| Rfc | 4005 |
|---|
| Title | Diameter Network Access Server Application |
|---|
| Author | P. Calhoun, G. Zorn, D.
Spence, D. Mitton |
|---|
| Date | August 2005 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Obsoleted by | RFC7155 |
|---|
| Status: | PROPOSED STANDARD |
|---|
|
Network Working Group P. Calhoun
Request for Comments: 4005 G. Zorn
Category: Standards Track Cisco Systems Inc.
D. Spence
Consultant
D. Mitton
Circular Networks
August 2005
Diameter Network Access Server Application
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document describes the Diameter protocol application used for
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) services in the
Network Access Server (NAS) environment. When combined with the
Diameter Base protocol, Transport Profile, and Extensible
Authentication Protocol specifications, this application
specification satisfies typical network access services requirements.
Initial deployments of the Diameter protocol are expected to include
legacy systems. Therefore, this application has been carefully
designed to ease the burden of protocol conversion between RADIUS and
Diameter. This is achieved by including the RADIUS attribute space
to eliminate the need to perform many attribute translations.
The interactions between Diameter applications and RADIUS specified
in this document are to be applied to all Diameter applications. In
this sense, this document extends the Base Diameter protocol.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3. Advertising Application Support . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. NAS Calls, Ports, and Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1. Diameter Session Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2. Diameter Session Reauthentication or Reauthorization . . 7
2.3. Diameter Session Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. NAS Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1. AA-Request (AAR) Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. AA-Answer (AAA) Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3. Re-Auth-Request (RAR) Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4. Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5. Session-Termination-Request (STR) Command . . . . . . . 15
3.6. Session-Termination-Answer (STA) Command . . . . . . . . 15
3.7. Abort-Session-Request (ASR) Command . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.8. Abort-Session-Answer (ASA) Command . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.9. Accounting-Request (ACR) Command . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.10. Accounting-Answer (ACA) Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. NAS Session AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1. Call and Session Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.2. NAS-Port AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3. NAS-Port-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4. NAS-Port-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5. Called-Station-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.6. Calling-Station-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.7. Connect-Info AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.8. Originating-Line-Info AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.9. Reply-Message AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5. NAS Authentication AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.1. User-Password AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.2. Password-Retry AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.3. Prompt AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.4. CHAP-Auth AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.5. CHAP-Algorithm AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.6. CHAP-Ident AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.7. CHAP-Response AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.8. CHAP-Challenge AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.9. ARAP-Password AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.10. ARAP-Challenge-Response AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.11. ARAP-Security AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.12. ARAP-Security-Data AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6. NAS Authorization AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1. Service-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2. Callback-Number AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.3. Callback-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.4. Idle-Timeout AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.5. Port-Limit AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.6. NAS-Filter-Rule AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.7. Filter-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.8. Configuration-Token AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.9. QoS-Filter-Rule AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6.10. Framed Access Authorization AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.10.1. Framed-Protocol AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.10.2. Framed-Routing AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.10.3. Framed-MTU AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
6.10.4. Framed-Compression AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.11. IP Access Authorization AVPs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.11.1. Framed-IP-Address AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.11.2. Framed-IP-Netmask AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6.11.3. Framed-Route AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.11.4. Framed-Pool AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.11.5. Framed-Interface-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.11.6. Framed-IPv6-Prefix AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.11.7. Framed-IPv6-Route AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.11.8. Framed-IPv6-Pool AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.12. IPX Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.12.1. Framed-IPX-Network AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.13. AppleTalk Network Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.13.1. Framed-AppleTalk-Link AVP . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.13.2. Framed-AppleTalk-Network AVP . . . . . . . . . 39
6.13.3. Framed-AppleTalk-Zone AVP . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.14. AppleTalk Remote Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.14.1. ARAP-Features AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.14.2. ARAP-Zone-Access AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.15. Non-Framed Access Authorization AVPs . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.15.1. Login-IP-Host AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6.15.2. Login-IPv6-Host AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.15.3. Login-Service AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.16. TCP Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.16.1. Login-TCP-Port AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.17. LAT Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.17.1. Login-LAT-Service AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.17.2. Login-LAT-Node AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.17.3. Login-LAT-Group AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.17.4. Login-LAT-Port AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7. NAS Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.1. Tunneling AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.2. Tunnel-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.3. Tunnel-Medium-Type AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.4. Tunnel-Client-Endpoint AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
7.5. Tunnel-Server-Endpoint AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
7.6. Tunnel-Password AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.7. Tunnel-Private-Group-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.8. Tunnel-Assignment-Id AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.9. Tunnel-Preference AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.10. Tunnel-Client-Auth-Id AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.11. Tunnel-Server-Auth-Id AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8. NAS Accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
8.1. Accounting-Input-Octets AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
8.2. Accounting-Output-Octets AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.3. Accounting-Input-Packets AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.4. Accounting-Output-Packets AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.5. Acct-Session-Time AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.6. Acct-Authentic AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
8.7. Accounting-Auth-Method AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.8. Acct-Delay-Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.9. Acct-Link-Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8.10. Acct-Tunnel-Connection AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8.11. Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9. RADIUS/Diameter Protocol Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.1. RADIUS Request Forwarded as Diameter Request . . . . . . 55
9.1.1. RADIUS Dynamic Authorization Considerations . . 59
9.2. Diameter Request Forwarded as RADIUS Request . . . . . . 60
9.2.1. RADIUS Dynamic Authorization Considerations . . 62
9.3. AVPs Used Only for Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.3.1. NAS-Identifier AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.3.2. NAS-IP-Address AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
9.3.3. NAS-IPv6-Address AVP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
9.3.4. State AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
9.3.5. Termination-Cause AVP Code Values . . . . . . . 66
9.3.6. Origin-AAA-Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
9.4. Prohibited RADIUS Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9.5. Translatable Diameter AVPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9.6. RADIUS Vendor-Specific Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9.6.1. Forwarding a Diameter Vendor Specific AVP as a
RADIUS VSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.6.2. Forwarding a RADIUS VSA as a Diameter Vendor
Specific AVP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
10. AVP Occurrence Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
10.1. AA-Request/Answer AVP Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
10.2. Accounting AVP Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
10.2.1. Accounting Framed Access AVP Table. . . . . . . 74
10.2.2. Accounting Non-Framed Access AVP Table. . . . . 76
11. IANA Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.1. Command Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.2. AVP Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.3. Application Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.4. CHAP-Algorithm AVP Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.5. Accounting-Auth-Method AVP Values. . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.6. Origin-AAA-Protocol AVP Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
12. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
13.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
13.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
14. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1. Introduction
This document describes the Diameter protocol application used for
AAA in the Network Access Server (NAS) environment. When combined
with the Diameter Base protocol [BASE], Transport Profile
[DiamTrans], and EAP [DiamEAP] specifications, this Diameter NAS
application specification satisfies NAS-related requirements defined
in RFC 2989 [AAACriteria] and RFC 3169 [NASCriteria].
Initial deployments of the Diameter protocol are expected to include
legacy systems. Therefore, this application has been carefully
designed to ease the burden of protocol conversion between RADIUS and
Diameter. This is achieved by including the RADIUS attribute space
to eliminate the need to perform many attribute translations.
The interactions specified in this document between Diameter
applications and RADIUS are to be applied to all Diameter
applications. In this sense, this document extends the Base Diameter
protocol [BASE].
First, this document describes the operation of a Diameter NAS
application. Then it defines the Diameter message Command-Codes.
The following sections list the AVPs used in these messages, grouped
by common usage. These are session identification, authentication,
authorization, tunneling, and accounting. The authorization AVPs are
further broken down by service type. Interaction and backward
compatibility issues with RADIUS are discussed in later sections.
1.1. Terminology
The base Diameter [BASE] specification section 1.4 defines most of
the terminology used in this document. Additionally, the following
terms and acronyms are used in this application:
NAS (Network Access Server) - A device that provides an access
service for a user to a network. The service may be a network
connection or a value-added service such as terminal emulation
[NASModel].
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) - A multiprotocol serial datalink. PPP
is the primary IP datalink used for dial-in NAS connection service
[PPP].
CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) - An
authentication process used in PPP [PPPCHAP].
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) - A deprecated PPP
authentication process, but often used for backward compatibility
[PAP].
SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol) - A serial datalink that only
supports IP. A design prior to PPP.
ARAP (Appletalk Remote Access Protocol) - A serial datalink for
accessing Appletalk networks [ARAP].
IPX (Internet Packet Exchange) - The network protocol used by NetWare
networks [IPX].
LAT (Local Area Transport) - A Digital Equipment Corp. LAN protocol
for terminal services [LAT].
VPN (Virtual Private Network) - In this document, this term is used
to describe access services that use tunneling methods.
1.2. Requirements Language
In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST", "MUST NOT",
"OPTIONAL", "RECOMMENDED", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT" are to be
interpreted as described in [Keywords].
1.3. Advertising Application Support
Diameter applications conforming to this specification MUST advertise
support by including the value of one (1) in the Auth-Application-Id
of Capabilities-Exchange-Request (CER), AA-Request (AAR), and AA-
Answer (AAA) messages. All other messages are defined by [BASE] and
use the Base application id value.
2. NAS Calls, Ports, and Sessions
The arrival of a new call or service connection at a port of a
Network Access Server (NAS) starts a Diameter NAS message exchange.
Information about the call, the identity of the user, and the user's
authentication information are packaged into a Diameter AA-Request
(AAR) message and sent to a server.
The server processes the information and responds with a Diameter
AA-Answer (AAA) message that contains authorization information for
the NAS, or a failure code (Result-Code AVP). A value of
DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH indicates an additional authentication
exchange, and several AAR and AAA messages may be exchanged until the
transaction completes.
Depending on the Auth-Request-Type AVP, the Diameter protocol allows
authorization-only requests that contain no authentication
information from the client. This capability goes beyond the Call
Check capabilities described in section 5.6 of [RADIUS] in that no
access decision is requested. As a result, service cannot be started
as a result of a response to an authorization-only request without
introducing a significant security vulnerability.
Since no equivalent capability exists in RADIUS, authorization-only
requests from a NAS implementing Diameter may not be easily
translated to an equivalent RADIUS message by a Diameter/RADIUS
gateway. For example, when a Diameter authorization-only request
cannot be translated to a RADIUS Call Check, it would be necessary
for the Diameter/RADIUS gateway to add authentication information to
the RADIUS Access Request. On receiving the Access-Reply, the
Diameter/RADIUS gateway would need to discard the access decision
(Accept/Reject). It is not clear whether these translations can be
accomplished without adding significant security vulnerabilities.
2.1. Diameter Session Establishment
When the authentication or authorization exchange completes
successfully, the NAS application SHOULD start a session context. If
the Result-Code of DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH is returned, the
exchange continues until a success or error is returned.
If accounting is active, the application MUST also send an Accounting
message [BASE]. An Accounting-Record-Type of START_RECORD is sent
for a new session. If a session fails to start, the EVENT_RECORD
message is sent with the reason for the failure described.
Note that the return of an unsupportable Accounting-Realtime-Required
value [BASE] would result in a failure to establish the session.
2.2. Diameter Session Reauthentication or Reauthorization
The Diameter Base protocol allows users to be periodically
reauthenticated and/or reauthorized. In such instances, the
Session-Id AVP in the AAR message MUST be the same as the one present
in the original authentication/authorization message.
A Diameter server informs the NAS of the maximum time allowed before
reauthentication or reauthorization via the Authorization-Lifetime
AVP [BASE]. A NAS MAY reauthenticate and/or reauthorize before the
end, but A NAS MUST reauthenticate and/or reauthorize at the end of
the period provided by the Authorization-Lifetime AVP. The failure
of a reauthentication exchange will terminate the service.
Furthermore, it is possible for Diameter servers to issue an
unsolicited reauthentication and/or reauthorization request (e.g.,
Re-Auth-Request (RAR) message [BASE]) to the NAS. Upon receipt of
such a message, the NAS MUST respond to the request with a Re-Auth-
Answer (RAA) message [BASE].
If the RAR properly identifies an active session, the NAS will
initiate a new local reauthentication or authorization sequence as
indicated by the Re-Auth-Request-Type value. This will cause the NAS
to send a new AAR message using the existing Session-Id. The server
will respond with an AAA message to specify the new service
parameters.
If accounting is active, every change of authentication or
authorization SHOULD generate an accounting message. If the NAS
service is a continuation of the prior user context, then an
Accounting-Record-Type of INTERIM_RECORD indicating the new session
attributes and cumulative status would be appropriate. If a new user
or a significant change in authorization is detected by the NAS, then
the service may send two messages of the types STOP_RECORD and
START_RECORD. Accounting may change the subsession identifiers
(Acct-Session-ID, or Acct-Sub-Session-Id) to indicate such sub-
sessions. A service may also use a different Session-Id value for
accounting (see [BASE] section 9.6).
However, the Diameter Session-ID AVP value used for the initial
authorization exchange MUST be used to generate an STR message when
the session context is terminated.
2.3. Diameter Session Termination
When a NAS receives an indication that a user's session is being
disconnected by the client (e.g., LCP Terminate is received) or an
administrative command, the NAS MUST issue a Session-Termination-
Request (STR) [BASE] to its Diameter Server. This will ensure that
any resources maintained on the servers are freed appropriately.
Furthermore, a NAS that receives an Abort-Session-Request (ASR)
[BASE] MUST issue an ASA if the session identified is active and
disconnect the PPP (or tunneling) session.
If accounting is active, an Accounting STOP_RECORD message [BASE]
MUST be sent upon termination of the session context.
More information on Diameter Session Termination is included in
[BASE] sections 8.4 and 8.5.
3. NAS Messages
This section defines the Diameter message Command-Code [BASE] values
that MUST be supported by all Diameter implementations conforming to
this specification. The Command Codes are as follows:
Command-Name Abbrev. Code Reference
-------------------------------------------------------
AA-Request AAR 265 3.1
AA-Answer AAA 265 3.2
Re-Auth-Request RAR 258 3.3
Re-Auth-Answer RAA 258 3.4
Session-Termination-Request STR 275 3.5
Session-Termination-Answer STA 275 3.6
Abort-Session-Request ASR 274 3.7
Abort-Session-Answer ASA 274 3.8
Accounting-Request ACR 271 3.9
Accounting-Answer ACA 271 3.10
3.1. AA-Request (AAR) Command
The AA-Request (AAR), which is indicated by setting the Command-Code
field to 265 and the 'R' bit in the Command Flags field, is used to
request authentication and/or authorization for a given NAS user.
The type of request is identified through the Auth-Request-Type AVP
[BASE]. The recommended value for most RADIUS interoperabily
situations is AUTHORIZE_AUTHENTICATE.
If Authentication is requested, the User-Name attribute SHOULD be
present, as well as any additional authentication AVPs that would
carry the password information. A request for authorization SHOULD
only include the information from which the authorization will be
performed, such as the User-Name, Called-Station-Id, or Calling-
Station-Id AVPs. All requests SHOULD contain AVPs uniquely
identifying the source of the call, such as Origin-Host and NAS-Port.
Certain networks MAY use different AVPs for authorization purposes.
A request for authorization will include some AVPs defined in section
6.
It is possible for a single session to be authorized first and then
for an authentication request to follow.
This AA-Request message MAY be the result of a multi-round
authentication exchange, which occurs when the AA-Answer message is
received with the Result-Code AVP set to DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH.
A subsequent AAR message SHOULD be sent, with the User-Password AVP
that includes the user's response to the prompt, and MUST include any
State AVPs that were present in the AAA message.
Message Format
<AA-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 265, REQ, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Auth-Application-Id }
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
{ Destination-Realm }
{ Auth-Request-Type }
[ Destination-Host ]
[ NAS-Identifier ]
[ NAS-IP-Address ]
[ NAS-IPv6-Address ]
[ NAS-Port ]
[ NAS-Port-Id ]
[ NAS-Port-Type ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
[ Port-Limit ]
[ User-Name ]
[ User-Password ]
[ Service-Type ]
[ State ]
[ Authorization-Lifetime ]
[ Auth-Grace-Period ]
[ Auth-Session-State ]
[ Callback-Number ]
[ Called-Station-Id ]
[ Calling-Station-Id ]
[ Originating-Line-Info ]
[ Connect-Info ]
[ CHAP-Auth ]
[ CHAP-Challenge ]
* [ Framed-Compression ]
[ Framed-Interface-Id ]
[ Framed-IP-Address ]
* [ Framed-IPv6-Prefix ]
[ Framed-IP-Netmask ]
[ Framed-MTU ]
[ Framed-Protocol ]
[ ARAP-Password ]
[ ARAP-Security ]
* [ ARAP-Security-Data ]
* [ Login-IP-Host ]
* [ Login-IPv6-Host ]
[ Login-LAT-Group ]
[ Login-LAT-Node ]
[ Login-LAT-Port ]
[ Login-LAT-Service ]
* [ Tunneling ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ Route-Record ]
* [ AVP ]
3.2. AA-Answer (AAA) Command
The AA-Answer (AAA) message is indicated by setting the Command-Code
field to 265 and clearing the 'R' bit in the Command Flags field. It
is sent in response to the AA-Request (AAR) message. If
authorization was requested, a successful response will include the
authorization AVPs appropriate for the service being provided, as
defined in section 6.
For authentication exchanges requiring more than a single round trip,
the server MUST set the Result-Code AVP to DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH.
An AAA message with this result code MAY include one Reply-Message or
more and MAY include zero or one State AVPs.
If the Reply-Message AVP was present, the network access server
SHOULD send the text to the user's client to display to the user,
instructing the client to prompt the user for a response. For
example, this capability can be achieved in PPP via PAP. If the
access client is unable to prompt the user for a new response, it
MUST treat the AA-Answer (AAA) with the Reply-Message AVP as an error
and deny access.
Message Format
<AA-Answer> ::= < Diameter Header: 265, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Auth-Application-Id }
{ Auth-Request-Type }
{ Result-Code }
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
[ User-Name ]
[ Service-Type ]
* [ Class ]
* [ Configuration-Token ]
[ Acct-Interim-Interval ]
[ Error-Message ]
[ Error-Reporting-Host ]
* [ Failed-AVP ]
[ Idle-Timeout ]
[ Authorization-Lifetime ]
[ Auth-Grace-Period ]
[ Auth-Session-State ]
[ Re-Auth-Request-Type ]
[ Multi-Round-Time-Out ]
[ Session-Timeout ]
[ State ]
* [ Reply-Message ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
* [ Filter-Id ]
[ Password-Retry ]
[ Port-Limit ]
[ Prompt ]
[ ARAP-Challenge-Response ]
[ ARAP-Features ]
[ ARAP-Security ]
* [ ARAP-Security-Data ]
[ ARAP-Zone-Access ]
[ Callback-Id ]
[ Callback-Number ]
[ Framed-Appletalk-Link ]
* [ Framed-Appletalk-Network ]
[ Framed-Appletalk-Zone ]
* [ Framed-Compression ]
[ Framed-Interface-Id ]
[ Framed-IP-Address ]
* [ Framed-IPv6-Prefix ]
[ Framed-IPv6-Pool ]
* [ Framed-IPv6-Route ]
[ Framed-IP-Netmask ]
* [ Framed-Route ]
[ Framed-Pool ]
[ Framed-IPX-Network ]
[ Framed-MTU ]
[ Framed-Protocol ]
[ Framed-Routing ]
* [ Login-IP-Host ]
* [ Login-IPv6-Host ]
[ Login-LAT-Group ]
[ Login-LAT-Node ]
[ Login-LAT-Port ]
[ Login-LAT-Service ]
[ Login-Service ]
[ Login-TCP-Port ]
* [ NAS-Filter-Rule ]
* [ QoS-Filter-Rule ]
* [ Tunneling ]
* [ Redirect-Host ]
[ Redirect-Host-Usage ]
[ Redirect-Max-Cache-Time ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ AVP ]
3.3. Re-Auth-Request (RAR) Command
A Diameter server may initiate a re-authentication and/or re-
authorization service for a particular session by issuing a Re-Auth-
Request (RAR) message [BASE].
For example, for pre-paid services, the Diameter server that
originally authorized a session may need some confirmation that the
user is still using the services.
If a NAS receives an RAR message with Session-Id equal to a currently
active session and a Re-Auth-Type that includes authentication, it
MUST initiate a re-authentication toward the user, if the service
supports this particular feature.
Message Format
<RA-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 258, REQ, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
{ Destination-Realm }
{ Destination-Host }
{ Auth-Application-Id }
{ Re-Auth-Request-Type }
[ User-Name ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
[ NAS-Identifier ]
[ NAS-IP-Address ]
[ NAS-IPv6-Address ]
[ NAS-Port ]
[ NAS-Port-Id ]
[ NAS-Port-Type ]
[ Service-Type ]
[ Framed-IP-Address ]
[ Framed-IPv6-Prefix ]
[ Framed-Interface-Id ]
[ Called-Station-Id ]
[ Calling-Station-Id ]
[ Originating-Line-Info ]
[ Acct-Session-Id ]
[ Acct-Multi-Session-Id ]
[ State ]
* [ Class ]
[ Reply-Message ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ Route-Record ]
* [ AVP ]
3.4. Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) Command
The Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) message [BASE] is sent in response to the
RAR. The Result-Code AVP MUST be present and indicates the
disposition of the request.
A successful RAA transaction MUST be followed by an AAR message.
Message Format
<RA-Answer> ::= < Diameter Header: 258, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Result-Code }
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
[ User-Name ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
[ Error-Message ]
[ Error-Reporting-Host ]
* [ Failed-AVP ]
* [ Redirected-Host ]
[ Redirected-Host-Usage ]
[ Redirected-Host-Cache-Time ]
[ Service-Type ]
* [ Configuration-Token ]
[ Idle-Timeout ]
[ Authorization-Lifetime ]
[ Auth-Grace-Period ]
[ Re-Auth-Request-Type ]
[ State ]
* [ Class ]
* [ Reply-Message ]
[ Prompt ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ AVP ]
3.5. Session-Termination-Request (STR) Command
The Session-Termination-Request (STR) message [BASE] is sent by the
NAS to inform the Diameter Server that an authenticated and/or
authorized session is being terminated.
Message Format
<ST-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 275, REQ, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
{ Destination-Realm }
{ Auth-Application-Id }
{ Termination-Cause }
[ User-Name ]
[ Destination-Host ]
* [ Class ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ Route-Record ]
* [ AVP ]
3.6. Session-Termination-Answer (STA) Command
The Session-Termination-Answer (STA) message [BASE] is sent by the
Diameter Server to acknowledge the notification that the session has
been terminated. The Result-Code AVP MUST be present and MAY contain
an indication that an error occurred while the STR was being
serviced.
Upon sending or receiving the STA, the Diameter Server MUST release
all resources for the session indicated by the Session-Id AVP. Any
intermediate server in the Proxy-Chain MAY also release any
resources, if necessary.
Message Format
<ST-Answer> ::= < Diameter Header: 275, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Result-Code }
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
[ User-Name ]
* [ Class ]
[ Error-Message ]
[ Error-Reporting-Host ]
* [ Failed-AVP ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
* [ Redirect-Host ]
[ Redirect-Host-Usase ]
[ Redirect-Max-Cache-Time ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ AVP ]
3.7. Abort-Session-Request (ASR) Command
The Abort-Session-Request (ASR) message [BASE] may be sent by any
server to the NAS providing session service, to request that the
session identified by the Session-Id be stopped.
Message Format
<AS-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 274, REQ, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
{ Destination-Realm }
{ Destination-Host }
{ Auth-Application-Id }
[ User-Name ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
[ NAS-Identifier ]
[ NAS-IP-Address ]
[ NAS-IPv6-Address ]
[ NAS-Port ]
[ NAS-Port-Id ]
[ NAS-Port-Type ]
[ Service-Type ]
[ Framed-IP-Address ]
[ Framed-IPv6-Prefix ]
[ Framed-Interface-Id ]
[ Called-Station-Id ]
[ Calling-Station-Id ]
[ Originating-Line-Info ]
[ Acct-Session-Id ]
[ Acct-Multi-Session-Id ]
[ State ]
* [ Class ]
* [ Reply-Message ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ Route-Record ]
* [ AVP ]
3.8. Abort-Session-Answer (ASA) Command
The ASA message [BASE] is sent in response to the ASR. The Result-
Code AVP MUST be present and indicates the disposition of the
request.
If the session identified by Session-Id in the ASR was successfully
terminated, Result-Code is set to DIAMETER_SUCCESS. If the session
is not currently active, Result-Code is set to
DIAMETER_UNKNOWN_SESSION_ID. If the access device does not stop the
session for any other reason, Result-Code is set to
DIAMETER_UNABLE_TO_COMPLY.
Message Format
<AS-Answer> ::= < Diameter Header: 274, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Result-Code }
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
[ User-Name ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
[ State]
[ Error-Message ]
[ Error-Reporting-Host ]
* [ Failed-AVP ]
* [ Redirected-Host ]
[ Redirected-Host-Usage ]
[ Redirected-Max-Cache-Time ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ AVP ]
3.9. Accounting-Request (ACR) Command
The ACR message [BASE] is sent by the NAS to report its session
information to a target server downstream.
Either of Acct-Application-Id or Vendor-Specific-Application-Id AVPs
MUST be present. If the Vendor-Specific-Application-Id grouped AVP
is present, it must have an Acct-Application-Id inside.
The AVPs listed in the Base MUST be assumed to be present, as
appropriate. NAS service-specific accounting AVPs SHOULD be present
as described in section 8 and the rest of this specification.
Message Format
<AC-Request> ::= < Diameter Header: 271, REQ, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
{ Destination-Realm }
{ Accounting-Record-Type }
{ Accounting-Record-Number }
[ Acct-Application-Id ]
[ Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ]
[ User-Name ]
[ Accounting-Sub-Session-Id ]
[ Acct-Session-Id ]
[ Acct-Multi-Session-Id ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
[ Destination-Host ]
[ Event-Timestamp ]
[ Acct-Delay-Time ]
[ NAS-Identifier ]
[ NAS-IP-Address ]
[ NAS-IPv6-Address ]
[ NAS-Port ]
[ NAS-Port-Id ]
[ NAS-Port-Type ]
* [ Class ]
[ Service-Type ]
[ Termination-Cause ]
[ Accounting-Input-Octets ]
[ Accounting-Input-Packets ]
[ Accounting-Output-Octets ]
[ Accounting-Output-Packets ]
[ Acct-Authentic ]
[ Accounting-Auth-Method ]
[ Acct-Link-Count ]
[ Acct-Session-Time ]
[ Acct-Tunnel-Connection ]
[ Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost ]
[ Callback-Id ]
[ Callback-Number ]
[ Called-Station-Id ]
[ Calling-Station-Id ]
* [ Connection-Info ]
[ Originating-Line-Info ]
[ Authorization-Lifetime ]
[ Session-Timeout ]
[ Idle-Timeout ]
[ Port-Limit ]
[ Accounting-Realtime-Required ]
[ Acct-Interim-Interval ]
* [ Filter-Id ]
* [ NAS-Filter-Rule ]
* [ Qos-Filter-Rule ]
[ Framed-AppleTalk-Link ]
[ Framed-AppleTalk-Network ]
[ Framed-AppleTalk-Zone ]
[ Framed-Compression ]
[ Framed-Interface-Id ]
[ Framed-IP-Address ]
[ Framed-IP-Netmask ]
* [ Framed-IPv6-Prefix ]
[ Framed-IPv6-Pool ]
* [ Framed-IPv6-Route ]
[ Framed-IPX-Network ]
[ Framed-MTU ]
[ Framed-Pool ]
[ Framed-Protocol ]
* [ Framed-Route ]
[ Framed-Routing ]
* [ Login-IP-Host ]
* [ Login-IPv6-Host ]
[ Login-LAT-Group ]
[ Login-LAT-Node ]
[ Login-LAT-Port ]
[ Login-LAT-Service ]
[ Login-Service ]
[ Login-TCP-Port ]
* [ Tunneling ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ Route-Record ]
* [ AVP ]
3.10. Accounting-Answer (ACA) Command
The ACA message [BASE] is used to acknowledge an Accounting-Request
command. The Accounting-Answer command contains the same Session-Id
as the Request. If the Accounting-Request was protected by end-to-
end security, then the corresponding ACA message MUST be protected as
well.
Only the target Diameter Server or home Diameter Server SHOULD
respond with the Accounting-Answer command.
Either Acct-Application-Id or Vendor-Specific-Application-Id AVPs
MUST be present, as it was in the request.
The AVPs listed in the Base MUST be assumed to be present, as
appropriate. NAS service-specific accounting AVPs SHOULD be present
as described in section 8 and the rest of this specification.
Message Format
<AC-Answer> ::= < Diameter Header: 271, PXY >
< Session-Id >
{ Result-Code }
{ Origin-Host }
{ Origin-Realm }
{ Accounting-Record-Type }
{ Accounting-Record-Number }
[ Acct-Application-Id ]
[ Vendor-Specific-Application-Id ]
[ User-Name ]
[ Accounting-Sub-Session-Id ]
[ Acct-Session-Id ]
[ Acct-Multi-Session-Id ]
[ Event-Timestamp ]
[ Error-Message ]
[ Error-Reporting-Host ]
* [ Failed-AVP ]
[ Origin-AAA-Protocol ]
[ Origin-State-Id ]
[ NAS-Identifier ]
[ NAS-IP-Address ]
[ NAS-IPv6-Address ]
[ NAS-Port ]
[ NAS-Port-Id ]
[ NAS-Port-Type ]
[ Service-Type ]
[ Termination-Cause ]
[ Accounting-Realtime-Required ]
[ Acct-Interim-Interval ]
* [ Class ]
* [ Proxy-Info ]
* [ Route-Record ]
* [ AVP ]
4. NAS Session AVPs
Diameter reserves the AVP Codes 0 - 255 for RADIUS functions that are
implemented in Diameter.
AVPs new to Diameter have code values of 256 and greater. A Diameter
message that includes one of these AVPs may represent functions not
present in the RADIUS environment and may cause interoperability
issues, should the request traverse an AAA system that only supports
the RADIUS protocol.
Some RADIUS attributes are not allowed or supported directly in
Diameter. See section 9 for more information.
4.1. Call and Session Information
This section contains the AVPs specific to NAS Diameter applications
that are needed to identify the call and session context and status
information. On a request, this information allows the server to
qualify the session.
These AVPs are used in addition to the Base AVPs of:
Session-Id
Auth-Application-Id
Origin-Host
Origin-Realm
Auth-Request-Type
Termination-Cause
The following table describes the session level AVPs; their AVP Code
values, types, and possible flag values; and whether the AVP MAY be
encrypted.
+---------------------+
| AVP Flag rules |
|----+-----+----+-----|----+
AVP Section | | |SHLD| MUST| |
Attribute Name Code Defined Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT| NOT|Encr|
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
NAS-Port 5 4.2 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
NAS-Port-Id 87 4.3 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
NAS-Port-Type 61 4.4 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Called-Station-Id 30 4.5 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Calling-Station- 31 4.6 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Id | | | | | |
Connect-Info 77 4.7 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Originating-Line- 94 4.8 OctetString| | M,P | | V | Y |
Info | | | | | |
Reply-Message 18 4.9 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
4.2. NAS-Port AVP
The NAS-Port AVP (AVP Code 5) is of type Unsigned32 and contains the
physical or virtual port number of the NAS which is authenticating
the user. Note that "port" is meant in its sense as a service
connection on the NAS, not as an IP protocol identifier.
Either NAS-Port or NAS-Port-Id (AVP Code 87) SHOULD be present in
AA-Request (AAR) commands if the NAS differentiates among its ports.
4.3. NAS-Port-Id AVP
The NAS-Port-Id AVP (AVP Code 87) is of type UTF8String and consists
of ASCII text identifying the port of the NAS authenticating the
user. Note that "port" is meant in its sense as a service connection
on the NAS, not as an IP protocol identifier.
Either NAS-Port or NAS-Port-Id SHOULD be present in AA-Request (AAR)
commands if the NAS differentiates among its ports. NAS-Port-Id is
intended for use by NASes that cannot conveniently number their
ports.
4.4. NAS-Port-Type AVP
The NAS-Port-Type AVP (AVP Code 61) is of type Enumerated and
contains the type of the port on which the NAS is authenticating the
user. This AVP SHOULD be present if the NAS uses the same NAS-Port
number ranges for different service types concurrently.
The supported values are defined in [RADIUSTypes]. The following
list is informational and subject to change by the IANA.
0 Async
1 Sync
2 ISDN Sync
3 ISDN Async V.120
4 ISDN Async V.110
5 Virtual
6 PIAFS
7 HDLC Clear Channel
8 X.25
9 X.75
10 G.3 Fax
11 SDSL - Symmetric DSL
12 ADSL-CAP - Asymmetric DSL, Carrierless Amplitude Phase
Modulation
13 ADSL-DMT - Asymmetric DSL, Discrete Multi-Tone
14 IDSL - ISDN Digital Subscriber Line
15 Ethernet
16 xDSL - Digital Subscriber Line of unknown type
17 Cable
18 Wireless - Other
19 Wireless - IEEE 802.11
20 Token-Ring [RAD802.1X]
21 FDDI [RAD802.1X]
22 Wireless - CDMA2000
23 Wireless - UMTS
24 Wireless - 1X-EV
25 IAPP [IEEE 802.11f]
4.5. Called-Station-Id AVP
The Called-Station-Id AVP (AVP Code 30) is of type UTF8String and
allows the NAS to send the ASCII string describing the layer 2
address the user contacted in the request. For dialup access, this
can be a phone number obtained by using Dialed Number Identification
(DNIS) or a similar technology. Note that this may be different from
the phone number the call comes in on. For use with IEEE 802 access,
the Called-Station-Id MAY contain a MAC address formatted as
described in [RAD802.1X]. It SHOULD only be present in
authentication and/or authorization requests.
If the Auth-Request-Type AVP is set to authorization-only and the
User-Name AVP is absent, the Diameter Server MAY perform
authorization based on this field. This can be used by a NAS to
request whether a call should be answered based on the DNIS.
The codification of this field's allowed usage range is outside the
scope of this specification.
4.6. Calling-Station-Id AVP
The Calling-Station-Id AVP (AVP Code 31) is of type UTF8String and
allows the NAS to send the ASCII string describing the layer 2
address from which the user connected in the request. For dialup
access, this is the phone number the call came from, using Automatic
Number Identification (ANI) or a similar technology. For use with
IEEE 802 access, the Calling-Station-Id AVP MAY contain a MAC
address, formated as described in [RAD802.1X]. It SHOULD only be
present in authentication and/or authorization requests.
If the Auth-Request-Type AVP is set to authorization-only and the
User-Name AVP is absent, the Diameter Server MAY perform
authorization based on this field. This can be used by a NAS to
request whether a call should be answered based on the layer 2
address (ANI, MAC Address, etc.)
The codification of this field's allowed usage range is outside the
scope of this specification.
4.7. Connect-Info AVP
The Connect-Info AVP (AVP Code 77) is of type UTF8String and is sent
in the AA-Request message or ACR STOP message. When sent in the
Access-Request, it indicates the nature of the user's connection.
The connection speed SHOULD be included at the beginning of the first
Connect-Info AVP in the message. If the transmit and receive
connection speeds differ, both may be included in the first AVP with
the transmit speed listed first (the speed the NAS modem transmits
at), then a slash (/), then the receive speed, and then other
optional information.
For example: "28800 V42BIS/LAPM" or "52000/31200 V90"
More than one Connect-Info attribute may be present in an
Accounting-Request packet to accommodate expected efforts by the ITU
to have modems report more connection information in a standard
format that might exceed 252 octets.
If sent in the ACR STOP, this attribute may summarize statistics
relating to session quality. For example, in IEEE 802.11, the
Connect-Info attribute may contain information on the number of link
layer retransmissions. The exact format of this attribute is
implementation specific.
4.8. Originating-Line-Info AVP
The Originating-Line-Info AVP (AVP Code 94) is of type OctetString
and is sent by the NAS system to convey information about the origin
of the call from an SS7 system.
The originating line information (OLI) element indicates the nature
and/or characteristics of the line from which a call originated
(e.g., pay phone, hotel, cellular). Telephone companies are starting
to offer OLI to their customers as an option over Primary Rate
Interface (PRI). Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can use OLI in
addition to Called-Station-Id and Calling-Station-Id attributes to
differentiate customer calls and to define different services.
The Value field contains two octets (00 - 99). ANSI T1.113 and
BELLCORE 394 can be used for additional information about these
values and their use. For more information on current assignment
values, see [ANITypes].
Value Description
------------------------------------------------------------
00 Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
01 Multiparty Line (more than 2)
02 ANI Failure
03 ANI Observed
04 ONI Observed
05 ANI Failure Observed
06 Station Level Rating
07 Special Operator Handling Required
08 InterLATA Restricted
10 Test Call
20 Automatic Identified Outward Dialing (AIOD)
23 Coin or Non-Coin
24 Toll Free Service (Non-Pay Origination)
25 Toll Free Service (Pay Origination)
27 Toll Free Service (Coin Control Origination)
29 Prison/Inmate Service
30-32 Intercept
30 Intercept (Blank)
31 Intercept (Trouble)
32 Intercept (Regular)
34 Telco Operator Handled Call
40-49 Unrestricted Use
52 Outward Wide Area Telecommunications Service (OUTWATS)
60 Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS)(Unrestricted)
61 Cellular/Wireless PCS (Type 1)
62 Cellular/Wireless PCS (Type 2)
63 Cellular/Wireless PCS (Roaming)
66 TRS (Hotel)
67 TRS (Restricted)
70 Pay Station, No Coin Control
93 Access for Private Virtual Network Service
4.9. Reply-Message AVP
The Reply-Message AVP (AVP Code 18) is of type UTF8String and
contains text that MAY be displayed to the user. When used in an
AA-Answer message with a successful Result-Code AVP, it indicates
success. When found in an AAA message with a Result-Code other than
DIAMETER_SUCCESS, the AVP contains a failure message.
The Reply-Message AVP MAY indicate dialog text to prompt the user
before another AA-Request attempt. When used in an AA-Answer with a
Result-Code of DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH or in an Re-Auth-Request
message, it MAY contain a dialog text to prompt the user for a
response.
Multiple Reply-Messages MAY be included, and if any are displayed,
they MUST be displayed in the same order as they appear in the
Diameter message.
5. NAS Authentication AVPs
This section defines the AVPs necessary to carry the authentication
information in the Diameter protocol. The functionality defined here
provides a RADIUS-like AAA service over a more reliable and secure
transport, as defined in the base protocol [BASE].
The following table describes the AVPs; their AVP Code values, types,
and possible flag values, and whether the AVP MAY be encrypted.
+---------------------+
| AVP Flag rules |
|----+-----+----+-----|----+
AVP Section | | |SHLD| MUST| |
Attribute Name Code Defined Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT| NOT|Encr|
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
User-Password 2 5.1 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Password-Retry 75 5.2 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Prompt 76 5.3 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
CHAP-Auth 402 5.4 Grouped | M | P | | V | Y |
CHAP-Algorithm 403 5.5 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
CHAP-Ident 404 5.6 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
CHAP-Response 405 5.7 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
CHAP-Challenge 60 5.8 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
ARAP-Password 70 5.9 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
ARAP-Challenge- 84 5.10 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Response | | | | | |
ARAP-Security 73 5.11 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
ARAP-Security- 74 5.12 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Data | | | | | |
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
5.1. User-Password AVP
The User-Password AVP (AVP Code 2) is of type OctetString and
contains the password of the user to be authenticated, or the user's
input in a multi-round authentication exchange.
The User-Password AVP contains a user password or one-time password
and therefore represents sensitive information. As required in
[BASE], Diameter messages are encrypted by using IPsec or TLS.
Unless this AVP is used for one-time passwords, the User-Password AVP
SHOULD NOT be used in untrusted proxy environments without encrypting
it by using end-to-end security techniques, such as the proposed CMS
Security [DiamCMS].
The clear-text password (prior to encryption) MUST NOT be longer than
128 bytes in length.
5.2. Password-Retry AVP
The Password-Retry AVP (AVP Code 75) is of type Unsigned32 and MAY be
included in the AA-Answer if the Result-Code indicates an
authentication failure. The value of this AVP indicates how many
authentication attempts a user is permitted before being
disconnected. This AVP is primarily intended for use when the
Framed-Protocol AVP (see section 6.10.1) is set to ARAP.
5.3. Prompt AVP
The Prompt AVP (AVP Code 76) is of type Enumerated and MAY be present
in the AA-Answer message. When present, it is used by the NAS to
determine whether the user's response, when entered, should be
echoed.
The supported values are listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The following list
is informational:
0 No Echo
1 Echo
5.4. CHAP-Auth AVP
The CHAP-Auth AVP (AVP Code 402) is of type Grouped and contains the
information necessary to authenticate a user using the PPP
Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) [PPPCHAP]. If the
CHAP-Auth AVP is found in a message, the CHAP-Challenge AVP MUST be
present as well. The optional AVPs containing the CHAP response
depend upon the value of the CHAP-Algorithm AVP. The grouped AVP has
the following ABNF grammar:
CHAP-Auth ::= < AVP Header: 402 >
{ CHAP-Algorithm }
{ CHAP-Ident }
[ CHAP-Response ]
* [ AVP ]
5.5. CHAP-Algorithm AVP
The CHAP-Algorithm AVP (AVP Code 403) is of type Enumerated and
contains the algorithm identifier used in the computation of the CHAP
response [PPPCHAP]. The following values are currently supported:
CHAP with MD5 5
The CHAP response is computed by using the procedure described
in [PPPCHAP]. This algorithm requires that the CHAP-Response
AVP MUST be present in the CHAP-Auth AVP.
5.6. CHAP-Ident AVP
The CHAP-Ident AVP (AVP Code 404) is of type OctetString and contains
the 1 octet CHAP Identifier used in the computation of the CHAP
response [PPPCHAP].
5.7. CHAP-Response AVP
The CHAP-Response AVP (AVP Code 405) is of type OctetString and
contains the 16 octet authentication data provided by the user in
response to the CHAP challenge [PPPCHAP].
5.8. CHAP-Challenge AVP
The CHAP-Challenge AVP (AVP Code 60) is of type OctetString and
contains the CHAP Challenge sent by the NAS to the CHAP peer
[PPPCHAP].
5.9. ARAP-Password AVP
The ARAP-Password AVP (AVP Code 70) is of type OctetString and is
only present when the Framed-Protocol AVP (see section 6.10.1) is
included in the message and is set to ARAP. This AVP MUST NOT be
present if either the User-Password or the CHAP-Auth AVP is present.
See [RADIUSExt] for more information on the contents of this AVP.
5.10. ARAP-Challenge-Response AVP
The ARAP-Challenge-Response AVP (AVP Code 84) is of type OctetString
and is only present when the Framed-Protocol AVP (see section 6.10.1)
is included in the message and is set to ARAP. This AVP contains an
8 octet response to the dial-in client's challenge. The RADIUS
server calculates this value by taking the dial-in client's challenge
from the high-order 8 octets of the ARAP-Password AVP and performing
DES encryption on this value with the authenticating user's password
as the key. If the user's password is fewer than 8 octets in length,
the password is padded at the end with NULL octets to a length of 8
before it is used as a key.
5.11. ARAP-Security AVP
The ARAP-Security AVP (AVP Code 73) is of type Unsigned32 and MAY be
present in the AA-Answer message if the Framed-Protocol AVP (see
section 6.10.1) is set to the value of ARAP, and the Result-Code AVP
is set to DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH. See [RADIUSExt] for more
information on the format of this AVP.
5.12. ARAP-Security-Data AVP
The ARAP-Security AVP (AVP Code 74) is of type OctetString and MAY be
present in the AA-Request or AA-Answer message if the Framed-Protocol
AVP is set to the value of ARAP, and the Result-Code AVP is set to
DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH. This AVP contains the security module
challenge or response associated with the ARAP Security Module
specified in ARAP-Security.
6. NAS Authorization AVPs
This section contains the authorization AVPs supported in the NAS
Application. The Service-Type AVP SHOULD be present in all messages,
and, based on its value, additional AVPs defined in this section and
in section 7 MAY be present.
Due to space constraints, the short-form IPFltrRule is used to
represent IPFilterRule, and QoSFltrRule is used for QoSFilterRule.
+---------------------+
| AVP Flag rules |
|----+-----+----+-----|----+
AVP Section | | |SHLD| MUST| |
Attribute Name Code Defined Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT| NOT|Encr|
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
Service-Type 6 6.1 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Callback-Number 19 6.2 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Callback-Id 20 6.3 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Idle-Timeout 28 6.4 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Port-Limit 62 6.5 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
NAS-Filter-Rule 400 6.6 IPFltrRule | M | P | | V | Y |
Filter-Id 11 6.7 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Configuration- 78 6.8 OctetString| M | | | P,V | |
Token | | | | | |
QoS-Filter-Rule 407 6.9 QoSFltrRule| | | | | |
Framed-Protocol 7 6.10.1 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Framed-Routing 10 6.10.2 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Framed-MTU 12 6.10.3 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Framed- 13 6.10.4 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Compression | | | | | |
Framed-IP-Address 8 6.11.1 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Framed-IP-Netmask 9 6.11.2 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Framed-Route 22 6.11.3 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Framed-Pool 88 6.11.4 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Framed- 96 6.11.5 Unsigned64 | M | P | | V | Y |
Interface-Id | | | | | |
Framed-IPv6- 97 6.11.6 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Prefix | | | | | |
Framed-IPv6- 99 6.11.7 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Route | | | | | |
Framed-IPv6-Pool 100 6.11.8 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Framed-IPX- 23 6.12.1 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Network | | | | | |
Framed-Appletalk- 37 6.13.1 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Link | | | | | |
Framed-Appletalk- 38 6.13.2 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Network | | | | | |
Framed-Appletalk- 39 6.13.3 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Zone | | | | | |
ARAP-Features 71 6.14.1 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
ARAP-Zone-Access 72 6.14.2 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Login-IP-Host 14 6.15.1 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Login-IPv6-Host 98 6.15.2 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Login-Service 15 6.15.3 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Login-TCP-Port 16 6.16.1 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Login-LAT-Service 34 6.17.1 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Login-LAT-Node 35 6.17.2 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Login-LAT-Group 36 6.17.3 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Login-LAT-Port 63 6.17.4 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
6.1. Service-Type AVP
The Service-Type AVP (AVP Code 6) is of type Enumerated and contains
the type of service the user has requested or the type of service to
be provided. One such AVP MAY be present in an authentication and/or
authorization request or response. A NAS is not required to
implement all of these service types. It MUST treat unknown or
unsupported Service-Types received in a response as a failure and end
the session with a DIAMETER_INVALID_AVP_VALUE Result-Code.
When used in a request, the Service-Type AVP SHOULD be considered a
hint to the server that the NAS believes the user would prefer the
kind of service indicated. The server is not required to honor the
hint. Furthermore, if the service specified by the server is
supported, but not compatible with the current mode of access, the
NAS MUST fail to start the session. The NAS MUST also generate the
appropriate error message(s).
The following values have been defined for the Service-Type AVP. The
complete list of defined values can be found in [RADIUS] and
[RADIUSTypes]. The following list is informational:
1 Login
2 Framed
3 Callback Login
4 Callback Framed
5 Outbound
6 Administrative
7 NAS Prompt
8 Authenticate Only
9 Callback NAS Prompt
10 Call Check
11 Callback Administrative
12 Voice
13 Fax
14 Modem Relay
15 IAPP-Register [IEEE 802.11f]
16 IAPP-AP-Check [IEEE 802.11f]
17 Authorize Only [RADDynAuth]
The following values are further qualified:
Login 1
The user should be connected to a host. The message MAY
include additional AVPs defined in sections 6.16 or 6.17.
Framed 2
A Framed Protocol, such as PPP or SLIP, should be started for
the User. The message MAY include additional AVPs defined in
section 6.10, or section 7 for tunneling services.
Callback Login 3
The user should be disconnected and called back, then connected
to a host. The message MAY include additional AVPs defined in
this section.
Callback Framed 4
The user should be disconnected and called back, and then a
Framed Protocol, such as PPP or SLIP, should be started for the
User. The message MAY include additional AVPs defined in
section 6.10, or in section 7 for tunneling services.
6.2. Callback-Number AVP
The Callback-Number AVP (AVP Code 19) is of type UTF8String and
contains a dialing string to be used for callback. It MAY be used in
an authentication and/or authorization request as a hint to the
server that a Callback service is desired, but the server is not
required to honor the hint in the corresponding response.
The codification of this field's allowed usage range is outside the
scope of this specification.
6.3. Callback-Id AVP
The Callback-Id AVP (AVP Code 20) is of type UTF8String and contains
the name of a place to be called, to be interpreted by the NAS. This
AVP MAY be present in an authentication and/or authorization
response.
This AVP is not roaming-friendly as it assumes that the Callback-Id
is configured on the NAS. Using the Callback-Number AVP therefore
preferable.
6.4. Idle-Timeout AVP
The Idle-Timeout AVP (AVP Code 28) is of type Unsigned32 and sets the
maximum number of consecutive seconds of idle connection allowable to
the user before termination of the session or before a prompt is
issued. The default is none, or system specific.
6.5. Port-Limit AVP
The Port-Limit AVP (AVP Code 62) is of type Unsigned32 and sets the
maximum number of ports the NAS provides to the user. It MAY be used
in an authentication and/or authorization request as a hint to the
server that multilink PPP [PPPMP] service is desired, but the server
is not required to honor the hint in the corresponding response.
6.6. NAS-Filter-Rule AVP
The NAS-Filter-Rule AVP (AVP Code 400) is of type IPFilterRule and
provides filter rules that need to be configured on the NAS for the
user. One or more of these AVPs MAY be present in an authorization
response.
6.7. Filter-Id AVP
The Filter-Id AVP (AVP Code 11) is of type UTF8String and contains
the name of the filter list for this user. Zero or more Filter-Id
AVPs MAY be sent in an authorization answer.
Identifying a filter list by name allows the filter to be used on
different NASes without regard to filter-list implementation details.
However, this AVP is not roaming friendly, as filter naming differs
from one service provider to another.
In non-RADIUS environments, it is RECOMMENDED that the NAS-Filter-
Rule AVP be used instead.
6.8. Configuration-Token AVP
The Configuration-Token AVP (AVP Code 78) is of type OctetString and
is sent by a Diameter Server to a Diameter Proxy Agent or Translation
Agent in an AA-Answer command to indicate a type of user profile to
be used. It should not be sent to a Diameter Client (NAS).
The format of the Data field of this AVP is site specific.
6.9. QoS-Filter-Rule AVP
The QoS-Filter-Rule AVP (AVP Code 407) is of type QoSFilterRule and
provides QoS filter rules that need to be configured on the NAS for
the user. One or more such AVPs MAY be present in an authorization
response.
Note: Due to an editorial mistake in [BASE], only the AVP format is
discussed. The complete QoSFilterRule definition was not included.
It is reprinted here for clarification.
QoSFilterRule
The QosFilterRule format is derived from the OctetString AVP Base
Format. It uses the ASCII charset. Packets may be marked or
metered based on the following information:
Direction (in or out)
Source and destination IP address (possibly masked)
Protocol
Source and destination port (lists or ranges)
DSCP values (no mask or range)
Rules for the appropriate direction are evaluated in order; the
first matched rule terminates the evaluation. Each packet is
evaluated once. If no rule matches, the packet is treated as best
effort. An access device unable to interpret or apply a QoS rule
SHOULD NOT terminate the session.
QoSFilterRule filters MUST follow the following format:
action dir proto from src to dst [options]
tag - Mark packet with a specific DSCP
[DIFFSERV]. The DSCP option MUST be
included.
meter - Meter traffic. The metering options
MUST be included.
dir The format is as described under IPFilterRule.
proto The format is as described under IPFilterRule.
src and dst The format is as described under IPFilterRule.
options:
DSCP <color>
Color values as defined in [DIFFSERV]. Exact
matching of DSCP values is required (no masks or
ranges).
metering <rate> <color_under> <color_over>
The metering option provides Assured Forwarding,
as defined in [DIFFSERVAF], and MUST be present
if the action is set to meter. The rate option is
the throughput, in bits per second, used
by the access device to mark packets. Traffic
over the rate is marked with the color_over
codepoint, and traffic under the rate is marked
with the color_under codepoint. The color_under
and color_over options contain the drop
preferences and MUST conform to the recommended
codepoint keywords described in [DIFFSERVAF]
(e.g., AF13).
The metering option also supports the strict
limit on traffic required by Expedited
Forwarding, as defined in [DIFFSERVEF]. The
color_over option may contain the keyword "drop"
to prevent forwarding of traffic that exceeds the
rate parameter.
The rule syntax is a modified subset of ipfw(8) from FreeBSD,
and the ipfw.c code may provide a useful base for
implementations.
6.10. Framed Access Authorization AVPs
This section lists the authorization AVPs necessary to
support framed access, such as PPP and SLIP. AVPs defined in this
section MAY be present in a message if the Service-Type AVP was set
to "Framed" or "Callback Framed".
6.10.1. Framed-Protocol AVP
The Framed-Protocol AVP (AVP Code 7) is of type Enumerated and
contains the framing to be used for framed access. This AVP MAY be
present in both requests and responses. The supported values are
listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The following list is informational:
1 PPP
2 SLIP
3 AppleTalk Remote Access Protocol (ARAP)
4 Gandalf proprietary SingleLink/MultiLink protocol
5 Xylogics proprietary IPX/SLIP
6 X.75 Synchronous
6.10.2. Framed-Routing AVP
The Framed-Routing AVP (AVP Code 10) is of type Enumerated and
contains the routing method for the user when the user is a router to
a network. This AVP SHOULD only be present in authorization
responses. The supported values are listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The
following list is informational:
0 None
1 Send routing packets
2 Listen for routing packets
3 Send and Listen
6.10.3. Framed-MTU AVP
The Framed-MTU AVP (AVP Code 12) is of type Unsigned32 and contains
the Maximum Transmission Unit to be configured for the user, when it
is not negotiated by some other means (such as PPP). This AVP SHOULD
only be present in authorization responses. The MTU value MUST be in
the range from 64 to 65535.
6.10.4. Framed-Compression AVP
The Framed-Compression AVP (AVP Code 13) is of type Enumerated and
contains the compression protocol to be used for the link. It MAY be
used in an authorization request as a hint to the server that a
specific compression type is desired, but the server is not required
to honor the hint in the corresponding response.
More than one compression protocol AVP MAY be sent. The NAS is
responsible for applying the proper compression protocol to the
appropriate link traffic.
The supported values are listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The following list
is informational:
0 None
1 VJ TCP/IP header compression
2 IPX header compression
3 Stac-LZS compression
6.11. IP Access Authorization AVPs
The AVPs defined in this section are used when the user requests, or
is being granted, access service to IP.
6.11.1. Framed-IP-Address AVP
The Framed-IP-Address AVP (AVP Code 8) [RADIUS] is of type
OctetString and contains an IPv4 address of the type specified in the
attribute value to be configured for the user. It MAY be used in an
authorization request as a hint to the server that a specific address
is desired, but the server is not required to honor the hint in the
corresponding response.
Two values have special significance: 0xFFFFFFFF and 0xFFFFFFFE. The
value 0xFFFFFFFF indicates that the NAS should allow the user to
select an address (i.e., negotiated). The value 0xFFFFFFFE indicates
that the NAS should select an address for the user (e.g., assigned
from a pool of addresses kept by the NAS).
6.11.2. Framed-IP-Netmask AVP
The Framed-IP-Netmask AVP (AVP Code 9) is of type OctetString and
contains the four octets of the IPv4 netmask to be configured for the
user when the user is a router to a network. It MAY be used in an
authorization request as a hint to the server that a specific netmask
is desired, but the server is not required to honor the hint in the
corresponding response. This AVP MUST be present in a response if
the request included this AVP with a value of 0xFFFFFFFF.
6.11.3. Framed-Route AVP
The Framed-Route AVP (AVP Code 22) is of type UTF8String and contains
the ASCII routing information to be configured for the user on the
NAS. Zero or more of these AVPs MAY be present in an authorization
response.
The string MUST contain a destination prefix in dotted quad form
optionally followed by a slash and a decimal length specifier stating
how many high-order bits of the prefix should be used. This is
followed by a space, a gateway address in dotted quad form, a space,
and one or more metrics separated by spaces; for example,
"192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.1 1".
The length specifier may be omitted, in which case it should default
to 8 bits for class A prefixes, to 16 bits for class B prefixes, and
to 24 bits for class C prefixes; for example,
"192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 1".
Whenever the gateway address is specified as "0.0.0.0" the IP address
of the user SHOULD be used as the gateway address.
6.11.4. Framed-Pool AVP
The Framed-Pool AVP (AVP Code 88) is of type OctetString and contains
the name of an assigned address pool that SHOULD be used to assign an
address for the user. If a NAS does not support multiple address
pools, the NAS SHOULD ignore this AVP. Address pools are usually
used for IP addresses but can be used for other protocols if the NAS
supports pools for those protocols.
Although specified as type OctetString for compatibility with RADIUS
[RADIUSExt], the encoding of the Data field SHOULD also conform to
the rules for the UTF8String Data Format.
6.11.5. Framed-Interface-Id AVP
The Framed-Interface-Id AVP (AVP Code 96) is of type Unsigned64 and
contains the IPv6 interface identifier to be configured for the user.
It MAY be used in authorization requests as a hint to the server that
a specific interface id is desired, but the server is not required to
honor the hint in the corresponding response.
6.11.6. Framed-IPv6-Prefix AVP
The Framed-IPv6-Prefix AVP (AVP Code 97) is of type OctetString and
contains the IPv6 prefix to be configured for the user. One or more
AVPs MAY be used in authorization requests as a hint to the server
that specific IPv6 prefixes are desired, but the server is not
required to honor the hint in the corresponding response.
6.11.7. Framed-IPv6-Route AVP
The Framed-IPv6-Route AVP (AVP Code 99) is of type UTF8String and
contains the ASCII routing information to be configured for the user
on the NAS. Zero or more of these AVPs MAY be present in an
authorization response.
The string MUST contain an IPv6 address prefix followed by a slash
and a decimal length specifier stating how many high order bits of
the prefix should be used. This is followed by a space, a gateway
address in hexadecimal notation, a space, and one or more metrics
separated by spaces; for example,
"2000:0:0:106::/64 2000::106:a00:20ff:fe99:a998 1".
Whenever the gateway address is the IPv6 unspecified address, the IP
address of the user SHOULD be used as the gateway address, such as
in:
"2000:0:0:106::/64 :: 1".
6.11.8. Framed-IPv6-Pool AVP
The Framed-IPv6-Pool AVP (AVP Code 100) is of type OctetString and
contains the name of an assigned pool that SHOULD be used to assign
an IPv6 prefix for the user. If the access device does not support
multiple prefix pools, it MUST ignore this AVP.
Although specified as type OctetString for compatibility with RADIUS
[RADIUSIPv6], the encoding of the Data field SHOULD also conform to
the rules for the UTF8String Data Format.
6.12. IPX Access
The AVPs defined in this section are used when the user requests, or
is being granted, access to an IPX network service.
6.12.1. Framed-IPX-Network AVP
The Framed-IPX-Network AVP (AVP Code 23) is of type Unsigned32 and
contains the IPX Network number to be configured for the user. It
MAY be used in an authorization request as a hint to the server that
a specific address is desired, but the server is not required to
honor the hint in the corresponding response.
Two addresses have special significance: 0xFFFFFFFF and 0xFFFFFFFE.
The value 0xFFFFFFFF indicates that the NAS should allow the user to
select an address (i.e., Negotiated). The value 0xFFFFFFFE indicates
that the NAS should select an address for the user (e.g., assign it
from a pool of one or more IPX networks kept by the NAS).
6.13. AppleTalk Network Access
The AVPs defined in this section are used when the user requests, or
is being granted, access to an AppleTalk network [AppleTalk].
6.13.1. Framed-AppleTalk-Link AVP
The Framed-AppleTalk-Link AVP (AVP Code 37) is of type Unsigned32 and
contains the AppleTalk network number that should be used for the
serial link to the user, which is another AppleTalk router. This AVP
MUST only be present in an authorization response and is never used
when the user is not another router.
Despite the size of the field, values range from 0 to 65,535. The
special value of 0 indicates an unnumbered serial link. A value of 1
to 65,535 means that the serial line between the NAS and the user
should be assigned that value as an AppleTalk network number.
6.13.2. Framed-AppleTalk-Network AVP
The Framed-AppleTalk-Network AVP (AVP Code 38) is of type Unsigned32
and contains the AppleTalk Network number that the NAS should probe
to allocate an AppleTalk node for the user. This AVP MUST only be
present in an authorization response and is never used when the user
is not another router. Multiple instances of this AVP indicate that
the NAS may probe, using any of the network numbers specified.
Despite the size of the field, values range from 0 to 65,535. The
special value 0 indicates that the NAS should assign a network for
the user, using its default cable range. A value between 1 and
65,535 (inclusive) indicates to the AppleTalk Network that the NAS
should probe to find an address for the user.
6.13.3. Framed-AppleTalk-Zone AVP
The Framed-AppleTalk-Zone AVP (AVP Code 39) is of type OctetString
and contains the AppleTalk Default Zone to be used for this user.
This AVP MUST only be present in an authorization response. Multiple
instances of this AVP in the same message are not allowed.
The codification of this field's allowed range is outside the scope
of this specification.
6.14. AppleTalk Remote Access
The AVPs defined in this section are used when the user requests, or
is being granted, access to the AppleTalk network via the AppleTalk
Remote Access Protocol [ARAP]. They are only present if the Framed-
Protocol AVP (see section 6.10.1) is set to ARAP. Section 2.2 of RFC
2869 [RADIUSExt] describes the operational use of these attributes.
6.14.1. ARAP-Features AVP
The ARAP-Features AVP (AVP Code 71) is of type OctetString and MAY be
present in the AA-Accept message if the Framed-Protocol AVP is set to
the value of ARAP. See [RADIUSExt] for more information about the
format of this AVP.
6.14.2. ARAP-Zone-Access AVP
The ARAP-Zone-Access AVP (AVP Code 72) is of type Enumerated and MAY
be present in the AA-Accept message if the Framed-Protocol AVP is set
to the value of ARAP.
The supported values are listed in [RADIUSTypes] and defined in
[RADIUSExt].
6.15. Non-Framed Access Authorization AVPs
This section contains the authorization AVPs that are needed to
support terminal server functionality. AVPs defined in this section
MAY be present in a message if the Service-Type AVP was set to
"Login" or "Callback Login".
6.15.1. Login-IP-Host AVP
The Login-IP-Host AVP (AVP Code 14) [RADIUS] is of type OctetString
and contains the IPv4 address of a host with which to connect the
user when the Login-Service AVP is included. It MAY be used in an
AA-Request command as a hint to the Diameter Server that a specific
host is desired, but the Diameter Server is not required to honor the
hint in the AA-Answer.
Two addresses have special significance: all ones and 0. The value
of all ones indicates that the NAS SHOULD allow the user to select an
address. The value 0 indicates that the NAS SHOULD select a host to
connect the user to.
6.15.2. Login-IPv6-Host AVP
The Login-IPv6-Host AVP (AVP Code 98) [RADIUSIPv6] is of type
OctetString and contains the IPv6 address of a host with which to
connect the user when the Login-Service AVP is included. It MAY be
used in an AA-Request command as a hint to the Diameter Server that a
specific host is desired, but the Diameter Server is not required to
honor the hint in the AA-Answer.
Two addresses have special significance:
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF and 0. The value
0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF indicates that the NAS SHOULD
allow the user to select an address. The value 0 indicates that the
NAS SHOULD select a host to connect the user to.
6.15.3. Login-Service AVP
The Login-Service AVP (AVP Code 15) is of type Enumerated and
contains the service that should be used to connect the user to the
login host. This AVP SHOULD only be present in authorization
responses.
The supported values are listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The following list
is informational:
0 Telnet
1 Rlogin
2 TCP Clear
3 PortMaster (proprietary)
4 LAT
5 X25-PAD
6 X25-T3POS
8 TCP Clear Quiet (suppresses any NAS-generated connect
string)
6.16. TCP Services
The AVPs described in this section MAY be present if the Login-
Service AVP is set to Telnet, Rlogin, TCP Clear, or TCP Clear Quiet.
6.16.1. Login-TCP-Port AVP
The Login-TCP-Port AVP (AVP Code 16) is of type Unsigned32 and
contains the TCP port with which the user is to be connected when the
Login-Service AVP is also present. This AVP SHOULD only be present
in authorization responses. The value MUST NOT be greater than
65,535.
6.17. LAT Services
The AVPs described in this section MAY be present if the Login-
Service AVP is set to LAT [LAT].
6.17.1. Login-LAT-Service AVP
The Login-LAT-Service AVP (AVP Code 34) is of type OctetString and
contains the system with which the user is to be connected by LAT.
It MAY be used in an authorization request as a hint to the server
that a specific service is desired, but the server is not required to
honor the hint in the corresponding response. This AVP MUST only be
present in the response if the Login-Service AVP states that LAT is
desired.
Administrators use this service attribute when dealing with clustered
systems, such as a VAX or Alpha cluster. In these environments,
several different time-sharing hosts share the same resources (disks,
printers, etc.), and administrators often configure each host to
offer access (service) to each of the shared resources. In this
case, each host in the cluster advertises its services through LAT
broadcasts.
Sophisticated users often know which service providers (machines) are
faster and tend to use a node name when initiating a LAT connection.
Some administrators want particular users to use certain machines as
a primitive form of load balancing (although LAT knows how to do load
balancing itself).
The String field contains the identity of the LAT service to use.
The LAT Architecture allows this string to contain $ (dollar), -
(hyphen), . (period), _ (underscore), numerics, upper- and lowercase
alphabetics, and the ISO Latin-1 character set extension [ISOLatin].
All LAT string comparisons are case insensitive.
6.17.2. Login-LAT-Node AVP
The Login-LAT-Node AVP (AVP Code 35) is of type OctetString and
contains the Node with which the user is to be automatically
connected by LAT. It MAY be used in an authorization request as a
hint to the server that a specific LAT node is desired, but the
server is not required to honor the hint in the corresponding
response. This AVP MUST only be present in a response if the Login-
Service-Type AVP is set to LAT.
The String field contains the identity of the LAT service to use.
The LAT Architecture allows this string to contain $ (dollar), -
(hyphen), . (period), _ (underscore), numerics, upper- and lowercase
alphabetics, and the ISO Latin-1 character set extension [ISOLatin].
All LAT string comparisons are case insensitive.
6.17.3. Login-LAT-Group AVP
The Login-LAT-Group AVP (AVP Code 36) is of type OctetString and
contains a string identifying the LAT group codes this user is
authorized to use. It MAY be used in an authorization request as a
hint to the server that a specific group is desired, but the server
is not required to honor the hint in the corresponding response.
This AVP MUST only be present in a response if the Login-Service-Type
AVP is set to LAT.
LAT supports 256 different group codes, which LAT uses as a form of
access rights. LAT encodes the group codes as a 256-bit bitmap.
Administrators can assign one or more of the group code bits at the
LAT service provider; it will only accept LAT connections that have
these group codes set in the bitmap. The administrators assign a
bitmap of authorized group codes to each user. LAT gets these from
the operating system and uses them in its requests to the service
providers.
The codification of the range of allowed usage of this field is
outside the scope of this specification.
6.17.4. Login-LAT-Port AVP
The Login-LAT-Port AVP (AVP Code 63) is of type OctetString and
contains the Port with which the user is to be connected by LAT. It
MAY be used in an authorization request as a hint to the server that
a specific port is desired, but the server is not required to honor
the hint in the corresponding response. This AVP MUST only be
present in a response if the Login-Service-Type AVP is set to LAT.
The String field contains the identity of the LAT service to use.
The LAT Architecture allows this string to contain $ (dollar), -
(hyphen), . (period), _ (underscore), numerics, upper- and lower-case
alphabetics, and the ISO Latin-1 character set extension [ISOLatin].
All LAT string comparisons are case insensitive.
7. NAS Tunneling
Some NASes support compulsory tunnel services in which the incoming
connection data is conveyed by an encapsulation method to a gateway
elsewhere in the network. This is typically transparent to the
service user, and the tunnel characteristics may be described by the
remote AAA server, based on the user's authorization information.
Several tunnel characteristics may be returned, and the NAS
implementation may choose one [RADTunnels], [RADTunlAcct].
+---------------------+
| AVP Flag rules |
|----+-----+----+-----|----+
AVP Section | | |SHLD| MUST| |
Attribute Name Code Defined Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT| NOT |Encr|
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
Tunneling 401 7.1 Grouped | M | P | | V | N |
Tunnel-Type 64 7.2 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Tunnel-Medium- 65 7.3 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Type | | | | | |
Tunnel-Client- 66 7.4 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Endpoint | | | | | |
Tunnel-Server- 67 7.5 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Endpoint | | | | | |
Tunnel-Password 69 7.6 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Tunnel-Private- 81 7.7 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Group-Id | | | | | |
Tunnel- 82 7.8 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Assignment-Id | | | | | |
Tunnel-Preference 83 7.9 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Tunnel-Client- 90 7.10 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Auth-Id | | | | | |
Tunnel-Server- 91 7.11 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
Auth-Id | | | | | |
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
7.1. Tunneling AVP
The Tunneling AVP (AVP Code 401) is of type Grouped and contains the
following AVPs, used to describe a compulsory tunnel service:
[RADTunnels], [RADTunlAcct]. Its data field has the following ABNF
grammar:
Tunneling ::= < AVP Header: 401 >
{ Tunnel-Type }
{ Tunnel-Medium-Type }
{ Tunnel-Client-Endpoint }
{ Tunnel-Server-Endpoint }
[ Tunnel-Preference ]
[ Tunnel-Client-Auth-Id ]
[ Tunnel-Server-Auth-Id ]
[ Tunnel-Assignment-Id ]
[ Tunnel-Password ]
[ Tunnel-Private-Group-Id ]
7.2. Tunnel-Type AVP
The Tunnel-Type AVP (AVP Code 64) is of type Enumerated and contains
the tunneling protocol(s) to be used (in the case of a tunnel
initiator) or in use (in the case of a tunnel terminator). It MAY be
used in an authorization request as a hint to the server that a
specific tunnel type is desired, but the server is not required to
honor the hint in the corresponding response.
The Tunnel-Type AVP SHOULD also be included in Accounting-Request
messages.
A tunnel initiator is not required to implement any of these tunnel
types. If a tunnel initiator receives a response that contains only
unknown or unsupported Tunnel-Types, the tunnel initiator MUST behave
as though a response were received with the Result-Code indicating a
failure.
The supported values are listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The following list
is informational:
1 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP)
2 Layer Two Forwarding (L2F)
3 Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
4 Ascend Tunnel Management Protocol (ATMP)
5 Virtual Tunneling Protocol (VTP)
6 IP Authentication Header in the Tunnel-mode (AH)
7 IP-in-IP Encapsulation (IP-IP)
8 Minimal IP-in-IP Encapsulation (MIN-IP-IP)
9 IP Encapsulating Security Payload in the Tunnel-mode (ESP)
10 Generic Route Encapsulation (GRE)
11 Bay Dial Virtual Services (DVS)
12 IP-in-IP Tunneling
13 Virtual LANs (VLAN)
7.3. Tunnel-Medium-Type AVP
The Tunnel-Medium-Type AVP (AVP Code 65) is of type Enumerated and
contains the transport medium to use when creating a tunnel for
protocols (such as L2TP) that can operate over multiple transports.
It MAY be used in an authorization request as a hint to the server
that a specific medium is desired, but the server is not required to
honor the hint in the corresponding response.
The supported values are listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The following list
is informational:
1 IPv4 (IP version 4)
2 IPv6 (IP version 6)
3 NSAP
4 HDLC (8-bit multidrop)
5 BBN 1822
6 802 (includes all 802 media plus Ethernet "canonical
format")
7 E.163 (POTS)
8 E.164 (SMDS, Frame Relay, ATM)
9 F.69 (Telex)
10 X.121 (X.25, Frame Relay)
11 IPX
12 Appletalk
13 Decnet IV
14 Banyan Vines
15 E.164 with NSAP format subaddress
7.4. Tunnel-Client-Endpoint AVP
The Tunnel-Client-Endpoint AVP (AVP Code 66) is of type UTF8String
and contains the address of the initiator end of the tunnel. It MAY
be used in an authorization request as a hint to the server that a
specific endpoint is desired, but the server is not required to honor
the hint in the corresponding response.
This AVP SHOULD be included in the corresponding Accounting-Request
messages, in which case it indicates the address from which the
tunnel was initiated. This AVP, along with the Tunnel-Server-
Endpoint and Session-Id AVP [BASE], MAY be used to provide a globally
unique means to identify a tunnel for accounting and auditing
purposes.
If Tunnel-Medium-Type is IPv4 (1), then this string is either the
fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the tunnel client machine, or a
"dotted-decimal" IP address. Implementations MUST support the
dotted-decimal format and SHOULD support the FQDN format for IP
addresses.
If Tunnel-Medium-Type is IPv6 (2), then this string is either the
FQDN of the tunnel client machine, or a text representation of the
address in either the preferred or alternate form [IPv6Addr].
Conforming implementations MUST support the preferred form and SHOULD
support both the alternate text form and the FQDN format for IPv6
addresses.
If Tunnel-Medium-Type is neither IPv4 nor IPv6, then this string is a
tag referring to configuration data local to the Diameter client that
describes the interface or medium-specific client address to use.
7.5. Tunnel-Server-Endpoint AVP
The Tunnel-Server-Endpoint AVP (AVP Code 67) is of type UTF8String
and contains the address of the server end of the tunnel. It MAY be
used in an authorization request as a hint to the server that a
specific endpoint is desired, but the server is not required to honor
the hint in the corresponding response.
This AVP SHOULD be included in the corresponding Accounting-Request
messages, in which case it indicates the address from which the
tunnel was initiated. This AVP, along with the Tunnel-Client-
Endpoint and Session-Id AVP [BASE], MAY be used to provide a globally
unique means to identify a tunnel for accounting and auditing
purposes.
If Tunnel-Medium-Type is IPv4 (1), then this string is either the
fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the tunnel server machine, or a
"dotted-decimal" IP address. Implementations MUST support the
dotted-decimal format and SHOULD support the FQDN format for IP
addresses.
If Tunnel-Medium-Type is IPv6 (2), then this string is either the
FQDN of the tunnel server machine, or a text representation of the
address in either the preferred or alternate form [IPv6Addr].
Implementations MUST support the preferred form and SHOULD support
both the alternate text form and the FQDN format for IPv6 addresses.
If Tunnel-Medium-Type is not IPv4 or IPv6, this string is a tag
referring to configuration data local to the Diameter client that
describes the interface or medium-specific server address to use.
7.6. Tunnel-Password AVP
The Tunnel-Password AVP (AVP Code 69) is of type OctetString and may
contain a password to be used to authenticate to a remote server.
The Tunnel-Password AVP contains sensitive information. This value
is not protected in the same manner as RADIUS [RADTunnels].
As required in [BASE], Diameter messages are encrypted by using IPsec
or TLS. The Tunnel-Password AVP SHOULD NOT be used in untrusted
proxy environments without encrypting it by using end-to-end security
techniques, such as CMS Security [DiamCMS].
7.7. Tunnel-Private-Group-Id AVP
The Tunnel-Private-Group-Id AVP (AVP Code 81) is of type OctetString
and contains the group Id for a particular tunneled session. The
Tunnel-Private-Group-Id AVP MAY be included in an authorization
request if the tunnel initiator can predetermine the group resulting
from a particular connection. It SHOULD be included in the
authorization response if this tunnel session is to be treated as
belonging to a particular private group. Private groups may be used
to associate a tunneled session with a particular group of users.
For example, it MAY be used to facilitate routing of unregistered IP
addresses through a particular interface. This AVP SHOULD be
included in the Accounting-Request messages that pertain to the
tunneled session.
7.8. Tunnel-Assignment-Id AVP
The Tunnel-Assignment-Id AVP (AVP Code 82) is of type OctetString and
is used to indicate to the tunnel initiator the particular tunnel to
which a session is to be assigned. Some tunneling protocols, such as
[PPTP] and [L2TP], allow for sessions between the same two tunnel
endpoints to be multiplexed over the same tunnel and also for a given
session to use its own dedicated tunnel. This attribute provides a
mechanism for Diameter to inform the tunnel initiator (e.g., PAC,
LAC) whether to assign the session to a multiplexed tunnel or to a
separate tunnel. Furthermore, it allows for sessions sharing
multiplexed tunnels to be assigned to different multiplexed tunnels.
A particular tunneling implementation may assign differing
characteristics to particular tunnels. For example, different
tunnels may be assigned different QoS parameters. Such tunnels may
be used to carry either individual or multiple sessions. The
Tunnel-Assignment-Id attribute thus allows the Diameter server to
indicate that a particular session is to be assigned to a tunnel
providing an appropriate level of service. It is expected that any
QoS-related Diameter tunneling attributes defined in the future
accompanying this one will be associated by the tunnel initiator with
the Id given by this attribute. In the meantime, any semantic given
to a particular Id string is a matter left to local configuration in
the tunnel initiator.
The Tunnel-Assignment-Id AVP is of significance only to Diameter and
the tunnel initiator. The Id it specifies is only intended to be of
local use to Diameter and the tunnel initiator. The Id assigned by
the tunnel initiator is not conveyed to the tunnel peer.
This attribute MAY be included in authorization responses. The
tunnel initiator receiving this attribute MAY choose to ignore it and
to assign the session to an arbitrary multiplexed or non-multiplexed
tunnel between the desired endpoints. This AVP SHOULD also be
included in the Accounting-Request messages pertaining to the
tunneled session.
If a tunnel initiator supports the Tunnel-Assignment-Id AVP, then it
should assign a session to a tunnel in the following manner:
- If this AVP is present and a tunnel exists between the
specified endpoints with the specified Id, then the session
should be assigned to that tunnel.
- If this AVP is present and no tunnel exists between the
specified endpoints with the specified Id, then a new tunnel
should be established for the session and the specified Id
should be associated with the new tunnel.
- If this AVP is not present, then the session is assigned to an
unnamed tunnel. If an unnamed tunnel does not yet exist
between the specified endpoints, then it is established and
used for this session and for subsequent ones established
without the Tunnel-Assignment-Id attribute. A tunnel initiator
MUST NOT assign a session for which a Tunnel-Assignment-Id AVP
was not specified to a named tunnel (i.e., one that was
initiated by a session specifying this AVP).
Note that the same Id may be used to name different tunnels if these
tunnels are between different endpoints.
7.9. Tunnel-Preference AVP
The Tunnel-Preference AVP (AVP Code 83) is of type Unsigned32 and is
used to identify the relative preference assigned to each tunnel when
more than one set of tunneling AVPs is returned within separate
Grouped-AVP AVPs. It MAY be used in an authorization request as a
hint to the server that a specific preference is desired, but the
server is not required to honor the hint in the corresponding
response.
For example, suppose that AVPs describing two tunnels are returned by
the server, one with a Tunnel-Type of PPTP and the other with a
Tunnel-Type of L2TP. If the tunnel initiator supports only one of
the Tunnel-Types returned, it will initiate a tunnel of that type.
If, however, it supports both tunnel protocols, it SHOULD use the
value of the Tunnel-Preference AVP to decide which tunnel should be
started. The tunnel with the lowest numerical value in the Value
field of this AVP SHOULD be given the highest preference. The values
assigned to two or more instances of the Tunnel-Preference AVP within
a given authorization response MAY be identical. In this case, the
tunnel initiator SHOULD use locally configured metrics to decide
which set of AVPs to use.
7.10. Tunnel-Client-Auth-Id AVP
The Tunnel-Client-Auth-Id AVP (AVP Code 90) is of type UTF8String and
specifies the name used by the tunnel initiator during the
authentication phase of tunnel establishment. It MAY be used in an
authorization request as a hint to the server that a specific
preference is desired, but the server is not required to honor the
hint in the corresponding response. This AVP MUST be present in the
authorization response if an authentication name other than the
default is desired. This AVP SHOULD be included in the Accounting-
Request messages pertaining to the tunneled session.
7.11. Tunnel-Server-Auth-Id AVP
The Tunnel-Server-Auth-Id AVP (AVP Code 91) is of type UTF8String and
specifies the name used by the tunnel terminator during the
authentication phase of tunnel establishment. It MAY be used in an
authorization request as a hint to the server that a specific
preference is desired, but the server is not required to honor the
hint in the corresponding response. This AVP MUST be present in the
authorization response if an authentication name other than the
default is desired. This AVP SHOULD be included in the Accounting-
Request messages pertaining to the tunneled session.
8. NAS Accounting
Applications implementing this specification use Diameter Accounting,
as defined in [BASE], and the AVPs in the following section.
Service-specific AVP usage is defined in the tables in section 10.
If accounting is active, Accounting Request (ACR) messages SHOULD be
sent after the completion of any Authentication or Authorization
transaction and at the end of a Session. The Accounting-Record-Type
value indicates the type of event. All other AVPs identify the
session and provide additional information relevant to the event.
The successful completion of the first Authentication or
Authorization transaction SHOULD cause a START_RECORD to be sent. If
additional Authentications or Authorizations occur in later
transactions, the first exchange should generate a START_RECORD, and
the later an INTERIM_RECORD. For a given session, there MUST only be
one set of matching START and STOP records, with any number of
INTERIM_RECORDS in between, or one EVENT_RECORD indicating the reason
a session wasn't started.
The following table describes the AVPs; their AVP Code values, types,
and possible flag values; and whether the AVP MAY be encrypted.
+---------------------+
| AVP Flag rules |
|----+-----+----+-----|----+
AVP Section | | |SHLD| MUST| |
Attribute Name Code Defined Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT| NOT|Encr|
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
Accounting- 363 8.1 Unsigned64 | M | P | | V | Y |
Input-Octets | | | | | |
Accounting- 364 8.2 Unsigned64 | M | P | | V | Y |
Output-Octets | | | | | |
Accounting- 365 8.3 Unsigned64 | M | P | | V | Y |
Input-Packets | | | | | |
Accounting- 366 8.4 Unsigned64 | M | P | | V | Y |
Output-Packets | | | | | |
Acct-Session-Time 46 8.5 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Acct-Authentic 45 8.6 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Acounting-Auth- 406 8.7 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Method | | | | | |
Acct-Delay-Time 41 8.8 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Acct-Link-Count 51 8.9 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Acct-Tunnel- 68 8.10 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Connection | | | | | |
Acct-Tunnel- 86 8.11 Unsigned32 | M | P | | V | Y |
Packets-Lost | | | | | |
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
8.1. Accounting-Input-Octets AVP
The Accounting-Input-Octets AVP (AVP Code 363) is of type Unsigned64
and contains the number of octets received from the user.
For NAS usage, this AVP indicates how many octets have been received
from the port in the course of this session. It can only be present
in ACR messages with an Accounting-Record-Type of INTERIM_RECORD or
STOP_RECORD.
8.2. Accounting-Output-Octets AVP
The Accounting-Output-Octets AVP (AVP Code 364) is of type Unsigned64
and contains the number of octets sent to the user.
For NAS usage, this AVP indicates how many octets have been sent to
the port in the course of this session. It can only be present in
ACR messages with an Accounting-Record-Type of INTERIM_RECORD or
STOP_RECORD.
8.3. Accounting-Input-Packets AVP
The Accounting-Input-Packets (AVP Code 365) is of type Unsigned64 and
contains the number of packets received from the user.
For NAS usage, this AVP indicates how many packets have been received
from the port over the course of a session being provided to a Framed
User. It can only be present in ACR messages with an Accounting-
Record-Type of INTERIM_RECORD or STOP_RECORD.
8.4. Accounting-Output-Packets AVP
The Accounting-Output-Packets (AVP Code 366) is of type Unsigned64
and contains the number of IP packets sent to the user.
For NAS usage, this AVP indicates how many packets have been sent to
the port over the course of a session being provided to a Framed
User. It can only be present in ACR messages with an Accounting-
Record-Type of INTERIM_RECORD or STOP_RECORD.
8.5. Acct-Session-Time AVP
The Acct-Session-Time AVP (AVP Code 46) is of type Unsigned32 and
indicates the length of the current session in seconds. It can only
be present in ACR messages with an Accounting-Record-Type of
INTERIM_RECORD or STOP_RECORD.
8.6. Acct-Authentic AVP
The Acct-Authentic AVP (AVP Code 45) is of type Enumerated and
specifies how the user was authenticated. The supported values are
listed in [RADIUSTypes]. The following list is informational:
1 RADIUS
2 Local
3 Remote
4 Diameter
8.7. Accounting-Auth-Method AVP
The Accounting-Auth-Method AVP (AVP Code 406) is of type Enumerated.
A NAS MAY include this AVP in an Accounting-Request message to
indicate the method used to authenticate the user. (Note that this
is equivalent to the RADIUS MS-Acct-Auth-Type VSA attribute).
The following values are defined:
1 PAP
2 CHAP
3 MS-CHAP-1
4 MS-CHAP-2
5 EAP
7 None
8.8. Acct-Delay-Time
The Acct-Delay-Time AVP (AVP Code 41) is of type Unsigned32 and
indicates the number of seconds the Diameter client has been trying
to send the Accounting-Request (ACR). The accounting server may
subtract this value from the time when the ACR arrives at the server
to calculate the approximate time of the event that caused the ACR to
be generated.
This AVP is not used for retransmissions at the transport level (TCP
or SCTP). Rather, it may be used when an ACR command cannot be
transmitted because there is no appropriate peer to transmit it to or
was rejected because it could not be delivered. In these cases, the
command MAY be buffered and transmitted later, when an appropriate
peer-connection is available or after sufficient time has passed that
the destination-host may be reachable and operational. If the ACR is
resent in this way, the Acct-Delay-Time AVP SHOULD be included. The
value of this AVP indicates the number of seconds that elapsed
between the time of the first attempt at transmission and the current
attempt.
8.9. Acct-Link-Count
The Acct-Link-Count AVP (AVP Code 51) is of type Unsigned32 and
indicates the total number of links that have been active (current or
closed) in a given multilink session at the time the accounting
record is generated. This AVP MAY be included in Accounting-Requests
for any session that may be part of a multilink service.
The Acct-Link-Count AVP may be used to make it easier for an
accounting server to know when it has all the records for a given
multilink service. When the number of Accounting-Requests received
with Accounting-Record-Type = STOP_RECORD and with the same Acct-
Multi-Session-Id and unique Session-Ids equals the largest value of
Acct-Link-Count seen in those Accounting-Requests, all STOP_RECORD
Accounting-Requests for that multilink service have been received.
The following example, showing eight Accounting-Requests, illustrates
how the Acct-Link-Count AVP is used. In the table below, only the
relevant AVPs are shown, although additional AVPs containing
accounting information will be present in the Accounting-Requests.
Acct-Multi- Accounting- Acct-
Session-Id Session-Id Record-Type Link-Count
--------------------------------------------------------
"...10" "...10" START_RECORD 1
"...10" "...11" START_RECORD 2
"...10" "...11" STOP_RECORD 2
"...10" "...12" START_RECORD 3
"...10" "...13" START_RECORD 4
"...10" "...12" STOP_RECORD 4
"...10" "...13" STOP_RECORD 4
"...10" "...10" STOP_RECORD 4
8.10. Acct-Tunnel-Connection AVP
The Acct-Tunnel-Connection AVP (AVP Code 68) is of type OctetString
and contains the identifier assigned to the tunnel session. This
AVP, along with the Tunnel-Client-Endpoint and Tunnel-Server-Endpoint
AVPs, may be used to provide a means to uniquely identify a tunnel
session for auditing purposes.
The format of the identifier in this AVP depends upon the value of
the Tunnel-Type AVP. For example, to identify an L2TP tunnel
connection fully, the L2TP Tunnel Id and Call Id might be encoded in
this field. The exact encoding of this field is implementation
dependent.
8.11. Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost AVP
The Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost AVP (AVP Code 86) is of type Unsigned32
and contains the number of packets lost on a given link.
9. RADIUS/Diameter Protocol Interactions
This section describes some basic guidelines that servers acting as
AAA Translation Agents may use. A complete description of all the
differences between RADIUS and Diameter is beyond the scope of this
section and document. Note that this document does not restrict
implementations from creating additional translation methods, as long
as the translation function doesn't violate the RADIUS or the
Diameter protocols.
Although the Diameter protocol is in many ways a superset of RADIUS
functions, a number of RADIUS representations are not allowed, so
that new capabilities can be used without the old problems.
There are primarily two different situations that must be handled:
one in which a RADIUS request is received that must be forwarded as a
Diameter request, and another in which the inverse is true. RADIUS
does not support a peer-to-peer architecture, and server-initiated
operations are generally not supported. See [RADDynAuth] for an
alternative.
Some RADIUS attributes are encrypted. RADIUS security and encryption
techniques are applied on a hop-per-hop basis. A Diameter agent will
have to decrypt RADIUS attribute data entering the Diameter system,
and if that information is forwarded, the agent MUST secure it by
using Diameter specific techniques.
Note that this section uses the two terms, "AVP" and "attribute", in
a concise and specific manner. The former is used to signify a
Diameter AVP, and the latter to signify a RADIUS attribute.
9.1. RADIUS Request Forwarded as Diameter Request
This section describes the actions that should be taken when a
Translation Agent receives a RADIUS message to be translated to a
Diameter message.
Note that RADIUS servers are assumed to be stateless. It is also
quite possible for the RADIUS messages that comprise the session
(i.e., authentication and accounting messages) to be handled by
different Translation Agents in the proxy network. Therefore, a
RADIUS/Diameter Translation Agent SHOULD NOT be assumed to have an
accurate track on session-state information.
When a Translation Agent receives a RADIUS message, the following
steps should be taken:
- If a Message-Authenticator attribute is present, the value MUST
be checked but not included in the Diameter message. If it is
incorrect, the RADIUS message should be silently discarded.
The gateway system SHOULD generate and include a Message-
Authenticator in returned RADIUS responses.
- The transport address of the sender MUST be checked against the
NAS identifying attributes. See the description of NAS-
Identifier and NAS-IP-Address below.
- The Translation Agent must maintain transaction state
information relevant to the RADIUS request, such as the
Identifier field in the RADIUS header, any existing RADIUS
Proxy-State attribute, and the source IP address and port
number of the UDP packet. These may be maintained locally in a
state table or saved in a Proxy-Info AVP group. A Diameter
Session-Id AVP value must be created using a session state
mapping mechanism.
- If the RADIUS request contained a State attribute and the
prefix of the data is "Diameter/", the data following the
prefix contains the Diameter Origin-Host/Origin-Realm/Session-
Id. If no such attributes are present and the RADIUS command
is an Access-Request, a new Session-Id is created. The
Session-Id is included in the Session-Id AVP.
- The Diameter Origin-Host and Origin-Realm AVPs MUST be created
and added by using the information from an FQDN corresponding
to the NAS-IP-Address attribute (preferred if available),
and/or to the NAS-Identifier attribute. (Note that the RADIUS
NAS-Identifier is not required to be an FQDN.)
- The response MUST have an Origin-AAA-Protocol AVP added,
indicating the protocol of origin of the message.
- The Proxy-Info group SHOULD be added, with the local server's
identity specified in the Proxy-Host AVP. This should ensure
that the response is returned to this system.
- The Destination-Realm AVP is created from the information found
in the RADIUS User-Name attribute.
- If the RADIUS User-Password attribute is present, the password
must be unencrypted by using the link's RADIUS shared secret.
The unencrypted value must be forwarded in a User-Password AVP
using Diameter security.
- If the RADIUS CHAP-Password attribute is present, the Ident and
Data portion of the attribute are used to create the CHAP-Auth
grouped AVP.
- If the RADIUS message contains an address attribute, it MUST be
converted to the appropriate Diameter AVP and type.
- If the RADIUS message contains Tunnel information [RADTunnels],
the attributes or tagged groups should each be converted to a
Diameter Tunneling Grouped AVP set. If the tunnel information
contains a Tunnel-Password attribute, the RADIUS encryption
must be resolved, and the password forwarded, by using Diameter
security methods.
- If the RADIUS message received is an Accounting-Request, the
Acct-Status-Type attribute value must be converted to a
Accounting-Record-Type AVP value. If the Acct-Status-Type
attribute value is STOP, the local server MUST issue a
Session-Termination-Request message once the Diameter
Accounting-Answer message has been received.
- If the Accounting message contains an Acct-Termination-Cause
attribute, it should be translated to the equivalent
Termination-Cause AVP value. (see below)
- If the RADIUS message contains the Accounting-Input-Octets,
Accounting-Input-Packets, Accounting-Output-Octets, or
Accounting-Output-Packets, these attributes must be converted
to the Diameter equivalents. Further, if the Acct-Input-
Gigawords or Acct-Output-Gigawords attributes are present,
these must be used to properly compute the Diameter accounting
AVPs.
The corresponding Diameter response is always guaranteed to be
received by the same Translation Agent that translated the original
request, due to the contents of the Proxy-Info AVP group in the
Diameter request. The following steps are applied to the response
message during the Diameter-to-RADIUS translation:
- If the Diameter Command-Code is set to AA-Answer and the
Result-Code AVP is set to DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH, the
gateway must send a RADIUS Access-Challenge. This must have
the Origin-Host, Origin-Realm, and Diameter Session-Id AVPs
encapsulated in the RADIUS State attribute, with the prefix
"Diameter/", concatenated in the above order separated with "/"
characters, in UTF-8 [UTF-8]. This is necessary to ensure that
the Translation Agent receiving the subsequent RADIUS Access-
Request will have access to the Session Identifier and be able
to set the Destination-Host to the correct value. If the
Multi-Round-Time-Out AVP is present, the value of the AVP MUST
be inserted in the RADIUS Session-Timeout AVP.
- If the Command-Code is set to AA-Answer, the Diameter Session-
Id AVP is saved in a new RADIUS Class attribute whose format
consists of the string "Diameter/" followed by the Diameter
Session Identifier. This will ensure that the subsequent
Accounting messages, which could be received by any Translation
Agent, would have access to the original Diameter Session
Identifier.
- If a Proxy-State attribute was present in the RADIUS request,
the same attribute is added in the response. This information
may be found in the Proxy-Info AVP group, or in a local state
table.
- If state information regarding the RADIUS request was saved in
a Proxy-Info AVP or local state table, the RADIUS Identifier
and UDP IP Address and port number are extracted and used in
issuing the RADIUS reply.
When translating a Diameter AA-Answer (with successful result code)
to RADIUS Access-Accept that contains a Session-Timeout or
Authorization-Lifetime AVP, take the following steps:
- If the Diameter message contains a Session-Timeout AVP but no
Authorization-Lifetime AVP, translate it to a Session-Timeout
attribute (not a Termination-Action).
- If the Diameter message contains an Authorization-Lifetime AVP
but no Session-Timeout AVP, translate it to a Session-Timeout
attribute and a Termination-Action set to AA-REQUEST. (Remove
Authorization-Lifetime and Re-Auth-Request-Type.)
- If the Diameter message has both, the Session-Timeout must be
greater than or equal to the Authorization-Lifetime (required
by [BASE]). Translate it to a Session-Timeout value (with
value from Authorization-Lifetime AVP, the smaller one) and
with the Termination-Action set to AA-REQUEST. (Remove the
Authorization-Lifetime and Re-Auth-Request-Type.)
9.1.1. RADIUS Dynamic Authorization Considerations
A Diameter/RADIUS gateway may communicate with a server that
implements RADIUS Dynamic Authorization [RADDynAuth]. If the server
supports these functions, it MUST be listening on the assigned port
and would receive RADIUS CoA-Request and Disconnect-Request messages.
These can be mapped into the Diameter Re-Auth-Request (RAR) and
Abort-Session-Request (ASR) message exchanges, respectively [BASE].
If the [RADDynAuth] is not supported, the port would not be active
and the RADIUS server would receive an ICMP Port Unreachable
indication. Alternatively, if the messages are received but with an
inappropriate Service-Type, the gateway can respond with the
appropriate NAK message and an Error-Cause attribute with the value
of 405, "Unsupported Service".
The RADIUS CoA-Request and Disconnect-Request messages will not
contain a Diameter Session-Id. Diameter requires that this value
match an active session context. The gateway MUST have a session Id
cache (or other means) to identify the sessions these functions
pertain to. If unable to identify the session, the gateway (or NAS)
should return an Error-Cause value 503, "Session Context Not Found".
The RADIUS CoA-Request message only supports a change of
authorization attributes, and the received CoA-Request SHOULD include
a Service-Type of "Authorize-Only". This indicates an extended
exchange request by the rules given in [RADDynAuth] section 3.2, note
6. This is the only type of exchange supported by Diameter [BASE].
For the CoA-Request, the translated RAR message will have a Re-Auth-
Type of AUTHORIZE_ONLY. The returned RAA will be translated into a
CoA-NAK with Error-Cause "Request Initiated". The gateway's Diameter
client SHOULD also start a reauthorization sequence by sending an AAR
message, which will be translated into an Access-Request message.
The RADIUS server will use the Access-Accept (or Access-Reject)
message to convey the new authorization attributes, which the gateway
will pass back in an AAA message.
Any attributes included in the COA-Request or Access-Accept message
are to be considered mandatory in Diameter. If they cannot be
supported, they MUST result in an error message return to the RADIUS
server, with an Error-Cause of "Unsupported Attribute". The Diameter
NAS will attempt to apply all the attributes supplied in the AA
message to the session.
A RADIUS Disconnect-Request message received by the gateway would be
translated to a Diameter Abort-Session-Request (ASR) message [BASE].
The results will be returned by the Diameter client in an Abort-
Session-Answer (ASA) message. A success indication would translate
to a RADIUS Disconnect-ACK, and a failure would generate a
Disconnect-NAK.
9.2. Diameter Request Forwarded as RADIUS Request
When a server receives a Diameter request to be forwarded to a RADIUS
entity, the following are examples of the steps that may be taken:
- The Origin-Host AVP's value is inserted into the NAS-Identifier
attribute.
- The following information MUST be present in the corresponding
Diameter response and therefore MUST be saved, either in a
local state table or encoded in a RADIUS Proxy-State attribute:
1. Origin-Host AVP
2. Session-Id AVP
3. Proxy-Info AVP
4. Any other AVP that MUST be present in the response and
has no corresponding RADIUS attribute.
- If the CHAP-Auth AVP is present, the grouped AVPs are used to
create the RADIUS CHAP-Password attribute data.
- If the User-Password AVP is present, the data should be
encrypted and forwarded by using RADIUS rules. The same is
true for any other RADIUS-encrypted attribute values.
- AVPs of the type Address must be translated to the
corresponding RADIUS attribute.
- If the Accounting-Input-Octets, Accounting-Input-Packets,
Accounting-Output-Octets, or Accounting-Output-Packets AVPs are
present, they must be translated to the corresponding RADIUS
attributes. If the value of the Diameter AVPs do not fit
within a 32-bit RADIUS attribute, the RADIUS Acct-Input-
Gigawords and Acct-Output-Gigawords must be used.
- If the RADIUS link supports the Message-Authenticator attribute
[RADIUSExt], it SHOULD be generated and added to the request.
When the corresponding response is received by the Translation Agent,
which is guaranteed in the RADIUS protocol, the following steps may
be taken:
- If the RADIUS code is set to Access-Challenge, a Diameter AA-
Answer message is created with the Result-Code set to
DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH. If the Session-Timeout AVP is
present in the RADIUS message, its value is inserted into the
Multi-Round-Time-Out AVP.
- If a Proxy-State attribute is present, extract the encoded
information; otherwise, retrieve the original Proxy-Info AVP
group information from the local state table.
- The response's Origin-Host information is created from the FQDN
of the RADIUS message's source IP address. The same FQDN is
also stored to a Route-Record AVP.
- The response's Destination-Host AVP is copied from the saved
request's Origin-Host information.
- The Session-Id information can be recovered from local state,
or from the constructed State or Proxy-State attribute, as
above.
- If a Proxy-Info AVP was present in the request, the same AVP
MUST be added to the response.
- If the RADIUS State attributes are present, they must be
present in the Diameter response, minus those added by the
gateway.
- Any other AVPs that were saved at request time, and that MUST
be present in the response, are added to the message.
When translating a RADIUS Access-Accept to Diameter AA-Answer that
contains a Session-Timeout attribute, do the following:
- If the RADIUS message contains a Session-Timeout attribute and
a Termination-Action attribute set to DEFAULT (or no
Termination-Action attribute at all), translate it to AA-Answer
with a Session-Timeout AVP and remove the Termination-Action
attribute.
- If the RADIUS message contains a Session-Timeout attribute and
a Termination-Action attribute set to AA-REQUEST, translate it
to AA-Answer with Authorization-Lifetime AVP and with Re-Auth-
Request-Type set to AUTHORIZE_AUTHENTICATE and remove the
Session-Timeout attribute.
9.2.1. RADIUS Dynamic Authorization Considerations
A RADIUS/Diameter gateway communicating with a RADIUS client that
implements RADIUS Dynamic Authorization [RADDynAuth] may translate
Diameter Re-Auth-Request (RAR) messages and Abort-Session-Request
(ASR) messages [BASE] into RADIUS CoA-Request and Disconnect-Request
messages respectively.
If the RADIUS client does not support the capability, the gateway
will receive an ICMP Port Unreachable indication when it transmits
the RADIUS message. Even if the NAS supports [RADDynAuth], it may
not support the Service-Type in the request message. In this case it
will respond with a NAK message and (optionally) an Error-Cause
attribute with value 405, "Unsupported Service". If the gateway
encounters these error conditions, or if it does not support
[RADDynAuth], it sends a Diameter Answer message with an Result-Code
AVP of "DIAMETER_COMMAND_UNSUPPORTED" to the AAA server.
When encoding the RADIUS messages, the gateway MUST include the
Diameter Session-ID in the RADIUS State attribute value, as mentioned
above. The RADIUS client should return it in the response.
A Diameter Re-Auth-Request (RAR) message [BASE] received by the
gateway will be translated into a RADIUS CoA-Request and sent to the
RADIUS client. The RADIUS client should respond with a CoA-ACK or
CoA-NAK message, which the gateway should translate into a Re-Auth-
Answer (RAA) message.
If the gateway receives a RADIUS CoA-NAK response containing a
Service-Type Attribute with value "Authorize Only" and an Error-Cause
Attribute with value "Request Initiated", this indicates an extended
exchange request per [RADDynAuth] section 3.2, note 6.
The response is translated to a Diameter Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) with a
Result-Code AVP of "DIAMETER_LIMITED_SUCCESS" sent to the AAA server.
Subsequently, the gateway should receive a RADIUS Access-Request from
the NAS, with a Service-Type of "Authorize Only". This is translated
into a Diameter AA-Request with an Auth-Request-Type AVP of
AUTHORIZE_ONLY and sent to the AAA server. The AAA server will then
reply with a Diameter AA-Answer, which is translated into a RADIUS
Access-Accept or Access-Reject, depending on the value of the
Result-Code AVP.
A Diameter Abort-Session-Request (ASR) message [BASE] received by the
gateway will be translated into a RADIUS Disconnect-Request and sent
to the RADIUS client. The RADIUS client should respond with a
Disconnect-ACK or Disconnect-NAK message, which the gateway should
translate into an Abort-Session-Answer (ASA) message.
If the gateway receives a RADIUS Disconnect-NAK response containing a
Service-Type Attribute with value "Authorize Only" and an Error-Cause
Attribute with value "Request Initiated", the Disconnect-NAK response
is translated into a Diameter Abort-Session-Answer (ASA) with a
Result-Code AVP of "DIAMETER_LIMITED_SUCCESS" sent to the AAA server.
Subsequently, the gateway should receive a RADIUS Access-Request from
the NAS, with a Service-Type of "Authorize Only". This is translated
into a Diameter AA-Request with an Auth-Request-Type AVP of
AUTHORIZE_ONLY and sent to the AAA server. The AAA server will then
reply with a Diameter AA-Answer, which is translated into a RADIUS
Access-Accept or Access-Reject, depending on the value of the
Result-Code AVP.
9.3. AVPs Used Only for Compatibility
The AVPs defined in this section SHOULD only be used for backwards
compatibility when a Diameter/RADIUS translation function is invoked
and are not typically originated by Diameter systems during normal
operations.
+---------------------+
| AVP Flag rules |
|----+-----+----+-----|----+
AVP Section | | |SHLD| MUST| |
Attribute Name Code Defined Value Type |MUST| MAY | NOT| NOT|Encr|
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
NAS-Identifier 32 9.3.1 UTF8String | M | P | | V | Y |
NAS-IP-Address 4 9.3.2 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
NAS-IPv6-Address 95 9.3.3 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
State 24 9.3.4 OctetString| M | P | | V | Y |
Termination- 295 9.3.5 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Cause | | | | | |
Origin-AAA- 408 9.3.6 Enumerated | M | P | | V | Y |
Protocol | | | | | |
-----------------------------------------|----+-----+----+-----|----|
9.3.1. NAS-Identifier AVP
The NAS-Identifier AVP (AVP Code 32) [RADIUS] is of type UTF8String
and contains the identity of the NAS providing service to the user.
This AVP SHOULD only be added by a RADIUS/Diameter Translation Agent.
When this AVP is present, the Origin-Host AVP identifies the NAS
providing service to the user.
In RADIUS it would be possible for a rogue NAS to forge the NAS-
Identifier attribute. Diameter/RADIUS translation agents SHOULD
attempt to check a received NAS-Identifier attribute against the
source address of the RADIUS packet, by doing an A/AAAA RR query. If
the NAS-Identifier attribute contains an FQDN, then such a query
would resolve to an IP address matching the source address. However,
the NAS-Identifier attribute is not required to contain an FQDN, so
such a query could fail. If it fails, an error should be logged, but
no action should be taken, other than a reverse lookup on the source
address and insert the resulting FQDN into the Route-Record AVP.
Diameter agents and servers SHOULD check whether a NAS-Identifier AVP
corresponds to an entry in the Route-Record AVP. If no match is
found, then an error is logged, but no other action is taken.
9.3.2. NAS-IP-Address AVP
The NAS-IP-Address AVP (AVP Code 4) [RADIUS] is of type OctetString
and contains the IP Address of the NAS providing service to the user.
This AVP SHOULD only be added by a RADIUS/Diameter Translation Agent.
When this AVP is present, the Origin-Host AVP identifies the NAS
providing service to the user.
In RADIUS it would be possible for a rogue NAS to forge the NAS-IP-
Address attribute value. Diameter/RADIUS translation agents MUST
check a received NAS-IP-Address or NAS-IPv6-Address attribute against
the source address of the RADIUS packet. If they do not match and
the Diameter/RADIUS translation agent does not know whether the
packet was sent by a RADIUS proxy or NAS (e.g., no Proxy-State
attribute), then by default it is assumed that the source address
corresponds to a RADIUS proxy, and that the NAS Address is behind
that proxy, potentially with some additional RADIUS proxies in
between. The Diameter/RADIUS translation agent MUST insert entries
in the Route-Record AVP corresponding to the apparent route. This
implies doing a reverse lookup on the source address and NAS-IP-
Address or NAS-IPv6-Address attributes to determine the corresponding
FQDNs.
If the source address and the NAS-IP-Address or NAS-IPv6-Address do
not match, and the Diameter/RADIUS translation agent knows that it is
talking directly to the NAS (e.g., there are no RADIUS proxies
between it and the NAS), then the error should be logged, and the
packet MUST be discarded.
Diameter agents and servers MUST check whether the NAS-IP-Address AVP
corresponds to an entry in the Route-Record AVP. This is done by
doing a reverse lookup (PTR RR) for the NAS-IP-Address to retrieve
the corresponding FQDN, and by checking for a match with the Route-
Record AVP. If no match is found, then an error is logged, but no
other action is taken.
9.3.3. NAS-IPv6-Address AVP
The NAS-IPv6-Address AVP (AVP Code 95) [RADIUSIPv6] is of type
OctetString and contains the IPv6 Address of the NAS providing
service to the user. This AVP SHOULD only be added by a
RADIUS/Diameter Translation Agent. When this AVP is present, the
Origin-Host AVP identifies the NAS providing service to the user.
In RADIUS it would be possible for a rogue NAS to forge the NAS-
IPv6-Address attribute. Diameter/RADIUS translation agents MUST
check a received NAS-IPv6-Address attribute against the source
address of the RADIUS packet. If they do not match and the
Diameter/RADIUS translation agent does not know whether the packet
was sent by a RADIUS proxy or NAS (e.g., no Proxy-State attribute),
then by default it is assumed that the source address corresponds to
a RADIUS proxy, and that the NAS-IPv6-Address is behind that proxy,
potentially with some additional RADIUS proxies in between. The
Diameter/RADIUS translation agent MUST insert entries in the Route-
Record AVP corresponding to the apparent route. This implies doing a
reverse lookup on the source address and NAS-IPv6-Address attributes
to determine the corresponding FQDNs.
If the source address and the NAS-IPv6-Address do not match, and the
Diameter/RADIUS translation agent knows that it is talking directly
to the NAS (e.g., there are no RADIUS proxies between it and the
NAS), then the error should be logged, and the packet MUST be
discarded.
Diameter agents and servers MUST check whether the NAS-IPv6-Address
AVP corresponds to an entry in the Route-Record AVP. This is done by
doing a reverse lookup (PTR RR) for the NAS-IPv6-Address to retrieve
the corresponding FQDN, and by checking for a match with the Record-
Route AVP. If no match is found, then an error is logged, but no
other action is taken.
9.3.4. State AVP
The State AVP (AVP Code 24) [RADIUS] is of type OctetString and has
two uses in the Diameter NAS application.
The State AVP MAY be sent by a Diameter Server to a NAS in an AA-
Response command that contains a Result-Code of
DIAMETER_MULTI_ROUND_AUTH. If so, the NAS MUST return it unmodified
in the subsequent AA-Request command.
The State AVP MAY also be sent by a Diameter Server to a NAS in an
AA-Response command that also includes a Termination-Action AVP with
the value of AA-REQUEST. If the NAS performs the Termination-Action
by sending a new AA-Request command upon termination of the current
service, it MUST return the State AVP unmodified in the new request
command.
In either usage, the NAS MUST NOT interpret the AVP locally. Usage
of the State AVP is implementation dependent.
9.3.5. Termination-Cause AVP Code Values
This section defines a mapping between Termination-Cause AVP code
values and RADIUS Acct-Terminate-Cause attribute code values from RFC
2866 [RADIUSAcct] and [RADIUSTypes], thereby allowing a
RADIUS/Diameter Translation Agent to convert between the attribute
and AVP values. This section thus extends the definitions in the
"Termination-Cause AVP" section of the Base Diameter specification.
The table in this section defines the mapping between Termination-
Cause AVP and RADIUS Acct-Terminate-Cause causes.
+-----------------------+
| Value |
+-----------+-----------+
Cause Value Name | RADIUS | Diameter |
------------------------------|-----------+-----------+
User Request | 1 | 11 |
Lost Carrier | 2 | 12 |
Lost Service | 3 | 13 |
Idle Timeout | 4 | 14 |
Session Timeout | 5 | 15 |
Admin Reset | 6 | 16 |
Admin Reboot | 7 | 17 |
Port Error | 8 | 18 |
NAS Error | 9 | 19 |
NAS Request | 10 | 20 |
NAS Reboot | 11 | 21 |
Port Unneeded | 12 | 22 |
Port Preempted | 13 | 23 |
Port Suspended | 14 | 24 |
Service Unavailable | 15 | 25 |
Callback | 16 | 26 |
User Error | 17 | 27 |
Host Request | 18 | 28 |
Supplicant Restart | 19 | 29 | [RAD802.1X]
Reauthentication Failure | 20 | 30 | [RAD802.1X]
Port Reinit | 21 | 31 | [RAD802.1X]
Port Disabled | 22 | 32 | [RAD802.1X]
------------------------------|-----------+-----------+
From RFC 2866, the termination causes are as follows:
User Request User requested termination of service, for
example with LCP Terminate or by logging out.
Lost Carrier DCD was dropped on the port.
Lost Service Service can no longer be provided; for
example, user's connection to a host was
interrupted.
Idle Timeout Idle timer expired.
Session Timeout Maximum session length timer expired.
Admin Reset Administrator reset the port or session.
Admin Reboot Administrator is ending service on the NAS,
for example, prior to rebooting the NAS.
Port Error NAS detected an error on the port that
required ending the session.
NAS Error NAS detected an error (other than on the
port) that required ending the session.
NAS Request NAS ended the session for a non-error reason not
otherwise listed here.
NAS Reboot NAS ended the session to reboot
non-administratively ("crash").
Port Unneeded NAS ended the session because resource usage
fell below a low-water mark (for example, if
a bandwidth-on-demand algorithm decided that
the port was no longer needed).
Port Preempted NAS ended the session to allocate the
port to a higher priority use.
Port Suspended NAS ended the session to suspend a virtual
session.
Service Unavailable NAS was unable to provide requested service.
Callback NAS is terminating the current session
to perform callback for a new session.
User Error Input from user is in error, causing
session termination.
Host Request Login Host terminated session normally.
9.3.6. Origin-AAA-Protocol
The Origin-AAA-Protocol AVP (AVP Code 408) is of the type Enumerated
and should be inserted in a Diameter message translated by a gateway
system from another AAA protocol, such as RADIUS. It identifies the
source protocol of the message to the Diameter system receiving the
message.
The supported values are:
1 RADIUS
9.4. Prohibited RADIUS Attributes
The following RADIUS attributes MUST NOT appear in a Diameter
message. Instead, they are translated to other Diameter AVPs or
handled in some special manner. The rules for the treatment of the
attributes are discussed in sections 9.1, 9.2, and 9.6.
Attribute Description Defined Nearest Diameter AVP
-----------------------------------------------------------------
3 CHAP-Password RFC 2865 CHAP-Auth Group
26 Vendor-Specific RFC 2865 Vendor Specific AVP
29 Termination-Action RFC 2865 Authorization-Lifetime
40 Acct-Status-Type RFC 2866 Accounting-Record-Type
42 Acct-Input-Octets RFC 2866 Accounting-Input-Octets
43 Acct-Output-Octets RFC 2866 Accounting-Output-Octets
47 Acct-Input-Packets RFC 2866 Accounting-Input-Packets
48 Acct-Output-Packets RFC 2866 Accounting-Output-Packets
49 Acct-Terminate-Cause RFC 2866 Termination-Cause
52 Acct-Input-Gigawords RFC 2869 Accounting-Input-Octets
53 Acct-Output-Gigawords RFC 2869 Accounting-Output-Octets
80 Message-Authenticator RFC 2869 none - check and discard
9.5. Translatable Diameter AVPs
In general, Diameter AVPs that are not RADIUS compatible have code
values greater than 255. The table in the section above shows the
AVPs that can be converted into RADIUS attributes.
Another problem may occur with Diameter AVP values that may be more
than 253 octets in length. Some RADIUS attributes (including but not
limited to (8)Reply-Message, (79)EAP-Message, and (77)Connect-Info)
allow concatenation of multiple instances to overcome this
limitation. If this is not possible, a Result-Code of
DIAMETER_INVALID_AVP_LENGTH should be returned.
9.6. RADIUS Vendor Specific Attributes
RADIUS supports the inclusion of Vendor Specific Attributes (VSAs)
through the use of attribute 26. The recommended format [RADIUS] of
the attribute data field includes a 4 octet vendor code followed by a
one octet vendor type field and a one octet length field. The last
two fields MAY be repeated.
A system communicating between Diameter and RADIUS MAY have specific
knowledge of vendor formats, and MAY be able to translate between the
two formats. However, given the deployment of many RADIUS vendor
formats that do not follow the example format in RFC 2865 [RADIUS],
(e.g., those that use a longer vendor type code) the translations in
the next two sections will not work in general for those VSAs. RFC
2865 states that a robust implementation SHOULD support the field as
undistinguished octets.
Systems that don't have vendor format knowledge MAY discard such
attributes without knowing a suitable translation. An alternative
format is under consideration [VSA], which proposes encodings that
would preserve the native information and not require vendor
knowledge in the gateway system.
The following sections are an example for translating RADIUS VSAs
that use the example RADIUS format, and Diameter VSAs that have type
codes less than 255, and value field lengths less than 252.
9.6.1. Forwarding a Diameter Vendor Specific AVP as a RADIUS VSA
For Type codes less than 255, the value field length MUST be less
than 252 or the AVP will be discarded. The RADIUS VSA attribute
should consist of the following fields;
RADIUS Type = 26, Vendor Specific Attribute
RADIUS Length = total length of attribute (header + data)
RADIUS Vendor code = Diameter Vendor code
RADIUS Vendor type code = low order byte of Diameter AVP code
RADIUS Vendor data length = length of Diameter data
If the Diameter AVP code is greater than 255, then the RADIUS
speaking code may use a Vendor specific field coding, if it knows one
for that vendor. Otherwise, the AVP will be ignored. If it is
flagged as Mandatory, a "DIAMETER_AVP_UNSUPPORTED" Result-Code will
be returned, and the RADIUS message will not be sent.
9.6.2. Forwarding a RADIUS VSA as a Diameter Vendor Specific AVP
The Diameter AVP will consist of the following fields:
Diameter Flags: V=1, M=0, P=0
Diameter Vendor code = RADIUS VSA Vendor code
Diameter AVP code = RADIUS VSA Vendor type code
Diameter AVP length = length of AVP (header + data)
Diameter Data = RADIUS VSA vendor data
Note that the VSAs are considered optional by RADIUS rules, and this
specification does not set the Mandatory flag. If an implementor
desires a VSA be made mandatory because it represents a required
service policy, the RADIUS gateway should have a process to set the
bit on the Diameter side.
If the RADIUS receiving code knows of vendor specific field
interpretations for the specific vendor, it may employ them to parse
an extended AVP code or data length. Otherwise the recommended
standard fields will be used.
Nested Multiple vendor data fields MUST be expanded into multiple
Diameter AVPs.
10. AVP Occurrence Tables
The following tables present the AVPs used by NAS applications in NAS
messages and specify in which Diameter messages they MAY or MAY NOT
be present. [BASE] messages and AVPs are not described in this
document. Note that AVPs that can only be present within a Grouped
AVP are not represented in this table.
The table uses the following symbols:
0 The AVP MUST NOT be present in the message.
0+ Zero or more instances of the AVP MAY be present in the
message.
0-1 Zero or one instance of the AVP MAY be present in the
message.
1 One instance of the AVP MUST be present in the message.
10.1. AA-Request/Answer AVP Table
The table in this section is limited to the Command Codes defined in
this specification.
+-----------+
| Command |
|-----+-----+
Attribute Name | AAR | AAA |
------------------------------|-----+-----+
Acct-Interim-Interval | 0 | 0-1 |
ARAP-Challenge-Response | 0 | 0-1 |
ARAP-Features | 0 | 0-1 |
ARAP-Password | 0-1 | 0 |
ARAP-Security | 0-1 | 0-1 |
ARAP-Security-Data | 0+ | 0+ |
ARAP-Zone-Access | 0 | 0-1 |
Auth-Application-Id | 1 | 1 |
Auth-Grace-Period | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Auth-Request-Type | 1 | 1 |
Auth-Session-State | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Authorization-Lifetime | 0-1 | 0-1 |
------------------------------|-----+-----+
+-----------+
| Command |
|-----+-----+
Attribute Name | AAR | AAA |
------------------------------|-----+-----+
Callback-Id | 0 | 0-1 |
Callback-Number | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Called-Station-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Calling-Station-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
CHAP-Auth | 0-1 | 0 |
CHAP-Challenge | 0-1 | 0 |
Class | 0 | 0+ |
Configuration-Token | 0 | 0+ |
Connect-Info | 0+ | 0 |
Destination-Host | 0-1 | 0 |
Destination-Realm | 1 | 0 |
Error-Message | 0 | 0-1 |
Error-Reporting-Host | 0 | 0-1 |
Failed-AVP | 0+ | 0+ |
Filter-Id | 0 | 0+ |
Framed-Appletalk-Link | 0 | 0-1 |
Framed-Appletalk-Network | 0 | 0+ |
Framed-Appletalk-Zone | 0 | 0-1 |
Framed-Compression | 0+ | 0+ |
Framed-Interface-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Framed-IP-Address | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Framed-IP-Netmask | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Framed-IPv6-Prefix | 0+ | 0+ |
Framed-IPv6-Pool | 0 | 0-1 |
Framed-IPv6-Route | 0 | 0+ |
Framed-IPX-Network | 0 | 0-1 |
Framed-MTU | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Framed-Pool | 0 | 0-1 |
Framed-Protocol | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Framed-Route | 0 | 0+ |
Framed-Routing | 0 | 0-1 |
Idle-Timeout | 0 | 0-1 |
Login-IP-Host | 0+ | 0+ |
Login-IPv6-Host | 0+ | 0+ |
Login-LAT-Group | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Login-LAT-Node | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Login-LAT-Port | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Login-LAT-Service | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Login-Service | 0 | 0-1 |
Login-TCP-Port | 0 | 0-1 |
Multi-Round-Time-Out | 0 | 0-1 |
------------------------------|-----+-----+
+-----------+
| Command |
|-----+-----+
Attribute Name | AAR | AAA |
------------------------------|-----+-----+
NAS-Filter-Rule | 0 | 0+ |
NAS-Identifier | 0-1 | 0 |
NAS-IP-Address | 0-1 | 0 |
NAS-IPv6-Address | 0-1 | 0 |
NAS-Port | 0-1 | 0 |
NAS-Port-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
NAS-Port-Type | 0-1 | 0 |
Origin-AAA-Protocol | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Origin-Host | 1 | 1 |
Origin-Realm | 1 | 1 |
Origin-State-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Originating-Line-Info | 0-1 | 0 |
Password-Retry | 0 | 0-1 |
Port-Limit | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Prompt | 0 | 0-1 |
Proxy-Info | 0+ | 0+ |
QoS-Filter-Rule | 0 | 0+ |
Re-Auth-Request-Type | 0 | 0-1 |
Redirect-Host | 0 | 0+ |
Redirect-Host-Usage | 0 | 0-1 |
Redirect-Max-Cache-Time | 0 | 0-1 |
Reply-Message | 0 | 0+ |
Result-Code | 0 | 1 |
Route-Record | 0+ | 0+ |
Service-Type | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Session-Id | 1 | 1 |
Session-Timeout | 0 | 0-1 |
State | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Tunneling | 0+ | 0+ |
User-Name | 0-1 | 0-1 |
User-Password | 0-1 | 0 |
------------------------------|-----+-----+
10.2. Accounting AVP Tables
The tables in this section are used to show which AVPs defined in
this document are to be present and used in NAS application
Accounting messages. These AVPs are defined in this document, as
well as in [BASE] and [RADIUSAcct].
10.2.1. Accounting Framed Access AVP Table
The table in this section is used when the Service-Type specifies
Framed Access.
+-----------+
| Command |
|-----+-----+
Attribute Name | ACR | ACA |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
Accounting-Auth-Method | 0-1 | 0 |
Accounting-Input-Octets | 1 | 0 |
Accounting-Input-Packets | 1 | 0 |
Accounting-Output-Octets | 1 | 0 |
Accounting-Output-Packets | 1 | 0 |
Accounting-Record-Number | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Accounting-Record-Type | 1 | 1 |
Accounting-Realtime-Required | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Accounting-Sub-Session-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Application-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Session-Id | 1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Multi-Session-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Authentic | 1 | 0 |
Acct-Delay-Time | 0-1 | 0 |
Acct-Interim-Interval | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Link-Count | 0-1 | 0 |
Acct-Session-Time | 1 | 0 |
Acct-Tunnel-Connection | 0-1 | 0 |
Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost | 0-1 | 0 |
Authorization-Lifetime | 0-1 | 0 |
Callback-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Callback-Number | 0-1 | 0 |
Called-Station-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Calling-Station-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Class | 0+ | 0+ |
Connection-Info | 0+ | 0 |
Destination-Host | 0-1 | 0 |
Destination-Realm | 1 | 0 |
Event-Timestamp | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Error-Message | 0 | 0-1 |
Error-Reporting-Host | 0 | 0-1 |
Failed-AVP | 0 | 0+ |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
+-----------+
| Command |
|-----+-----+
Attribute Name | ACR | ACA |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
Framed-AppleTalk-Link | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-AppleTalk-Network | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-AppleTalk-Zone | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-Compression | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-IP-Address | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-IP-Netmask | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-IPv6-Prefix | 0+ | 0 |
Framed-IPv6-Pool | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-IPX-Network | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-MTU | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-Pool | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-Protocol | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-Route | 0-1 | 0 |
Framed-Routing | 0-1 | 0 |
NAS-Filter-Rule | 0+ | 0 |
NAS-Identifier | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-IP-Address | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-IPv6-Address | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-Port | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-Port-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-Port-Type | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Origin-AAA-Protocol | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Origin-Host | 1 | 1 |
Origin-Realm | 1 | 1 |
Origin-State-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Originating-Line-Info | 0-1 | 0 |
Proxy-Info | 0+ | 0+ |
QoS-Filter-Rule | 0+ | 0 |
Route-Record | 0+ | 0+ |
Result-Code | 0 | 1 |
Service-Type | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Session-Id | 1 | 1 |
Termination-Cause | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Tunnel-Assignment-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Tunnel-Client-Endpoint | 0-1 | 0 |
Tunnel-Medium-Type | 0-1 | 0 |
Tunnel-Private-Group-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Tunnel-Server-Endpoint | 0-1 | 0 |
Tunnel-Type | 0-1 | 0 |
User-Name | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Vendor-Specific-Application-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
10.2.2. Accounting Non-Framed Access AVP Table
The table in this section is used when the Service-Type specifies
Non-Framed Access.
+-----------+
| Command |
|-----+-----+
Attribute Name | ACR | ACA |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
Accounting-Auth-Method | 0-1 | 0 |
Accounting-Input-Octets | 1 | 0 |
Accounting-Output-Octets | 1 | 0 |
Accounting-Record-Type | 1 | 1 |
Accounting-Record-Number | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Accounting-Realtime-Required | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Accounting-Sub-Session-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Application-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Session-Id | 1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Multi-Session-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Authentic | 1 | 0 |
Acct-Delay-Time | 0-1 | 0 |
Acct-Interim-Interval | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Acct-Link-Count | 0-1 | 0 |
Acct-Session-Time | 1 | 0 |
Authorization-Lifetime | 0-1 | 0 |
Callback-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Callback-Number | 0-1 | 0 |
Called-Station-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Calling-Station-Id | 0-1 | 0 |
Class | 0+ | 0+ |
Connection-Info | 0+ | 0 |
Destination-Host | 0-1 | 0 |
Destination-Realm | 1 | 0 |
Event-Timestamp | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Error-Message | 0 | 0-1 |
Error-Reporting-Host | 0 | 0-1 |
Failed-AVP | 0 | 0+ |
Login-IP-Host | 0+ | 0 |
Login-IPv6-Host | 0+ | 0 |
Login-LAT-Service | 0-1 | 0 |
Login-LAT-Node | 0-1 | 0 |
Login-LAT-Group | 0-1 | 0 |
Login-LAT-Port | 0-1 | 0 |
Login-Service | 0-1 | 0 |
Login-TCP-Port | 0-1 | 0 |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
+-----------+
| Command |
|-----+-----+
Attribute Name | ACR | ACA |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
NAS-Identifier | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-IP-Address | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-IPv6-Address | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-Port | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-Port-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
NAS-Port-Type | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Origin-AAA-Protocol | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Origin-Host | 1 | 1 |
Origin-Realm | 1 | 1 |
Origin-State-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Originating-Line-Info | 0-1 | 0 |
Proxy-Info | 0+ | 0+ |
QoS-Filter-Rule | 0+ | 0 |
Route-Record | 0+ | 0+ |
Result-Code | 0 | 1 |
Session-Id | 1 | 1 |
Service-Type | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Termination-Cause | 0-1 | 0-1 |
User-Name | 0-1 | 0-1 |
Vendor-Specific-Application-Id | 0-1 | 0-1 |
---------------------------------------|-----+-----+
11. IANA Considerations
This section provides guidance to the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA) regarding registration of values related to the
Diameter protocol, in accordance with BCP 26 [IANAConsid].
This document defines values in the namespaces that have been created
and defined in the Diameter Base [BASE]. The IANA Considerations
section of that document details the assignment criteria. Values
assigned in this document, or by future IANA action, must be
coordinated within this shared namespace.
11.1. Command Codes
This specification assigns the value 265 from the Command Code
namespace defined in [BASE]. See sections 3.1 and 3.2 for the
assignment of the namespace in this specification.
11.2. AVP Codes
This specification assigns the values 363 - 366 and 400 - 408 from
the AVP Code namespace defined in [BASE]. See sections 4 and 5 for
the assignment of the namespace in this specification. Note that the
values 363 - 366 are jointly, but consistently, assigned in
[DiamMIP]. This document also creates one new namespace to be
managed by IANA, as described in section 11.5.
This specification also specifies the use of AVPs in the 0 - 255
range, which are defined in [RADIUSTypes]. These values are assigned
by the policy in RFC 2865 section 6 [RADIUS] and are amended by RFC
3575 [RADIUSIANA].
11.3. Application Identifier
This specification uses the value one (1) in the Application
Identifier namespace as assigned in [BASE]. See section 1.2 above
for more information.
11.4. CHAP-Algorithm AVP Values
As defined in section 5.5, the CHAP-Algorithm AVP (AVP Code 403) uses
the values of the "PPP AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHMS" namespace defined
in [PPPCHAP].
11.5. Accounting-Auth-Method AVP Values
As defined in section 8.6, the Accounting-Auth-Method AVP (AVP Code
406) defines the values 1 - 5. All remaining values are available
for assignment via IETF Consensus [IANA].
11.6. Origin-AAA-Protocol AVP Values
As defined in section 9.3.6, the Origin-AAA-Protocol AVP (AVP Code
408) defines the value 1. All remaining values are available for
assignment with a "Specification Required" policy [IANAConsid].
12. Security Considerations
This document describes the extension of Diameter for the NAS
application. The security considerations of the Diameter protocol
itself have been discussed in [BASE]. Use of this application of
Diameter MUST take into consideration the security issues and
requirements of the Base protocol.
This document does not contain a security protocol but does discuss
how PPP authentication protocols can be carried within the Diameter
protocol. The PPP authentication protocols described are PAP and
CHAP.
The use of PAP SHOULD be discouraged, as it exposes users' passwords
to possibly non-trusted entities. However, PAP is also frequently
used for use with One-Time Passwords, which do not expose a security
risk.
This document also describes how CHAP can be carried within the
Diameter protocol, which is required for RADIUS backward
compatibility. The CHAP protocol, as used in a RADIUS environment,
facilitates authentication replay attacks.
The use of the EAP authentication protocols described in [DiamEAP]
can offer better security, given a method suitable for the
circumstances.
13. References
13.1. Normative References
[BASE] Calhoun, P., Loughney, J., Guttman, E., Zorn, G., and
J. Arkko, "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 3588,
September 2003.
[DiamTrans] Aboba, B. and J. Wood, "Authentication, Authorization
and Accounting (AAA) Transport Profile", RFC 3539,
June 2003.
[RADIUS] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
"Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
RFC 2865, June 2000.
[RADIUSTypes] IANA, "RADIUS Types", URL:
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/radius-types>
[RADIUSIPv6] Aboba, B., Zorn, G., and D. Mitton, "RADIUS and IPv6",
RFC 3162, August 2001.
[IPv6Addr] Nerenberg, L., "IMAP4 Binary Content Extension", RFC
3516, April 2003.
[PPPCHAP] Simpson, W., "PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication
Protocol (CHAP)", RFC 1994, August 1996.
[IANAConsid] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing
an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC
2434, October 1998.
[IANA] IANA Assigned Numbers Database, URL:
<http://www.iana.org/numbers.html>
[Keywords] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[ANITypes] NANPA Number Resource Info, ANI Assignments, URL:
<http://www.nanpa.com/number_resource_info/
ani_ii_assignments.html>
13.2. Informative References
[RADIUSAcct] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, June 2000.
[RADIUSExt] Rigney, C., Willats, W., and P. Calhoun, "RADIUS
Extensions", RFC 2869, June 2000.
[RADTunnels] Zorn, G., Leifer, D., Rubens, A., Shriver, J.,
Holdrege, M., and I. Goyret, "RADIUS Attributes for
Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2868, June 2000.
[RADTunlAcct] Zorn, G., Aboba, B., and D. Mitton, "RADIUS Accounting
Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support", RFC 2867,
June 2000.
[RADDynAuth] Chiba, M., Dommety, G., Eklund, M., Mitton, D., and B.
Aboba, "Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote
Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC
3576, July 2003.
[RADIUSIANA] Aboba, B., "IANA Considerations for RADIUS (Remote
Authentication Dial In User Service)", RFC 3575, July
2003.
[NASModel] Mitton, D. and M. Beadles, "Network Access Server
Requirements Next Generation (NASREQNG) NAS Model",
RFC 2881, July 2000.
[NASCriteria] Beadles, M. and D. Mitton, "Criteria for Evaluating
Network Access Server Protocols", RFC 3169, September
2001.
[AAACriteria] Aboba, B., Calhoun, P., Glass, S., Hiller, T., McCann,
P., Shiino, H., Zorn, G., Dommety, G., Perkins, C.,
Patil, B., Mitton, D., Manning, S., Beadles, M.,
Walsh, P., Chen, X., Sivalingham, S., Hameed, A.,
Munson, M., Jacobs, S., Lim, B., Hirschman, B., Hsu,
R., Xu, Y., Campbell, E., Baba, S., and E. Jaques,
"Criteria for Evaluating AAA Protocols for Network
Access", RFC 2989, November 2000.
[DiamEAP] Eronen, P., "Diameter EAP Application", Work in
Progress, May 2004.
[DiamCMS] Calhoun, P., Bulley, W., and S. Farrell, "Diameter CMS
Security Application", Work in Progress, March 2002.
[DiamMIP] Calhoun, P., Johansson, T., Perkins, C., Hiller, T.,
and P. McCann "Diameter Mobile IPv4 Application", RFC
4004, August 2005.
[VSA] Mitton, D., "Diameter/RADIUS Vendor Specific AVP
Translation", Work in Progress, April 2005.
[RAD802.1X] Congdon, P., Aboba, B., Smith, A., Zorn, G., and J.
Roese, "IEEE 802.1X Remote Authentication Dial In User
Service (RADIUS) Usage Guidelines", RFC 3580,
September 2003.
[CDMA2000] 3GPP2 "P.S0001-B", Wireless IP Network Standard,
October 2002.
http://www.3gpp2.com/Public_html/specs/P.S0001-
B_v1.0.pdf
[AppleTalk] Sidhu, Gursharan; Andrews, Richard F. & Oppenheimer,
Alan B. "Inside AppleTalk", Second Edition, Apple
Computer., 1990
[ARAP] Apple Remote Access Protocol (ARAP) Version 2.0
External Reference Specification", Apple Computer,
September 1994, R0612LL/B
[IPX] Novell, Inc., "NetWare System Technical Interface
Overview", June 1989, # 883-000780-001
[LAT] Local Area Transport (LAT) Specification V5.0, Digital
Equipment Corp., AA-NL26A-TE, June 1989
[DIFFSERV] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
"Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
December 1998.
[DIFFSERVAF] Heinanen, J., Baker, F., Weiss, W., and J. Wroclawski,
"Assured Forwarding PHB Group", RFC 2597, June 1999.
[DIFFSERVEF] Davie, B., Charny, A., Bennet, J.C., Benson, K., Le
Boudec, J., Courtney, W., Davari, S., Firoiu, V., and
D. Stiliadis, "An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop
Behavior)", RFC 3246, March 2002.
[UTF-8] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, November 2003.
[ISOLatin] ISO 8859. International Standard -- Information
Processing -- 8-bit Single-Byte Coded Graphic
Character Sets -- Part 1: Latin Alphabet No. 1, ISO
8859-1:1987. URL:
<http://www.iso.ch/cate/d16338.html>
[PPP] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD
51, RFC 1661, July 1994.
[PAP] Lloyd, B. and W. Simpson, "PPP Authentication
Protocols", RFC 1334, October 1992.
[L2TP] Townsley, W., Valencia, A., Rubens, A., Pall, G.,
Zorn, G., and B. Palter, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
"L2TP"", RFC 2661, August 1999.
[PPPMP] Sklower, K., Lloyd, B., McGregor, G., Carr, D., and T.
Coradetti, "The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)", RFC
1990, August 1996.
[PPTP] Hamzeh, K., Pall, G., Verthein, W., Taarud, J.,
Little, W., and G. Zorn, "Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol", RFC 2637, July 1999.
[IEEE 802.11F] IEEE, "Trial-Use Recommended Practice for Multi-Vendor
Access Point Interoperability via an Inter-Access
Point Protocol Across Distribution Systems Supporting
IEEE 802.11 Operation", IEEE 802.11F-2003, June 2003.
14. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Carl Rigney, Allan C. Rubens, William
Allen Simpson, and Steve Willens for their work on the original
RADIUS [RADIUS], from which many of the concepts in this
specification were derived. Thanks, also, to Carl Rigney for
[RADIUSAcct] and [RADIUSExt]; Ward Willats for [RADIUSExt]; Glen
Zorn, Bernard Aboba, and Dave Mitton for [RADTunlAcct] and
[RADIUSIPv6]; and Dory Leifer, John Shriver, Matt Holdrege, and
Ignacio Goyret for their work on [RADTunnels]. This document stole
text and concepts from both [RADTunnels] and [RADIUSExt]. Thanks go
to Carl Williams for providing IPv6-specific text.
The authors would also like to acknowledge the following people for
their contributions in the development of the Diameter protocol:
Bernard Aboba, Jari Arkko, William Bulley, Kuntal Chowdhury, Daniel
C. Fox, Lol Grant, Nancy Greene, Jeff Hagg, Peter Heitman, Paul
Krumviede, Fergal Ladley, Ryan Moats, Victor Muslin, Kenneth Peirce,
Sumit Vakil, John R. Vollbrecht, and Jeff Weisberg.
Finally, Pat Calhoun would like to thank Sun Microsystems, as most of
the effort put into this document was done while he was in their
employ.
Authors' Addresses
Pat Calhoun
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Phone: +1 408-853-5269
EMail: pcalhoun@cisco.com
Glen Zorn
Cisco Systems, Inc.
500 108th Avenue N.E., Suite 500
Bellevue, WA 98004
USA
Phone: 1 425-471-4861
EMail: gwz@cisco.com
David Spence
3259 Bluett Rd.
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
USA
Phone: +1 734 834 6481
EMail: dspence@computer.org
David Mitton
Circular Networks
733 Turnpike St #154
North Andover, MA 01845
EMail: dmitton@circularnetworks.com
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