to the requirements of
[RFC3748] and [RFC5247]. Note that this section provides an abstract
description for the key derivation procedure that needs to be
instantiated with a specific ciphersuite.
The long-term credential shared between EAP peer and EAP server
SHOULD be a strong pre-shared key PSK of at least 16 octets, though
its length and entropy are variable. While it is possible to use a
password or passphrase, doing so is NOT RECOMMENDED as EAP-GPSK is
vulnerable to dictionary attacks.
During an EAP-GPSK authentication, a Master Key MK, a Session Key SK,
and a Protected Data Encryption Key PK (if using an encrypting
ciphersuite) are derived using the ciphersuite-specified KDF and data
exchanged during the execution of the protocol, namely 'RAND_Peer ||
ID_Peer || RAND_Server || ID_Server', referred to as inputString in
its short-hand form.
In case of successful completion, EAP-GPSK derives and exports an MSK
and an EMSK, each 64 octets in length.
The following notation is used: KDF-X(Y, Z)[A..B], whereby
X is the length, in octets, of the desired output,
Y is a secret key,
Z is the inputString,
[A..B] extracts the string of octets starting with octet A and
finishing with octet B from the output of the KDF function.
This keying material is derived using the ciphersuite-specified KDF
as follows:
o inputString = RAND_Peer || ID_Peer || RAND_Server || ID_Server
o MK = KDF-KS(PSK[0..KS-1], PL || PSK || CSuite_Sel ||
inputString)[0..KS-1]
o MSK = KDF-{128+2*KS}(MK, inputString)[0..63]
o EMSK = KDF-{128+2*KS}(MK, inputString)[64..127]
o SK = KDF-{128+2*KS}(MK, inputString)[128..127+KS]
o PK = KDF-{128+2*KS}(MK, inputString)[128+KS..127+2*KS] (if using
an encrypting ciphersuite)
The value for PL (the length of the PSK in octets) is encoded as a
2-octet integer in network byte order. Recall that KS is the length
of the ciphersuite input key size in octets.
Additionally, the EAP keying framework [RFC5247] requires the
definition of a Method-ID, Session-ID, Peer-ID, and Server-ID. These
values are defined as:
o Method-ID = KDF-16(PSK[0..KS-1], "Method ID" || EAP_Method_Type ||
CSuite_Sel || inputString)[0..15]
o Session-ID = EAP_Method_Type || Method_ID
o Peer-ID = ID_Peer
o Server-ID = ID_Server
EAP_Method_Type refers to the 1-octet, IANA-allocated EAP Type code
value.
Figure 2 depicts the key derivation procedure of EAP-GPSK.
+-------------+ +-------------------------------+
| PL-octet | | RAND_Peer || ID_Peer || |
| PSK | | RAND_Server || ID_Server |
+-------------+ +-------------------------------+
| | |
| +------------+ | |
| | CSuite_Sel | | |
| +------------+ | |
| | | |
v v v |
+--------------------------------------------+ |
| KDF | |
+--------------------------------------------+ |
| |
v |
+-------------+ |
| KS-octet | |
| MK | |
+-------------+ |
| |
v v
+---------------------------------------------------+
| KDF |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| | | |
v v v v
+---------+ +---------+ +----------+ +----------+
| 64-octet| | 64-octet| | KS-octet | | KS-octet |
| MSK | | EMSK | | SK | | PK |
+---------+ +---------+ +----------+ +----------+
Figure 2: EAP-GPSK Key Derivation
5. Key Management
In order to be interoperable, PSKs must be entered in the same way on
both the peer and server. The management interface for entering PSKs
MUST support entering PSKs up to 64 octets in length as ASCII strings
and in hexadecimal encoding.
Additionally, the ID_Peer and ID_Server MUST be provisioned with the
PSK. Validation of these values is by an octet-wise comparison. The
management interface SHOULD support entering non-ASCII octets for the
ID_Peer and ID_Server up to 254 octets in length. For more
information, the reader is advised to read Section 2.4 of RFC 4282
[RFC4282].
6. Ciphersuites
The design of EAP-GPSK allows cryptographic algorithms and key sizes,
called ciphersuites, to be negotiated during the protocol run. The
ability to specify block-based and hash-based ciphersuites is
offered. Extensibility is provided with the introduction of new
ciphersuites; this document specifies an initial set. The CSuite/
Specifier column in Figure 3 uniquely identifies a ciphersuite.
For a vendor-specific ciphersuite, the first four octets are the
vendor-specific enterprise number that contains the IANA-assigned
"SMI Network Management Private Enterprise Codes" value (see
[ENTNUM]), encoded in network byte order. The last two octets are
vendor assigned for the specific ciphersuite. A vendor code of
0x00000000 indicates ciphersuites standardized by the IETF in an
IANA-maintained registry.
The following ciphersuites are specified in this document (recall
that KS is the length of the ciphersuite input key length in octets,
and ML is the length of the MAC output in octets):
+-----------+----+-------------+----+--------------+----------------+
| CSuite/ | KS | Encryption | ML | Integrity / | Key Derivation |
| Specifier | | | | KDF MAC | Function |
+-----------+----+-------------+----+--------------+----------------+
| 0x0001 | 16 | AES-CBC-128 | 16 | AES-CMAC-128 | GKDF |
+-----------+----+-------------+----+--------------+----------------+
| 0x0002 | 32 | NULL | 32 | HMAC-SHA256 | GKDF |
+-----------+----+-------------+----+--------------+----------------+
Figure 3: Ciphersuites
Ciphersuite 1, which is based on the Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) as a cryptographic primitive, MUST be implemented. This
document specifies also a second ciphersuite, which MAY be
implemented. Both ciphersuites defined in this document make use of
the Generalized Key Derivation Function (GKDF), as defined in
Section 7. The following aspects need to be considered to ensure
that the PSK that is used as input to the GKDF is sufficiently long:
1. The PSK used with ciphersuite 1 MUST be 128 bits in length. Keys
longer than 128 bits will be truncated.
2. The PSK used with ciphersuite 2 MUST be 256 bits in length. Keys
longer than 256 bits will be truncated.
3. It is RECOMMENDED that 256 bit keys be provisioned in all cases
to provide enough entropy for all current and many possible
future ciphersuites.
Ciphersuites defined in the future that make use of the GKDF need to
specify a minimum PSK size (as is done with the ciphersuites listed
in this document).
7. Generalized Key Derivation Function (GKDF)
Each ciphersuite needs to specify a key derivation function. The
ciphersuites defined in this document make use of the Generalized Key
Derivation Function (GKDF) that utilizes the MAC function defined in
the ciphersuite. Future ciphersuites can use any other formally
specified KDF that takes as arguments a key and a seed value, and
produces at least 128+2*KS octets of output.
GKDF has the following structure:
GKDF-X(Y, Z)
X length, in octets, of the desired output
Y secret key
Z inputString
GKDF-X (Y, Z)
{
n = ceiling integer of ( X / ML );
/* determine number of output blocks */
result = "";
for i = 1 to n {
result = result || MAC_Y (i || Z);
}
return truncate(result, X)
}
Note that the variable 'i' in M_i is represented as a 2-octet value
in network byte order.
8. Ciphersuites Processing Rules
8.1. Ciphersuite #1
8.1.1. Encryption
With this ciphersuite, all cryptography is built around a single
cryptographic primitive, AES-128 ([AES]). Within the protected data
frames, AES-128 is used in the Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode of
operation (see [CBC]). This EAP method uses encryption in a single
payload, in the protected data payload (see Section 9.4).
In a nutshell, the CBC mode proceeds as follows. The IV is XORed
with the first plaintext block before it is encrypted. Then for
successive blocks, the previous ciphertext block is XORed with the
current plaintext, before it is encrypted.
8.1.2. Integrity
Ciphersuite 1 uses CMAC as Message Authentication Code. CMAC is
recommended by NIST. Among its advantages, CMAC is capable to work
with messages of arbitrary length. A detailed description of CMAC
can be found in [CMAC].
The following instantiation is used: AES-CMAC-128(SK, Input) denotes
the MAC of Input under the key SK where Input refers to the following
content:
o Parameter within SEC_SK(Parameter) in message GPSK-2
o Parameter within SEC_SK(Parameter) in message GPSK-3
o Parameter within SEC_SK(Parameter) in message GPSK-4
8.2. Ciphersuite #2
8.2.1. Encryption
Ciphersuite 2 does not include an algorithm for encryption. With a
NULL encryption algorithm, encryption is defined as:
E_X(Y) = Y
When using this ciphersuite, the data exchanged inside the protected
data block is not encrypted. Therefore, this mode MUST NOT be used
if confidential information appears inside the protected data block.
8.2.2. Integrity
Ciphersuite 2 uses the keyed MAC function HMAC, with the SHA256 hash
algorithm (see [RFC4634]).
For integrity protection, the following instantiation is used:
HMAC-SHA256(SK, Input) denotes the MAC of Input under the key SK
where Input refers to the following content:
o Parameter within SEC_SK(Parameter) in message GPSK-2
o Parameter within SEC_SK(Parameter) in message GPSK-3
o Parameter within SEC_SK(Parameter) in message GPSK-4
9. Packet Formats
This section defines the packet format of the EAP-GPSK messages.
9.1. Header Format
The EAP-GPSK header has the following structure:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Code | Identifier | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | OP-Code | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... Payload ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: EAP-GPSK Header
The Code, Identifier, Length, and Type fields are all part of the EAP
header and are defined in [RFC3748]. The Type field in the EAP
header MUST be the value allocated by IANA for EAP-GPSK.
The OP-Code field is one of 6 values:
o 0x00 : Reserved
o 0x01 : GPSK-1
o 0x02 : GPSK-2
o 0x03 : GPSK-3
o 0x04 : GPSK-4
o 0x05 : GPSK-Fail
o 0x06 : GPSK-Protected-Fail
All other values of this OP-Code field are available via IANA
registration.
9.2. Ciphersuite Formatting
Ciphersuites are encoded as 6-octet arrays. The first four octets
indicate the CSuite/Vendor field. For vendor-specific ciphersuites,
this represents the vendor enterprise number and contains the IANA-
assigned "SMI Network Management Private Enterprise Codes" value (see
[ENTNUM]), encoded in network byte order. The last two octets
indicate the CSuite/Specifier field, which identifies the particular
ciphersuite. The 4-octet CSuite/Vendor value 0x00000000 indicates
ciphersuites allocated by the IETF.
Graphically, they are represented as:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSuite/Vendor = 0x00000000 or enterprise number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSuite/Specifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: Ciphersuite Formatting
CSuite_Sel is encoded as a 6-octet ciphersuite CSuite/Vendor and
CSuite/Specifier pair.
CSuite_List is a variable-length octet array of ciphersuites. It is
encoded by concatenating encoded ciphersuite values. Its length in
octets MUST be a multiple of 6.
9.3. Payload Formatting
Payload formatting is based on the protocol exchange description in
Section 3.
The GPSK-1 payload format is defined as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| length(ID_Server) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... ID_Server ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... 32-octet RAND_Server ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| length(CSuite_List) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... CSuite_List ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: GPSK-1 Payload
The GPSK-2 payload format is defined as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| length(ID_Peer) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... ID_Peer ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| length(ID_Server) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... ID_Server ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... 32-octet RAND_Peer ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... 32-octet RAND_Server ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| length(CSuite_List) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... CSuite_List ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSuite_Sel |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | length(PD_Payload_Block) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... optional PD_Payload_Block ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... ML-octet payload MAC ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: GPSK-2 Payload
If the optional protected data payload is not included, then
length(PD_Payload_Block)=0 and the PD payload is excluded. The
payload MAC covers the entire packet, from the ID_Peer length through
the optional PD_Payload_Block.
The GPSK-3 payload is defined as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... 32-octet RAND_Peer ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... 32-octet RAND_Server ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| length(ID_Server) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... ID_Server ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| CSuite_Sel |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | length(PD_Payload_Block) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... optional PD_Payload_Block ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... ML-octet payload MAC ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: GPSK-3 Payload
If the optional protected data payload is not included, then
length(PD_Payload_Block)=0 and the PD payload is excluded. The
payload MAC covers the entire packet, from the RAND_Peer through the
optional PD_Payload_Block.
The GPSK-4 payload format is defined as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| length(PD_Payload_Block) | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +
| |
... optional PD_Payload_Block ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... ML-octet payload MAC ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: GPSK-4 Payload
If the optional protected data payload is not included, then
length(PD_Payload_Block)=0 and the PD payload is excluded. The MAC
MUST always be included, regardless of the presence of
PD_Payload_Block. The payload MAC covers the entire packet, from the
PD_Payload_Block length through the optional PD_Payload_Block.
The GPSK-Fail payload format is defined as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Failure-Code |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 10: GPSK-Fail Payload
The GPSK-Protected-Fail payload format is defined as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Failure-Code |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... ML-octet payload MAC ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 11: GPSK-Protected-Fail Payload
The Failure-Code field is one of three values, but can be extended:
o 0x00000000 : Reserved
o 0x00000001 : PSK Not Found
o 0x00000002 : Authentication Failure
o 0x00000003 : Authorization Failure
All other values of this field are available via IANA registration.
"PSK Not Found" indicates a key for a particular user could not be
located, making authentication impossible. "Authentication Failure"
indicates a MAC failure due to a PSK mismatch. "Authorization
Failure" indicates that while the PSK being used is correct, the user
is not authorized to connect.
9.4. Protected Data
The protected data blocks are a generic mechanism for the peer and
server to securely exchange data. If the specified ciphersuite has a
NULL encryption primitive, then this channel only offers
authenticity, not confidentiality.
These payloads are encoded as the concatenation of type-length-value
(TLV) triples called PD_Payloads.
Type values are encoded as a 6-octet string and represented by a
4-octet vendor and a 2-octet specifier field. The vendor field
indicates the type as either standards-specified or vendor-specific.
If these four octets are 0x00000000, then the value is standards-
specified, and any other value represents a vendor-specific
enterprise number.
The specifier field indicates the actual type. For vendor field
0x00000000, the specifier field is maintained by IANA. For any other
vendor field, the specifier field is maintained by the vendor.
Length fields are specified as 2-octet integers in network byte
order, reflect only the length of the value, and do not include the
length of the type and length fields.
Graphically, this can be depicted as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PData/Vendor |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
PData/Specifier | PData/Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... PData/Value ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 12: Protected Data Payload (PD_Payload) Formatting
These PD_Payloads are concatenated together to form a
PD_Payload_Block. If the CSuite_Sel includes support for encryption,
then the PD_Payload_Block includes fields specifying an
Initialization Vector (IV) and the necessary padding. This can be
depicted as follows:
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| IV Length | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ Initialization Vector +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... PD_Payload ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... optional PD_Payload, etc ...
| |
+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | Padding (0-255 octets) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | Pad Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 13: Protected Data Block (PD_Payload_Block)
Formatting if Encryption is Supported
The Initialization Vector is a randomly chosen value whose length is
equal to the specified IV Length. The required length is defined by
the ciphersuite. Recipients MUST accept any value. Senders SHOULD
either pick this value pseudo-randomly and independently for each
message or use the final ciphertext block of the previous message
sent. Senders MUST NOT use the same value for each message, use a
sequence of values with low hamming distance (e.g., a sequence
number), or use ciphertext from a received message. IVs should be
selected per the security requirements of the underlying cipher. If
the data is not being encrypted, then the IV Length MUST be 0. If
the ciphersuite does not require an IV, or has a self-contained way
of communicating the IV, then the IV Length field MUST be 0. In
these cases, the ciphersuite definition defines how the IV is
encapsulated in the PD_Payload.
The concatenation of PD_Payloads along with the padding and padding
length are all encrypted using the negotiated block cipher. If no
block cipher is specified, then these fields are not encrypted.
The Padding field MAY contain any value chosen by the sender. For
block-based cipher modes, the padding MUST have a length that makes
the combination of the concatenation of PD_Payloads, the Padding, and
the Pad Length to be a multiple of the encryption block size. If the
underlying ciphersuite does not require padding (e.g., a stream-based
cipher mode) or no encryption is being used, then the padding length
MUST still be present and be 0.
The Pad Length field is the length of the Padding field. The sender
SHOULD set the Pad Length to the minimum value that makes the
combination of the PD_Payloads, the Padding, and the Pad Length a
multiple of the block size (in the case of block-based cipher modes),
but the recipient MUST accept any length that results in proper
alignment. This field is encrypted with the negotiated cipher.
If the negotiated ciphersuite does not support encryption, then the
IV field MUST be of length 0 and the padding field MUST be of length
0. The IV length and padding length fields MUST still be present,
and contain the value 0. The rationale for still requiring the
length fields is to allow for modular implementations where the
crypto processing is independent of the payload processing. This is
depicted in the following figure.
--- bit offset --->
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0x00 | |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ PD_Payload ...
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
... optional PD_Payload, etc +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| | 0x00 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 14: Protected Data Block (PD_Payload_Block)
Formatting Without Encryption
For PData/Vendor field 0x00000000, the following PData/Specifier
fields are defined:
o 0x0000 : Reserved
All other values of this field are available via IANA registration.
10. Packet Processing Rules
This section defines how the EAP peer and EAP server MUST behave when
a received packet is deemed invalid.
Any EAP-GPSK packet that cannot be parsed by the EAP peer or the EAP
server MUST be silently discarded. An EAP peer or EAP server
receiving any unexpected packet (e.g., an EAP peer receiving GPSK-3
before receiving GPSK-1 or before transmitting GPSK-2) MUST silently
discard the packet.
GPSK-1 contains no MAC protection, so provided it properly parses, it
MUST be accepted by the peer. If the EAP peer has no ciphersuites in
common with the server or decides the ID_Server is that of an
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server to which
it does not wish to authenticate, the EAP peer MUST respond with an
EAP-NAK.
For GPSK-2, if the ID_Peer is for an unknown user, the EAP server
MUST send either a "PSK Not Found" GPSK-Fail message or an
"Authentication Failure" GPSK-Fail, depending on its policy. If the
MAC validation fails, the server MUST transmit a GPSK-Fail message
specifying "Authentication Failure". If the RAND_Server or
CSuite_List field in GPSK-2 does not match the values in GPSK-1, the
server MUST silently discard the packet. If server policy determines
the peer is not authorized and the MAC is correct, the server MUST
transmit a GPSK-Protected-Fail message indicating "Authorization
Failure", and discard the received packet.
A peer receiving a GPSK-Fail / GPSK-Protected-Fail message in
response to a GPSK-2 message MUST replay the received GPSK-Fail /
GPSK-Protected-Fail message. Then, the EAP server returns an EAP-
Failure after receiving the GPSK-Fail / GPSK-Protected-Fail message
to correctly finish the EAP conversation. If MAC validation on a
GPSK-Protected-Fail packet fails, then the received packet MUST be
silently discarded.
For GPSK-3, a peer MUST silently discard messages where the
RAND_Peer, ID_Server, or the CSuite_Sel fields do not match those
transmitted in GPSK-2. An EAP peer MUST silently discard any packet
whose MAC fails.
For GPSK-4, a server MUST silently discard any packet whose MAC fails
validation.
If a decryption failure of a protected payload is detected, the
recipient MUST silently discard the GPSK packet.
11. Example Message Exchanges
This section shows a couple of example message flows.
A successful EAP-GPSK message exchange is shown in Figure 1.
+--------+ +--------+
| | EAP-Request/Identity | |
| EAP |<------------------------------------| EAP |
| peer | | server |
| | EAP-Response/Identity | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-1 | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/EAP-NAK | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Failure | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
+--------+ +--------+
Figure 15: EAP-GPSK: Unsuccessful Exchange
(Unacceptable AAA Server Identity; ID_Server)
+--------+ +--------+
| | EAP-Request/Identity | |
| EAP |<------------------------------------| EAP |
| peer | | server |
| | EAP-Response/Identity | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-1 | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/GPSK-2 | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-Fail | |
| | (PSK Not Found or Authentication | |
| | Failure) | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/GPSK-Fail | |
| | (PSK Not Found or Authentication | |
| | Failure) | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Failure | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
+--------+ +--------+
Figure 16: EAP-GPSK: Unsuccessful Exchange (Unknown User)
+--------+ +--------+
| | EAP-Request/Identity | |
| EAP |<------------------------------------| EAP |
| peer | | server |
| | EAP-Response/Identity | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-1 | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/GPSK-2 | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-Fail | |
| | (Authentication Failure) | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/GPSK-Fail | |
| | (Authentication Failure) | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Failure | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
+--------+ +--------+
Figure 17: EAP-GPSK: Unsuccessful Exchange (Invalid MAC in GPSK-2)
+--------+ +--------+
| | EAP-Request/Identity | |
| EAP |<------------------------------------| EAP |
| peer | | server |
| | EAP-Response/Identity | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/GPSK-1 | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Response/GPSK-2 | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/ | |
| | GPSK-Protected-Fail | |
| | (Authorization Failure) | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Request/ | |
| | GPSK-Protected-Fail | |
| | (Authorization Failure) | |
| |------------------------------------>| |
| | | |
| | EAP-Failure | |
| |<------------------------------------| |
+--------+ +--------+
Figure 18: EAP-GPSK: Unsuccessful Exchange (Authorization Failure)
12. Security Considerations
[RFC3748] highlights several attacks that are possible against EAP
since EAP itself does not provide any security.
This section discusses the claimed security properties of EAP-GPSK as
well as vulnerabilities and security recommendations in the threat
model of [RFC3748].
12.1. Security Claims
Authentication mechanism: Shared Keys
Ciphersuite negotiation: Yes (Section 12.16)
Mutual authentication: Yes (Section 12.2)
Integrity protection: Yes (Section 12.4)
Replay protection: Yes (Section 12.5)
Confidentiality: No (Section 12.17, Section 12.15)
Key derivation: Yes (Section 12.8)
Key strength: Varies (Section 12.8)
Dictionary attack protection: No (Section 12.7)
Fast reconnect: No (Section 12.14)
Cryptographic binding: N/A (Section 12.18)
Session independence: Yes (Section 12.10)
Fragmentation: No (Section 12.12)
Channel binding: Extensible (Section 12.13)
12.2. Mutual Authentication
EAP-GPSK provides mutual authentication.
The server believes that the peer is authentic when it successfully
verifies the MAC in the GPSK-2 message; the peer believes that the
server is authentic when it successfully verifies the MAC it receives
with the GPSK-3 message.
The key used for mutual authentication is derived based on the long-
term secret PSK, nonces contributed by both parties, and other
parameters. The long-term secret PSK has to provide sufficient
entropy and, therefore, sufficient strength. The nonces (RAND_Peer
and RAND_Server) need to be fresh and unique for every session. In
this way, EAP-GPSK is not different than other authentication
protocols based on pre-shared keys.
12.3. Protected Result Indications
EAP-GPSK supports protected result indications via the GPSK-
Protected-Fail message. This allows a server to provide additional
information to the peer as to why the session failed, and to do so in
an authenticated way (if possible). In particular, the server can
indicate the lack of PSK (account not present), failed authentication
(PSK incorrect), or authorization failure (account disabled or
unauthorized). Only the third message could be integrity protected.
It should be noted that these options make debugging network and
account errors easier, but they also leak information about accounts
to attackers. An attacker can determine if a particular ID_Peer is a
valid user on the network or not. Thus, implementers should use care
in enabling this particular option on their servers. If they are in
an environment where such attacks are of concern, then protected
result indication capabilities should be disabled.
12.4. Integrity Protection
EAP-GPSK provides integrity protection based on the ciphersuites
suggested in this document. Integrity protection is a minimum
feature every ciphersuite must provide.
12.5. Replay Protection
EAP-GPSK provides replay protection of its mutual authentication part
thanks to the use of random numbers RAND_Server and RAND_Peer. Since
RAND_Server is 32 octets long, one expects to have to record 2**64
(i.e., approximately 1.84*10**19) EAP-GPSK successful authentications
before a protocol run can be replayed. Hence, EAP-GPSK provides
replay protection of its mutual authentication part as long as
RAND_Server and RAND_Peer are chosen at random; randomness is
critical for replay protection. RFC 4086 [RFC4086] describes
techniques for producing random quantities.
12.6. Reflection Attacks
Reflection attacks occur in bi-directional, challenge-response,
mutual authentication protocols where an attacker, upon being issued
a challenge by an authenticator, responds by issuing the same
challenge back to the authenticator, obtaining the response, and then
"reflecting" that same response to the original challenge.
EAP-GPSK provides protection against reflection attacks because the
message formats for the challenges differ. The protocol does not
consist of two independent authentications, but rather the
authentications are tightly coupled.
Also note that EAP-GPSK does not provide MAC protection of the OP-
Code field, but again since each message is constructed differently,
it would not be possible to change the OP-Code of a valid message and
still have it be parseable and accepted by the recipient.
12.7. Dictionary Attacks
EAP-GPSK relies on a long-term shared secret (PSK) that SHOULD be
based on at least 16 octets of entropy to be fully secure. The EAP-
GPSK protocol makes no special provisions to ensure keys based on
passwords are used securely. Users who use passwords as the basis of
their PSK are not protected against dictionary attacks. Derivation
of the long-term shared secret from a password is strongly
discouraged.
The success of a dictionary attack against EAP-GPSK depends on the
strength of the long-term shared secret (PSK) it uses. The PSK used
by EAP-GPSK SHOULD be drawn from a pool of secrets that is at least
2^128 bits large and whose distribution is uniformly random. Note
that this does not imply resistance to dictionary attacks -- only
that the probability of success in such an attack is acceptably
remote.
12.8. Key Derivation and Key Strength
EAP-GPSK supports key derivation as shown in Section 4.
Keys used within EAP-GPSK are all based on the security of the
originating PSK. PSKs SHOULD have at least 16 octets of entropy.
Independent of the protocol exchange (i.e., without knowing RAND_Peer
and RAND_Server), the keys have been derived with sufficient input
entropy to make them as secure as the underlying KDF output key
length.
12.9. Denial-of-Service Resistance
There are three forms of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks relevant for
this document, namely (1) attacks that lead to a vast amount of state
being allocated, (2) attacks that attempt to prevent communication
between the peer and server, and (3) attacks against computational
resources.
In an EAP-GPSK conversation the server has to maintain state, namely
the 32-octet RAND_Server, when transmitting the GPSK-1 message to the
peer. An adversary could therefore flood a server with a large
number of EAP-GPSK communication attempts. An EAP server may
therefore ensure that an established state times out after a
relatively short period of time when no further messages are
received. This enables a sort of garbage collection.
The client has to keep state information after receiving the GPSK-1
message. To prevent a replay attack, all the client needs to do is
ensure that the value of RAND_Peer is consistent between GPSK-2 and
GPSK-3. Message GPSK-3 contains all the material required to
re-compute the keying material. Thus, if a client chooses to
implement this client-side DoS protection mechanism, it may manage
RAND_Peer and CSuite_Sel on a per-server basis for servers it knows,
instead of on a per-message basis.
Attacks that disrupt communication between the peer and server are
mitigated by silently discarding messages with invalid MACs. Attacks
against computational resources are mitigated by having very light-
weight cryptographic operations required during each protocol round.
The security considerations of EAP itself, see Sections 5.2 and 7 of
RFC 3748 [RFC3748], are also applicable to this specification (e.g.,
for example concerning EAP-based notifications).
12.10. Session Independence
Thanks to its key derivation mechanisms, EAP-GPSK provides session
independence: passive attacks (such as capture of the EAP
conversation) or active attacks (including compromise of the MSK or
EMSK) do not enable compromise of subsequent or prior MSKs or EMSKs.
The assumption that RAND_Peer and RAND_Server are random is central
for the security of EAP-GPSK in general and session independence in
particular.
12.11. Compromise of the PSK
EAP-GPSK does not provide perfect forward secrecy. Compromise of the
PSK leads to compromise of recorded past sessions.
Compromise of the PSK enables the attacker to impersonate the peer
and the server, and it allows the adversary to compromise future
sessions.
EAP-GPSK provides no protection against a legitimate peer sharing its
PSK with a third party. Such protection may be provided by
appropriate repositories for the PSK, the choice of which is outside
the scope of this document. The PSK used by EAP-GPSK must only be
shared between two parties: the peer and the server. In particular,
this PSK must not be shared by a group of peers (e.g., those with
different ID_Peer values) communicating with the same server.
The PSK used by EAP-GPSK must be cryptographically separated from
keys used by other protocols, otherwise the security of EAP-GPSK may
be compromised.
12.12. Fragmentation
EAP-GPSK does not support fragmentation and reassembly since the
message size is relatively small. However, it should be noted that
this impacts the length of protected data payloads that can be
attached to messages. Also, if the EAP frame is larger than the MTU
of the underlying transport, and that transport does not support
fragmentation, the frame will most likely not be transported.
Consequently, implementers and deployers should take care to ensure
EAP-GPSK frames are short enough to work properly on the target
underlying transport mechanism.
12.13. Channel Binding
This document enables the ability to exchange channel binding
information. It does not, however, define the encoding of channel
binding information in the document.
12.14. Fast Reconnect
EAP-GPSK does not provide fast reconnect capability since this method
is already at (or close to) the lower limit of the number of
roundtrips and the cryptographic operations.
12.15. Identity Protection
Identity protection is not specified in this document. Extensions
can be defined that enhance this protocol to provide this feature.
12.16. Protected Ciphersuite Negotiation
EAP-GPSK provides protected ciphersuite negotiation via the
indication of available ciphersuites by the server in the first
message, and a confirmation by the peer in the subsequent message.
Note, however, that the GPSK-2 message may optionally contain a
payload, ENC_PK(PD_Payload_Block), protected with an algorithm based
on a selected ciphersuite before the ciphersuite list has actually
been authenticated. In the classical downgrading attack, an
adversary would choose a ciphersuite that is so weak that it can be
broken in real time or would attempt to disable cryptographic
protection altogether. The latter is not possible since any
ciphersuite defined for EAP-GPSK must at least provide authentication
and integrity protection. Confidentiality protection is optional.
When, at some time in the future, a ciphersuite contains algorithms
that can be broken in real-time, then a policy on peers and the
server needs to indicate that such a ciphersuite must not be selected
by any of parties.
Furthermore, an adversary may modify the selection of the ciphersuite
for the client to select a ciphersuite that does not provide
confidentiality protection. As a result, this would cause the
content of PD_Payload_Block to be transmitted in cleartext. When
protocol designers extend EAP-GPSK to carry information in the
PD_Payload_Block of the GPSK-2 message, then it must be indicated
whether confidentiality protection is mandatory. In case such an
extension requires a ciphersuite with confidentiality protection,
then the policy at the peer must be to not transmit information of
that extension in the PD_Payload_Block of the GPSK-2 message. The
peer may, if possible, delay the transmission of this information
element to the GPSK-4 message where the ciphersuite negotiation has
been confirmed already. In general, when a ciphersuite is selected
that does not provide confidentiality protection, then information
that demands confidentiality protection must not be included in any
of the PD_Payload_Block objects.
12.17. Confidentiality
Although EAP-GPSK provides confidentiality in its protected data
payloads, it cannot claim to do so, per Section 7.2.1 of [RFC3748],
since it does not support identity protection.
12.18. Cryptographic Binding
Since EAP-GPSK does not tunnel another EAP method, it does not
implement cryptographic binding.
13. IANA Considerations
IANA has allocated a new EAP Type for EAP-GPSK (51).
IANA has created a new registry for ciphersuites, protected data
types, failure codes, and op-codes. IANA has added the specified
ciphersuites, protected data types, failure codes, and op-codes to
these registries as defined below. Values defining ciphersuites
(block-based or hash-based), protected data payloads, failure codes,
and op-codes can be added or modified per IETF Review [RFC5226].
Figure 3 represents the initial contents of the "EAP-GPSK
Ciphersuites" registry. The CSuite/Specifier field is 16 bits long.
All other values are available via IANA registration. Each
ciphersuite needs to provide processing rules and needs to specify
how the following algorithms are instantiated: encryption, integrity,
key derivation, and key length.
The following are the initial contents of the "EAP-GPSK Protected
Data Payloads" registry:
o 0x0000 : Reserved
The PData/Specifier field is 16 bits long, and all other values are
available via IANA registration. Each extension needs to indicate
whether confidentiality protection for transmission between the EAP
peer and the EAP server is mandatory.
The following are the initial contents of the "EAP-GPSK Failure
Codes" registry:
o 0x00000000 : Reserved
o 0x00000001 : PSK Not Found
o 0x00000002 : Authentication Failure
o 0x00000003 : Authorization Failure
The Failure-Code field is 32 bits long, and all other values are
available via IANA registration.
The following are the initial contents of the "EAP-GPSK OP Codes"
registry:
o 0x00 : Reserved
o 0x01 : GPSK-1
o 0x02 : GPSK-2
o 0x03 : GPSK-3
o 0x04 : GPSK-4
o 0x05 : GPSK-Fail
o 0x06 : GPSK-Protected-Fail
The OP-Code field is 8 bits long, and all other values are available
via IANA registration.
14. Contributors
This work is a joint effort of the EAP Method Update (EMU) design
team of the EMU Working Group that was created to develop a mechanism
based on strong shared secrets that meets RFC 3748 [RFC3748] and RFC
4017 [RFC4017] requirements. The design team members (in
alphabetical order) were:
o Jari Arkko
o Mohamad Badra
o Uri Blumenthal
o Charles Clancy
o Lakshminath Dondeti
o David McGrew
o Joe Salowey
o Sharma Suman
o Hannes Tschofenig
o Jesse Walker
Finally, we would like to thank Thomas Otto for his reviews,
feedback, and text contributions.
15. Acknowledgments
We would like to thank:
o Jouni Malinen and Bernard Aboba for their early comments on the
document in June 2006. Jouni Malinen developed the first
prototype implementation.
o Lakshminath Dondeti, David McGrew, Bernard Aboba, Michaela
Vanderveen, and Ray Bell for their input to the ciphersuite
discussions between July and August 2006.
o Lakshminath Dondeti for his detailed review (sent to the EMU
mailing list on 12 July 2006).
o Based on a review requested from NIST, Quynh Dang suggested
changes to the GKDF function (December 2006).
o Jouni Malinen and Victor Fajardo for their review in January 2007.
o Jouni Malinen for his suggestions regarding the examples and the
key derivation function in February 2007.
o Bernard Aboba and Jouni Malinen for their review in February 2007.
o Vidya Narayanan for her review in March 2007.
o Pasi Eronen for his IESG review in March and July 2008.
o Dan Harkins for his review in June 2008.
o Joe Salowey, the EMU working group chair, provided a document
review in April 2007. Jouni Malinen also reviewed the document
during the same month.
o We would like to thank Paul Rowe, Arnab Roy, Prof. Andre Scedrov,
and Prof. John C. Mitchell for their analysis of EAP-GPSK, for
their input to the key derivation function, and for pointing us to
a client-side DoS attack and to a downgrading attack. Based on
their input, the key derivation function has been modified and the
text in the security considerations section has been updated.
o Finally, we would like to thank our working group chair, Joe
Salowey, for his support and for the time he spent discussing open
issues with us.
16. References
16.1. Normative References
[AES] National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"Specification for the Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES)", Federal Information Processing Standards
(FIPS) 197, November 2001.
[CBC] National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Encryption --
Methods and Techniques", Special Publication (SP) 800-38A,
December 2001.
[CMAC] National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: The
CMAC Mode for Authentication", Special Publication
(SP) 800-38B, May 2005.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3748] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrecht, J., Carlson, J., and H.
Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)",
RFC 3748, June 2004.
[RFC4282] Aboba, B., Beadles, M., Arkko, J., and P. Eronen, "The
Network Access Identifier", RFC 4282, December 2005.
[RFC4634] Eastlake, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
(SHA and HMAC-SHA)", RFC 4634, July 2006.
[RFC5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
May 2008.
[RFC5247] Aboba, B., Simon, D., and P. Eronen, "Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) Key Management Framework",
RFC 5247, August 2008.
16.2. Informative References
[80211] "Information technology - Telecommunications and
Information Exchange Between Systems - Local and
Metropolitan Area Networks - Specific Requirements - Part
11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical
Layer (PHY) Specifications", IEEE Standard 802.11-2007,
March 2007.
[ENTNUM] IANA, "SMI Network Management Private Enterprise Codes",
Private Enterprise Numbers, <http://www.iana.org>.
[RFC4017] Stanley, D., Walker, J., and B. Aboba, "Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) Method Requirements for
Wireless LANs", RFC 4017, March 2005.
[RFC4086] Eastlake, D., Schiller, J., and S. Crocker, "Randomness
Requirements for Security", BCP 106, RFC 4086, June 2005.
Authors' Addresses
T. Charles Clancy
DoD Laboratory for Telecommunications Sciences
8080 Greenmead Drive
College Park, MD 20740
USA
EMail: clancy@ltsnet.net
Hannes Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
Linnoitustie 6
Espoo 02600
Finland
EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net