| Rfc | 2740 |
|---|
| Title | OSPF for IPv6 |
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| Author | R. Coltun, D. Ferguson, J. Moy |
|---|
| Date | December 1999 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Obsoleted by | RFC5340 |
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| Status: | PROPOSED
STANDARD |
|---|
|
Network Working Group R. Coltun
Requests for Comments: 2740 Siara Systems
Category: Standards Track D. Ferguson
Juniper Networks
J. Moy
Sycamore Networks
December 1999
OSPF for IPv6
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document describes the modifications to OSPF to support version
6 of the Internet Protocol (IPv6). The fundamental mechanisms of
OSPF (flooding, DR election, area support, SPF calculations, etc.)
remain unchanged. However, some changes have been necessary, either
due to changes in protocol semantics between IPv4 and IPv6, or simply
to handle the increased address size of IPv6.
Changes between OSPF for IPv4 and this document include the
following. Addressing semantics have been removed from OSPF packets
and the basic LSAs. New LSAs have been created to carry IPv6
addresses and prefixes. OSPF now runs on a per-link basis, instead of
on a per-IP-subnet basis. Flooding scope for LSAs has been
generalized. Authentication has been removed from the OSPF protocol
itself, instead relying on IPv6's Authentication Header and
Encapsulating Security Payload.
Most packets in OSPF for IPv6 are almost as compact as those in OSPF
for IPv4, even with the larger IPv6 addresses. Most field-XSand
packet-size limitations present in OSPF for IPv4 have been relaxed.
In addition, option handling has been made more flexible.
All of OSPF for IPv4's optional capabilities, including on-demand
circuit support, NSSA areas, and the multicast extensions to OSPF
(MOSPF) are also supported in OSPF for IPv6.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ........................................... 4
1.1 Terminology ............................................ 4
2 Differences from OSPF for IPv4 ......................... 4
2.1 Protocol processing per-link, not per-subnet ........... 5
2.2 Removal of addressing semantics ........................ 5
2.3 Addition of Flooding scope ............................. 5
2.4 Explicit support for multiple instances per link ....... 6
2.5 Use of link-local addresses ............................ 6
2.6 Authentication changes ................................. 7
2.7 Packet format changes .................................. 7
2.8 LSA format changes ..................................... 8
2.9 Handling unknown LSA types ............................ 10
2.10 Stub area support ..................................... 10
2.11 Identifying neighbors by Router ID .................... 11
3 Implementation details ................................ 11
3.1 Protocol data structures .............................. 12
3.1.1 The Area Data structure ............................... 13
3.1.2 The Interface Data structure .......................... 13
3.1.3 The Neighbor Data Structure ........................... 14
3.2 Protocol Packet Processing ............................ 15
3.2.1 Sending protocol packets .............................. 15
3.2.1.1 Sending Hello packets ................................. 16
3.2.1.2 Sending Database Description Packets .................. 17
3.2.2 Receiving protocol packets ............................ 17
3.2.2.1 Receiving Hello Packets ............................... 19
3.3 The Routing table Structure ........................... 19
3.3.1 Routing table lookup .................................. 20
3.4 Link State Advertisements ............................. 20
3.4.1 The LSA Header ........................................ 21
3.4.2 The link-state database ............................... 22
3.4.3 Originating LSAs ...................................... 22
3.4.3.1 Router-LSAs ........................................... 25
3.4.3.2 Network-LSAs .......................................... 27
3.4.3.3 Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs ................................ 28
3.4.3.4 Inter-Area-Router-LSAs ................................ 29
3.4.3.5 AS-external-LSAs ...................................... 29
3.4.3.6 Link-LSAs ............................................. 31
3.4.3.7 Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs ................................ 32
3.5 Flooding .............................................. 35
3.5.1 Receiving Link State Update packets ................... 36
3.5.2 Sending Link State Update packets ..................... 36
3.5.3 Installing LSAs in the database ....................... 38
3.6 Definition of self-originated LSAs .................... 39
3.7 Virtual links ......................................... 39
3.8 Routing table calculation ............................. 39
3.8.1 Calculating the shortest path tree for an area ........ 40
3.8.1.1 The next hop calculation .............................. 41
3.8.2 Calculating the inter-area routes ..................... 42
3.8.3 Examining transit areas' summary-LSAs ................. 42
3.8.4 Calculating AS external routes ........................ 42
3.9 Multiple interfaces to a single link .................. 43
References ............................................ 44
A OSPF data formats ..................................... 46
A.1 Encapsulation of OSPF packets ......................... 46
A.2 The Options field ..................................... 47
A.3 OSPF Packet Formats ................................... 48
A.3.1 The OSPF packet header ................................ 49
A.3.2 The Hello packet ...................................... 50
A.3.3 The Database Description packet ....................... 52
A.3.4 The Link State Request packet ......................... 54
A.3.5 The Link State Update packet .......................... 55
A.3.6 The Link State Acknowledgment packet .................. 56
A.4 LSA formats ........................................... 57
A.4.1 IPv6 Prefix Representation ............................ 58
A.4.1.1 Prefix Options ........................................ 58
A.4.2 The LSA header ........................................ 59
A.4.2.1 LS type ............................................... 60
A.4.3 Router-LSAs ........................................... 61
A.4.4 Network-LSAs .......................................... 64
A.4.5 Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs ................................ 65
A.4.6 Inter-Area-Router-LSAs ................................ 66
A.4.7 AS-external-LSAs ...................................... 67
A.4.8 Link-LSAs ............................................. 69
A.4.9 Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs ................................ 71
B Architectural Constants ............................... 73
C Configurable Constants ................................ 73
C.1 Global parameters ..................................... 73
C.2 Area parameters ....................................... 74
C.3 Router interface parameters ........................... 75
C.4 Virtual link parameters ............................... 77
C.5 NBMA network parameters ............................... 77
C.6 Point-to-MultiPoint network parameters ................ 78
C.7 Host route parameters ................................. 78
Security Considerations ............................... 79
Authors' Addresses .................................... 79
Full Copyright Statement .............................. 80
1. Introduction
This document describes the modifications to OSPF to support version
6 of the Internet Protocol (IPv6). The fundamental mechanisms of
OSPF (flooding, DR election, area support, SPF calculations, etc.)
remain unchanged. However, some changes have been necessary, either
due to changes in protocol semantics between IPv4 and IPv6, or simply
to handle the increased address size of IPv6.
This document is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the
differences between OSPF for IPv4 and OSPF for IPv6 in detail.
Section 3 provides implementation details for the changes. Appendix A
gives the OSPF for IPv6 packet and LSA formats. Appendix B lists the
OSPF architectural constants. Appendix C describes configuration
parameters.
1.1. Terminology
This document attempts to use terms from both the OSPF for IPv4
specification ([Ref1]) and the IPv6 protocol specifications
([Ref14]). This has produced a mixed result. Most of the terms used
both by OSPF and IPv6 have roughly the same meaning (e.g.,
interfaces). However, there are a few conflicts. IPv6 uses "link"
similarly to IPv4 OSPF's "subnet" or "network". In this case, we have
chosen to use IPv6's "link" terminology. "Link" replaces OSPF's
"subnet" and "network" in most places in this document, although
OSPF's Network-LSA remains unchanged (and possibly unfortunately, a
new Link-LSA has also been created).
The names of some of the OSPF LSAs have also changed. See Section 2.8
for details.
2. Differences from OSPF for IPv4
Most of the algorithms from OSPF for IPv4 [Ref1] have preserved in
OSPF for IPv6. However, some changes have been necessary, either due
to changes in protocol semantics between IPv4 and IPv6, or simply to
handle the increased address size of IPv6.
The following subsections describe the differences between this
document and [Ref1].
2.1. Protocol processing per-link, not per-subnet
IPv6 uses the term "link" to indicate "a communication facility or
medium over which nodes can communicate at the link layer" ([Ref14]).
"Interfaces" connect to links. Multiple IP subnets can be assigned to
a single link, and two nodes can talk directly over a single link,
even if they do not share a common IP subnet (IPv6 prefix).
For this reason, OSPF for IPv6 runs per-link instead of the IPv4
behavior of per-IP-subnet. The terms "network" and "subnet" used in
the IPv4 OSPF specification ([Ref1]) should generally be relaced by
link. Likewise, an OSPF interface now connects to a link instead of
an IP subnet, etc.
This change affects the receiving of OSPF protocol packets, and the
contents of Hello Packets and Network-LSAs.
2.2. Removal of addressing semantics
In OSPF for IPv6, addressing semantics have been removed from the
OSPF protocol packets and the main LSA types, leaving a network-
protocol-independent core. In particular:
o IPv6 Addresses are not present in OSPF packets, except in
LSA payloads carried by the Link State Update Packets. See
Section 2.7 for details.
o Router-LSAs and Network-LSAs no longer contain network
addresses, but simply express topology information. See
Section 2.8 for details.
o OSPF Router IDs, Area IDs and LSA Link State IDs remain at
the IPv4 size of 32-bits. They can no longer be assigned as
(IPv6) addresses.
o Neighboring routers are now always identified by Router ID,
where previously they had been identified by IP address on
broadcast and NBMA "networks".
2.3. Addition of Flooding scope
Flooding scope for LSAs has been generalized and is now explicitly
coded in the LSA's LS type field. There are now three separate
flooding scopes for LSAs:
o Link-local scope. LSA is flooded only on the local link, and
no further. Used for the new Link-LSA (see Section A.4.8).
o Area scope. LSA is flooded throughout a single OSPF area
only. Used for Router-LSAs, Network-LSAs, Inter-Area-Prefix-
LSAs, Inter-Area-Router-LSAs and Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs.
o AS scope. LSA is flooded throughout the routing domain. Used
for AS-external-LSAs.
2.4. Explicit support for multiple instances per link
OSPF now supports the ability to run multiple OSPF protocol instances
on a single link. For example, this may be required on a NAP segment
shared between several providers -- providers may be running separate
OSPF routing domains that want to remain separate even though they
have one or more physical network segments (i.e., links) in common.
In OSPF for IPv4 this was supported in a haphazard fashion using the
authentication fields in the OSPF for IPv4 header.
Another use for running multiple OSPF instances is if you want, for
one reason or another, to have a single link belong to two or more
OSPF areas.
Support for multiple protocol instances on a link is accomplished via
an "Instance ID" contained in the OSPF packet header and OSPF
interface structures. Instance ID solely affects the reception of
OSPF packets.
2.5. Use of link-local addresses
IPv6 link-local addresses are for use on a single link, for purposes
of neighbor discovery, auto-configuration, etc. IPv6 routers do not
forward IPv6 datagrams having link-local source addresses [Ref15].
Link-local unicast addresses are assigned from the IPv6 address range
FF80/10.
OSPF for IPv6 assumes that each router has been assigned link-local
unicast addresses on each of the router's attached physical segments.
On all OSPF interfaces except virtual links, OSPF packets are sent
using the interface's associated link-local unicast address as
source. A router learns the link-local addresses of all other
routers attached to its links, and uses these addresses as next hop
information during packet forwarding.
On virtual links, global scope or site-local IP addresses must be
used as the source for OSPF protocol packets.
Link-local addresses appear in OSPF Link-LSAs (see Section 3.4.3.6).
However, link-local addresses are not allowed in other OSPF LSA
types. In particular, link-local addresses must not be advertised in
inter-area-prefix-LSAs (Section 3.4.3.3), AS-external-LSAs (Section
3.4.3.5) or intra-area-prefix-LSAs (Section 3.4.3.7).
2.6. Authentication changes
In OSPF for IPv6, authentication has been removed from OSPF itself.
The "AuType" and "Authentication" fields have been removed from the
OSPF packet header, and all authentication related fields have been
removed from the OSPF area and interface structures.
When running over IPv6, OSPF relies on the IP Authentication Header
(see [Ref19]) and the IP Encapsulating Security Payload (see [Ref20])
to ensure integrity and authentication/confidentiality of routing
exchanges.
Protection of OSPF packet exchanges against accidental data
corruption is provided by the standard IPv6 16-bit one's complement
checksum, covering the entire OSPF packet and prepended IPv6 pseudo-
header (see Section A.3.1).
2.7. Packet format changes
OSPF for IPv6 runs directly over IPv6. Aside from this, all
addressing semantics have been removed from the OSPF packet headers,
making it essentially "network-protocol-independent". All addressing
information is now contained in the various LSA types only.
In detail, changes in OSPF packet format consist of the following:
o The OSPF version number has been increased from 2 to 3.
o The Options field in Hello Packets and Database description Packet
has been expanded to 24-bits.
o The Authentication and AuType fields have been removed from the
OSPF packet header (see Section 2.6).
o The Hello packet now contains no address information at all, and
includes an Interface ID which the originating router has assigned
to uniquely identify (among its own interfaces) its interface to
the link. This Interface ID becomes the Netowrk-LSA's Link State
ID, should the router become Designated-Router on the link.
o Two option bits, the "R-bit" and the "V6-bit", have been added to
the Options field for processing Router-LSAs during the SPF
calculation (see Section A.2). If the "R-bit" is clear an OSPF
speaker can participate in OSPF topology distribution without
being used to forward transit traffic; this can be used in multi-
homed hosts that want to participate in the routing protocol. The
V6-bit specializes the R-bit; if the V6-bit is clear an OSPF
speaker can participate in OSPF topology distribution without
being used to forward IPv6 datagrams. If the R-bit is set and the
V6-bit is clear, IPv6 datagrams are not forwarded but diagrams
belonging to another protocol family may be forwarded.
o TheOSPF packet header now includes an "Instance ID" which allows
multiple OSPF protocol instances to be run on a single link (see
Section 2.4).
2.8. LSA format changes
All addressing semantics have been removed from the LSA header, and
from Router-LSAs and Network-LSAs. These two LSAs now describe the
routing domain's topology in a network-protocol-independent manner.
New LSAs have been added to distribute IPv6 address information, and
data required for next hop resolution. The names of some of IPv4's
LSAs have been changed to be more consistent with each other.
In detail, changes in LSA format consist of the following:
o The Options field has been removed from the LSA header, expanded
to 24 bits, and moved into the body of Router-LSAs, Network-LSAs,
Inter-Area-Router-LSAs and Link-LSAs. See Section A.2 for details.
o The LSA Type field has been expanded (into the former Options
space) to 16 bits, with the upper three bits encoding flooding
scope and the handling of unknown LSA types (see Section 2.9).
o Addresses in LSAs are now expressed as [prefix, prefix length]
instead of [address, mask] (see Section A.4.1). The default route
is expressed as a prefix with length 0.
o The Router and Network LSAs now have no address information, and
are network-protocol-independent.
o Router interface information may be spread across multiple Router
LSAs. Receivers must concatenate all the Router-LSAs originated by
a given router when running the SPF calculation.
o A new LSA called the Link-LSA has been introduced. The LSAs have
local-link flooding scope; they are never flooded beyond the link
that they are associated with. Link-LSAs have three purposes: 1)
they provide the router's link-local address to all other routers
attached to the link, 2) they inform other routers attached to the
link of a list of IPv6 prefixes to associate with the link and 3)
they allow the router to assert a collection of Options bits to
associate with the Network-LSA that will be originated for the
link. See Section A.4.8 for details.
In IPv4, the router-LSA carries a router's IPv4 interface
addresses, the IPv4 equivalent of link-local addresses. These are
only used when calculating next hops during the OSPF routing
calculation (see Section 16.1.1 of [Ref1]), so they do not need to
be flooded past the local link; hence using link-LSAs to
distribute these addresses is more efficient. Note that link-local
addresses cannot be learned through the reception of Hellos in all
cases: on NBMA links next hop routers do not necessarily exchange
hellos, but rather learn of each other's existence by way of the
Designated Router.
o The Options field in the Network LSA is set to the logical OR of
the Options that each router on the link advertises in its Link-
LSA.
o Type-3 summary-LSAs have been renamed "Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs".
Type-4 summary LSAs have been renamed "Inter-Area-Router-LSAs".
o The Link State ID in Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs, Inter-Area-Router-
LSAs and AS-external-LSAs has lost its addressing semantics, and
now serves solely to identify individual pieces of the Link State
Database. All addresses or Router IDs that were formerly expressed
by the Link State ID are now carried in the LSA bodies.
o Network-LSAs and Link-LSAs are the only LSAs whose Link State ID
carries additional meaning. For these LSAs, the Link State ID is
always the Interface ID of the originating router on the link
being described. For this reason, Network-LSAs and Link-LSAs are
now the only LSAs whose size cannot be limited: a Network-LSA must
list all routers connected to the link, and a Link-LSA must list
all of a router's addresses on the link.
o A new LSA called the Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA has been introduced.
This LSA carries all IPv6 prefix information that in IPv4 is
included in Router-LSAs and Network-LSAs. See Section A.4.9 for
details.
o Inclusion of a forwarding address in AS-external-LSAs is now
optional, as is the inclusion of an external route tag (see
[Ref5]). In addition, AS-external-LSAs can now reference another
LSA, for inclusion of additional route attributes that are outside
the scope of the OSPF protocol itself. For example, this can be
used to attach BGP path attributes to external routes as proposed
in [Ref10].
2.9. Handling unknown LSA types
Handling of unknown LSA types has been made more flexible so that,
based on LS type, unknown LSA types are either treated as having
link-local flooding scope, or are stored and flooded as if they were
understood (desirable for things like the proposed External-
Attributes-LSA in [Ref10]). This behavior is explicitly coded in the
LSA Handling bit of the link state header's LS type field (see
Section A.4.2.1).
The IPv4 OSPF behavior of simply discarding unknown types is
unsupported due to the desire to mix router capabilities on a single
link. Discarding unknown types causes problems when the Designated
Router supports fewer options than the other routers on the link.
2.10. Stub area support
In OSPF for IPv4, stub areas were designed to minimize link-state
database and routing table sizes for the areas' internal routers.
This allows routers with minimal resources to participate in even
very large OSPF routing domains.
In OSPF for IPv6, the concept of stub areas is retained. In IPv6, of
the mandatory LSA types, stub areas carry only router-LSAs, network-
LSAs, Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs, Link-LSAs, and Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs.
This is the IPv6 equivalent of the LSA types carried in IPv4 stub
areas: router-LSAs, network-LSAs and type 3 summary-LSAs.
However, unlike in IPv4, IPv6 allows LSAs with unrecognized LS types
to be labeled "Store and flood the LSA, as if type understood" (see
the U-bit in Section A.4.2.1). Uncontrolled introduction of such LSAs
could cause a stub area's link-state database to grow larger than its
component routers' capacities.
To guard against this, the following rule regarding stub areas has
been established: an LSA whose LS type is unrecognized may only be
flooded into/throughout a stub area if both a) the LSA has area or
link-local flooding scope and b) the LSA has U-bit set to 0. See
Section 3.5 for details.
2.11. Identifying neighbors by Router ID
In OSPF for IPv6, neighboring routers on a given link are always
identified by their OSPF Router ID. This contrasts with the IPv4
behavior where neighbors on point-to-point networks and virtual links
are identified by their Router IDs, and neighbors on broadcast, NBMA
and Point-to-MultiPoint links are identified by their IPv4 interface
addresses.
This change affects the reception of OSPF packets (see Section 8.2 of
[Ref1]), the lookup of neighbors (Section 10 of [Ref1]) and the
reception of Hello Packets (Section 10.5 of [Ref1]).
The Router ID of 0.0.0.0 is reserved, and should not be used.
3. Implementation details
When going from IPv4 to IPv6, the basic OSPF mechanisms remain
unchanged from those documented in [Ref1]. These mechanisms are
briefly outlined in Section 4 of [Ref1]. Both IPv6 and IPv4 have a
link-state database composed of LSAs and synchronized between
adjacent routers. Initial synchronization is performed through the
Database Exchange process, through the exchange of Database
Description, Link State Request and Link State Update packets.
Thereafter database synchronization is maintained via flooding,
utilizing Link State Update and Link State Acknowledgment packets.
Both IPv6 and IPv4 use OSPF Hello Packets to discover and maintain
neighbor relationships, and to elect Designated Routers and Backup
Designated Routers on broadcast and NBMA links. The decision as to
which neighbor relationships become adjacencies, along with the basic
ideas behind inter-area routing, importing external information in
AS-external-LSAs and the various routing calculations are also the
same.
In particular, the following IPv4 OSPF functionality described in
[Ref1] remains completely unchanged for IPv6:
o Both IPv4 and IPv6 use OSPF packet types described in Section 4.3
of [Ref1], namely: Hello, Database Description, Link State
Request, Link State Update and Link State Acknowledgment packets.
While in some cases (e.g., Hello packets) their format has changed
somewhat, the functions of the various packet types remains the
same.
o The system requirements for an OSPF implementation remain
unchanged, although OSPF for IPv6 requires an IPv6 protocol stack
(from the network layer on down) since it runs directly over the
IPv6 network layer.
o The discovery and maintenance of neighbor relationships, and the
selection and establishment of adjacencies remain the same. This
includes election of the Designated Router and Backup Designated
Router on broadcast and NBMA links. These mechanisms are described
in Sections 7, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 and 7.5 of [Ref1].
o The link types (or equivalently, interface types) supported by
OSPF remain unchanged, namely: point-to-point, broadcast, NBMA,
Point-to-MultiPoint and virtual links.
o The interface state machine, including the list of OSPF interface
states and events, and the Designated Router and Backup Designated
Router election algorithm, remain unchanged. These are described
in Sections 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4 of [Ref1].
o The neighbor state machine, including the list of OSPF neighbor
states and events, remain unchanged. These are described in
Sections 10.1, 10.2, 10.3 and 10.4 of [Ref1].
o Aging of the link-state database, as well as flushing LSAs from
the routing domain through the premature aging process, remains
unchanged from the description in Sections 14 and 14.1 of [Ref1].
However, some OSPF protocol mechanisms have changed, as outlined in
Section 2 above. These changes are explained in detail in the
following subsections, making references to the appropriate sections
of [Ref1].
The following subsections provide a recipe for turning an IPv4 OSPF
implementation into an IPv6 OSPF implementation.
3.1. Protocol data structures
The major OSPF data structures are the same for both IPv4 and IPv6:
areas, interfaces, neighbors, the link-state database and the routing
table. The top-level data structures for IPv6 remain those listed in
Section 5 of [Ref1], with the following modifications:
o All LSAs with known LS type and AS flooding scope appear in the
top-level data structure, instead of belonging to a specific area
or link. AS-external-LSAs are the only LSAs defined by this
specification which have AS flooding scope. LSAs with unknown LS
type, U-bit set to 1 (flood even when unrecognized) and AS
flooding scope also appear in the top-level data structure.
3.1.1. The Area Data structure
The IPv6 area data structure contains all elements defined for IPv4
areas in Section 6 of [Ref1]. In addition, all LSAs of known type
which have area flooding scope are contained in the IPv6 area data
structure. This always includes the following LSA types: router-LSAs,
network-LSAs, inter-area-prefix-LSAs, inter-area-router-LSAs and
intra-area-prefix-LSAs. LSAs with unknown LS type, U-bit set to 1
(flood even when unrecognized) and area scope also appear in the area
data structure. IPv6 routers implementing MOSPF add group-
membership-LSAs to the area data structure. Type-7-LSAs belong to an
NSSA area's data structure.
3.1.2. The Interface Data structure
In OSPF for IPv6, an interface connects a router to a link. The IPv6
interface structure modifies the IPv4 interface structure (as defined
in Section 9 of [Ref1]) as follows:
Interface ID
Every interface is assigned an Interface ID, which uniquely
identifies the interface with the router. For example, some
implementations may be able to use the MIB-II IfIndex ([Ref3]) as
Interface ID. The Interface ID appears in Hello packets sent out
the interface, the link-local-LSA originated by router for the
attached link, and the router-LSA originated by the router-LSA for
the associated area. It will also serve as the Link State ID for
the network-LSA that the router will originate for the link if the
router is elected Designated Router.
Instance ID
Every interface is assigned an Instance ID. This should default to
0, and is only necessary to assign differently on those links that
will contain multiple separate communities of OSPF Routers. For
example, suppose that there are two communities of routers on a
given ethernet segment that you wish to keep separate.
The first community is given an Instance ID of 0, by assigning 0
as the Instance ID of all its routers' interfaces to the ethernet.
An Instance ID of 1 is assigned to the other routers' interfaces
to the ethernet. The OSPF transmit and receive processing (see
Section 3.2) will then keep the two communities separate.
List of LSAs with link-local scope
All LSAs with link-local scope and which were originated/flooded
on the link belong to the interface structure which connects to
the link. This includes the collection of the link's link-LSAs.
List of LSAs with unknown LS type
All LSAs with unknown LS type and U-bit set to 0 (if unrecognized,
treat the LSA as if it had link-local flooding scope) are kept in
the data structure for the interface that received the LSA.
IP interface address
For IPv6, the IPv6 address appearing in the source of OSPF packets
sent out the interface is almost always a link-local address. The
one exception is for virtual links, which must use one of the
router's own site-local or global IPv6 addresses as IP interface
address.
List of link prefixes
A list of IPv6 prefixes can be configured for the attached link.
These will be advertised by the router in link-LSAs, so that they
can be advertised by the link's Designated Router in intra-area-
prefix-LSAs.
In OSPF for IPv6, each router interface has a single metric,
representing the cost of sending packets out the interface. In
addition, OSPF for IPv6 relies on the IP Authentication Header (see
[Ref19]) and the IP Encapsulating Security Payload (see [Ref20]) to
ensure integrity and authentication/confidentiality of routing
exchanges. For that reason, AuType and Authentication key are not
associated with IPv6 OSPF interfaces.
Interface states, events, and the interface state machine remain
unchanged from IPv4, and are documented in Sections 9.1, 9.2 and 9.3
of [Ref1] respectively. The Designated Router and Backup Designated
Router election algorithm also remains unchanged from the IPv4
election in Section 9.4 of [Ref1].
3.1.3. The Neighbor Data Structure
The neighbor structure performs the same function in both IPv6 and
IPv4. Namely, it collects all information required to form an
adjacency between two routers, if an adjacency becomes necessary.
Each neighbor structure is bound to a single OSPF interface. The
differences between the IPv6 neighbor structure and the neighbor
structure defined for IPv4 in Section 10 of [Ref1] are:
Neighbor's Interface ID
The Interface ID that the neighbor advertises in its Hello Packets
must be recorded in the neighbor structure. The router will
include the neighbor's Interface ID in the router's router-LSA
when either a) advertising a point-to-point link to the neighbor
or b) advertising a link to a network where the neighbor has
become Designated Router.
Neighbor IP address
Except on virtual links, the neighbor's IP address will be an IPv6
link-local address.
Neighbor's Designated Router
The neighbor's choice of Designated Router is now encoded as a
Router ID, instead of as an IP address.
Neighbor's Backup Designated Router
The neighbor's choice of Designated Router is now encoded as a
Router ID, instead of as an IP address.
Neighbor states, events, and the neighbor state machine remain
unchanged from IPv4, and are documented in Sections 10.1, 10.2 and
10.3 of [Ref1] respectively. The decision as to which adjacencies to
form also remains unchanged from the IPv4 logic documented in Section
10.4 of [Ref1].
3.2. Protocol Packet Processing
OSPF for IPv6 runs directly over IPv6's network layer. As such, it is
encapsulated in one or more IPv6 headers, with the Next Header field
of the immediately encapsulating IPv6 header set to the value 89.
As for IPv4, in IPv6 OSPF routing protocol packets are sent along
adjacencies only (with the exception of Hello packets, which are used
to discover the adjacencies). OSPF packet types and functions are the
same in both IPv4 and IPv4, encoded by the
Type field of the standard OSPF packet header.
3.2.1. Sending protocol packets
When an IPv6 router sends an OSPF routing protocol packet, it fills
in the fields of the standard OSPF for IPv6 packet header (see
Section A.3.1) as follows:
Version #
Set to 3, the version number of the protocol as documented in this
specification.
Type
The type of OSPF packet, such as Link state Update or Hello
Packet.
Packet length
The length of the entire OSPF packet in bytes, including the
standard OSPF packet header.
Router ID
The identity of the router itself (who is originating the packet).
Area ID
The OSPF area that the packet is being sent into.
Instance ID
The OSPF Instance ID associated with the interface that the packet
is being sent out of.
Checksum
The standard IPv6 16-bit one's complement checksum, covering the
entire OSPF packet and prepended IPv6 pseudo-header (see Section
A.3.1).
Selection of OSPF routing protocol packets' IPv6 source and
destination addresses is performed identically to the IPv4 logic in
Section 8.1 of [Ref1]. The IPv6 destination address is chosen from
among the addresses AllSPFRouters, AllDRouters and the Neighbor IP
address associated with the other end of the adjacency (which in
IPv6, for all links except virtual links, is an IPv6 link-local
address).
The sending of Link State Request Packets and Link State
Acknowledgment Packets remains unchanged from the IPv4 procedures
documented in Sections 10.9 and 13.5 of [Ref1] respectively. Sending
Hello Packets is documented in Section 3.2.1.1, and the sending of
Database Description Packets in Section 3.2.1.2. The sending of Link
State Update Packets is documented in Section 3.5.2.
3.2.1.1. Sending Hello packets
IPv6 changes the way OSPF Hello packets are sent in the following
ways (compare to Section 9.5 of [Ref1]):
o Before the Hello Packet is sent out an interface, the interface's
Interface ID must be copied into the Hello Packet.
o The Hello Packet no longer contains an IP network mask, as OSPF
for IPv6 runs per-link instead of per-subnet.
o The choice of Designated Router and Backup Designated Router are
now indicated within Hellos by their Router IDs, instead of by
their IP interface addresses. Advertising the Designated
Router (or Backup Designated Router) as 0.0.0.0 indicates that the
Designated Router (or Backup Designated Router) has not yet been
chosen.
o The Options field within Hello packets has moved around, getting
larger in the process. More options bits are now possible. Those
that must be set correctly in Hello packets are: The E-bit is set
if and only if the interface attaches to a non-stub area, the N-
bit is set if and only if the interface attaches to an NSSA area
(see [Ref9]), and the DC- bit is set if and only if the router
wishes to suppress the sending of future Hellos over the interface
(see [Ref11]). Unrecognized bits in the Hello Packet's Options
field should be cleared.
Sending Hello packets on NBMA networks proceeds for IPv6 in exactly
the same way as for IPv4, as documented in Section 9.5.1 of [Ref1].
3.2.1.2. Sending Database Description Packets
The sending of Database Description packets differs from Section 10.8
of [Ref1] in the following ways:
o The Options field within Database Description packets has moved
around, getting larger in the process. More options bits are now
possible. Those that must be set correctly in Database Description
packets are: The MC-bit is set if and only if the router is
forwarding multicast datagrams according to the MOSPF
specification in [Ref7], and the DC-bit is set if and only if the
router wishes to suppress the sending of Hellos over the interface
(see [Ref11]). Unrecognized bits in the Database Description
Packet's Options field should be cleared.
3.2.2. Receiving protocol packets
Whenever an OSPF protocol packet is received by the router it is
marked with the interface it was received on. For routers that have
virtual links configured, it may not be immediately obvious which
interface to associate the packet with. For example, consider the
Router RT11 depicted in Figure 6 of [Ref1]. If RT11 receives an OSPF
protocol packet on its interface to Network N8, it may want to
associate the packet with the interface to Area 2, or with the
virtual link to Router RT10 (which is part of the backbone). In
the following, we assume that the packet is initially associated with
the non-virtual link.
In order for the packet to be passed to OSPF for processing, the
following tests must be performed on the encapsulating IPv6 headers:
o The packet's IP destination address must be one of the IPv6
unicast addresses associated with the receiving interface (this
includes link-local addresses), or one of the IP multicast
addresses AllSPFRouters or AllDRouters.
o The Next Header field of the immediately encapsulating IPv6 header
must specify the OSPF protocol (89).
o Any encapsulating IP Authentication Headers (see [Ref19]) and the
IP Encapsulating Security Payloads (see [Ref20]) must be processed
and/or verified to ensure integrity and
authentication/confidentiality of OSPF routing exchanges.
o Locally originated packets should not be passed on to OSPF. That
is, the source IPv6 address should be examined to make sure this
is not a multicast packet that the router itself generated.
After processing the encapsulating IPv6 headers, the OSPF packet
header is processed. The fields specified in the header must match
those configured for the receiving interface. If they do not, the
packet should be discarded:
o The version number field must specify protocol version 3.
o The standard IPv6 16-bit one's complement checksum, covering the
entire OSPF packet and prepended IPv6 pseudo-header, must be
verified (see Section A.3.1).
o The Area ID found in the OSPF header must be verified. If both of
the following cases fail, the packet should be discarded. The
Area ID specified in the header must either:
(1) Match the Area ID of the receiving interface. In
this case, unlike for IPv4, the IPv6 source
address is not restricted to lie on the same IP
subnet as the receiving interface. IPv6 OSPF runs
per-link, instead of per-IP-subnet.
(2) Indicate the backbone. In this case, the packet
has been sent over a virtual link. The receiving
router must be an area border router, and the
Router ID specified in the packet (the source
router) must be the other end of a configured
virtual link. The receiving interface must also
attach to the virtual link's configured Transit
area. If all of these checks succeed, the packet
is accepted and is from now on associated with
the virtual link (and the backbone area).
o The Instance ID specified in the OSPF header must match the
receiving interface's Instance ID.
o Packets whose IP destination is AllDRouters should only be
accepted if the state of the receiving interface is DR or Backup
(see Section 9.1).
After header processing, the packet is further processed according to
its OSPF packet type. OSPF packet types and functions are the same
for both IPv4 and IPv6.
If the packet type is Hello, it should then be further processed by
the Hello Protocol. All other packet types are sent/received only on
adjacencies. This means that the packet must have been sent by one
of the router's active neighbors. The neighbor is identified by the
Router ID appearing the the received packet's OSPF header. Packets
not matching any active neighbor are discarded.
The receive processing of Database Description Packets, Link State
Request Packets and Link State Acknowledgment Packets remains
unchanged from the IPv4 procedures documented in Sections 10.6, 10.7
and 13.7 of [Ref1] respectively. The receiving of Hello Packets is
documented in Section 3.2.2.1, and the receiving of Link State Update
Packets is documented in Section 3.5.1.
3.2.2.1. Receiving Hello Packets
The receive processing of Hello Packets differs from Section 10.5 of
[Ref1] in the following ways:
o On all link types (e.g., broadcast, NBMA, point-to- point, etc),
neighbors are identified solely by their OSPF Router ID. For all
link types except virtual links, the Neighbor IP address is set to
the IPv6 source address in the IPv6 header of the received OSPF
Hello packet.
o There is no longer a Network Mask field in the Hello Packet.
o The neighbor's choice of Designated Router and Backup Designated
Router is now encoded as an OSPF Router ID instead of an IP
interface address.
3.3. The Routing table Structure
The routing table used by OSPF for IPv4 is defined in Section 11 of
[Ref1]. For IPv6 there are analogous routing table entries: there are
routing table entries for IPv6 address prefixes, and also for AS
boundary routers. The latter routing table entries are only used to
hold intermediate results during the routing table build process (see
Section 3.8).
Also, to hold the intermediate results during the shortest-path
calculation for each area, there is a separate routing table for each
area holding the following entries:
o An entry for each router in the area. Routers are identified by
their OSPF router ID. These routing table entries hold the set of
shortest paths through a given area to a given router, which in
turn allows calculation of paths to the IPv6 prefixes advertised
by that router in Intra-area-prefix-LSAs. If the router is also an
area-border router, these entries are also used to calculate paths
for inter-area address prefixes. If in addition the router is the
other endpoint of a virtual link, the routing table entry
describes the cost and viability of the virtual link.
o An entry for each transit link in the area. Transit links have
associated network-LSAs. Both the transit link and the network-LSA
are identified by a combination of the Designated Router's
Interface ID on the link and the Designated Router's OSPF Router
ID. These routing table entries allow later calculation of paths
to IP prefixes advertised for the transit link in intra-area-
prefix-LSAs.
The fields in the IPv4 OSPF routing table (see Section 11 of [Ref1])
remain valid for IPv6: Optional capabilities (routers only), path
type, cost, type 2 cost, link state origin, and for each of the equal
cost paths to the destination, the next hop and advertising router.
For IPv6, the link-state origin field in the routing table entry is
the router-LSA or network-LSA that has directly or indirectly
produced the routing table entry. For example, if the routing table
entry describes a route to an IPv6 prefix, the link state origin is
the router-LSA or network-LSA that is listed in the body of the
intra-area-prefix-LSA that has produced the route (see Section
A.4.9).
3.3.1. Routing table lookup
Routing table lookup (i.e., determining the best matching routing
table entry during IP forwarding) is the same for IPv6 as for IPv4.
3.4. Link State Advertisements
For IPv6, the OSPF LSA header has changed slightly, with the LS type
field expanding and the Options field being moved into the body of
appropriate LSAs. Also, the formats of some LSAs have changed
somewhat (namely router-LSAs, network-LSAs and AS-external-LSAs),
while the names of other LSAs have been changed (type 3 and 4
summary-LSAs are now inter-area-prefix-LSAs and inter-area-router-
LSAs respectively) and additional LSAs have been added (Link-LSAs and
Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs). Type of Service (TOS) has been removed from
the OSPFv2 specification [Ref1], and is not encoded within OSPF for
IPv6's LSAs.
These changes will be described in detail in the following
subsections.
3.4.1. The LSA Header
In both IPv4 and IPv6, all OSPF LSAs begin with a standard 20 byte
LSA header. However, the contents of this 20 byte header have changed
in IPv6. The LS age, Advertising Router, LS Sequence Number, LS
checksum and length fields within the LSA header remain unchanged, as
documented in Sections 12.1.1, 12.1.5, 12.1.6, 12.1.7 and A.4.1 of
[Ref1] respectively. However, the following fields have changed for
IPv6:
Options
The Options field has been removed from the standard 20 byte LSA
header, and into the body of router-LSAs, network-LSAs, inter-
area-router-LSAs and link-LSAs. The size of the Options field has
increased from 8 to 24 bits, and some of the bit definitions have
changed (see Section A.2). In addition a separate PrefixOptions
field, 8 bits in length, is attached to each prefix advertised
within the body of an LSA.
LS type
The size of the LS type field has increased from 8 to 16 bits,
with the top two bits encoding flooding scope and the next bit
encoding the handling of unknown LS types. See Section A.4.2.1
for the current coding of the LS type field.
Link State ID
Link State ID remains at 32 bits in length, but except for
network-LSAs and link-LSAs, Link State ID has shed any addressing
semantics. For example, an IPv6 router originating multiple AS-
external-LSAs could start by assigning the first a Link State ID
of 0.0.0.1, the second a Link State ID of 0.0.0.2, and so on.
Instead of the IPv4 behavior of encoding the network number within
the AS-external-LSA's Link State ID, the IPv6 Link State ID simply
serves as a way to differentiate multiple LSAs originated by the
same router.
For network-LSAs, the Link State ID is set to the Designated
Router's Interface ID on the link. When a router originates a
Link-LSA for a given link, its Link State ID is set equal to the
router's Interface ID on the link.
3.4.2. The link-state database
In IPv6, as in IPv4, individual LSAs are identified by a combination
of their LS type, Link State ID and Advertising Router fields. Given
two instances of an LSA, the most recent instance is determined by
examining the LSAs' LS Sequence Number, using LS checksum and LS age
as tiebreakers (see Section 13.1 of [Ref1]).
In IPv6, the link-state database is split across three separate data
structures. LSAs with AS flooding scope are contained within the
top-level OSPF data structure (see Section 3.1) as long as either
their LS type is known or their U-bit is 1 (flood even when
unrecognized); this includes the AS-external-LSAs. LSAs with area
flooding scope are contained within the appropriate area structure
(see Section 3.1.1) as long as either their LS type is known or their
U-bit is 1 (flood even when unrecognized); this includes router-LSAs,
network-LSAs, inter-area-prefix-LSAs, inter-area-router-LSAs, and
intra-area-prefix-LSAs. LSAs with unknown LS type and U-bit set to 0
and/or link-local flooding scope are contained within the appropriate
interface structure (see Section 3.1.2); this includes link-LSAs.
To lookup or install an LSA in the database, you first examine the LS
type and the LSA's context (i.e., to which area or link does the LSA
belong). This information allows you to find the correct list of
LSAs, all of the same LS type, where you then search based on the
LSA's Link State ID and Advertising Router.
3.4.3. Originating LSAs
The process of reoriginating an LSA in IPv6 is the same as in IPv4:
the LSA's LS sequence number is incremented, its LS age is set to 0,
its LS checksum is calculated, and the LSA is added to the link state
database and flooded out the appropriate interfaces.
To the list of events causing LSAs to be reoriginated, which for IPv4
is given in Section 12.4 of [Ref1], the following events and/or
actions are added for IPv6:
o The state of one of the router's interfaces changes. The router
may need to (re)originate or flush its Link-LSA and one or more
router-LSAs and/or intra-area-prefix-LSAs.
o The identity of a link's Designated Router changes. The router may
need to (re)originate or flush the link's network-LSA and one or
more router-LSAs and/or intra-area-prefix-LSAs.
o A neighbor transitions to/from "Full" state. The router may need
to (re)originate or flush the link's network-LSA and one or more
router-LSAs and/or intra-area-prefix-LSAs.
o The Interface ID of a neighbor changes. This may cause a new
instance of a router-LSA to be originated for the associated area,
and the reorigination of one or more intra-area-prefix-LSAs.
o A new prefix is added to an attached link, or a prefix is deleted
(both through configuration). This causes the router to
reoriginate its link-LSA for the link, or, if it is the only
router attached to the link, causes the router to reoriginate an
intra-area-prefix-LSA.
o A new link-LSA is received, causing the link's collection of
prefixes to change. If the router is Designated Router for the
link, it originates a new intra-area-prefix-LSA.
Detailed construction of the seven required IPv6 LSA types is
supplied by the following subsections. In order to display example
LSAs, the network map in Figure 15 of [Ref1] has been reworked to
show IPv6 addressing, resulting in Figure 1. The OSPF cost of each
interface is has been displayed in Figure 1. The assignment of IPv6
prefixes to network links is shown in Table 1. A single area address
range has been configured for Area 1, so that outside of Area 1 all
of its prefixes are covered by a single route to 5f00:0000:c001::/48.
The OSPF interface IDs and the link-local addresses for the router
interfaces in Figure 1 are given in Table 2.
..........................................
. Area 1.
. + .
. | .
. | 3+---+1 .
. N1 |--|RT1|-----+ .
. | +---+ \ .
. | \ ______ .
. + \/ \ 1+---+
. * N3 *------|RT4|------
. + /\_______/ +---+
. | / | .
. | 3+---+1 / | .
. N2 |--|RT2|-----+ 1| .
. | +---+ +---+ .
. | |RT3|----------------
. + +---+ .
. |2 .
. | .
. +------------+ .
. N4 .
..........................................
Figure 1: Area 1 with IP addresses shown
Network IPv6 prefix
-----------------------------------
N1 5f00:0000:c001:0200::/56
N2 5f00:0000:c001:0300::/56
N3 5f00:0000:c001:0100::/56
N4 5f00:0000:c001:0400::/56
Table 1: IPv6 link prefixes for sample network
Router interface Interface ID link-local address
-------------------------------------------------------
RT1 to N1 1 fe80:0001::RT1
to N3 2 fe80:0002::RT1
RT2 to N2 1 fe80:0001::RT2
to N3 2 fe80:0002::RT2
RT3 to N3 1 fe80:0001::RT3
to N4 2 fe80:0002::RT3
RT4 to N3 1 fe80:0001::RT4
Table 2: OSPF Interface IDs and link-local addresses
3.4.3.1. Router-LSAs
The LS type of a router-LSA is set to the value 0x2001. Router-LSAs
have area flooding scope. A router may originate one or more router-
LSAs for a given area. Each router-LSA contains an integral number of
interface descriptions; taken together, the collection of router-LSAs
originated by the router for an area describes the collected states
of all the router's interfaces to the area. When multiple router-LSAs
are used, they are distinguished by their Link State ID fields.
The Options field in the router-LSA should be coded as follows. The
V6-bit should be set. The E-bit should be clear if and only if the
attached area is an OSPF stub area. The MC-bit should be set if and
only if the router is running MOSPF (see [Ref8]). The N-bit should be
set if and only if the attached area is an OSPF NSSA area. The R-bit
should be set. The DC-bit should be set if and only if the router can
correctly process the DoNotAge bit when it appears in the LS age
field of LSAs (see [Ref11]). All unrecognized bits in the Options
field should be cleared
To the left of the Options field, the router capability bits V, E and
B should be coded according to Section 12.4.1 of [Ref1]. Bit W should
be coded according to [Ref8].
Each of the router's interfaces to the area are then described by
appending "link descriptions" to the router-LSA. Each link
description is 16 bytes long, consisting of 5 fields: (link) Type,
Metric, Interface ID, Neighbor Interface ID and Neighbor Router ID
(see Section A.4.3). Interfaces in state "Down" or "Loopback" are not
described (although looped back interfaces can contribute prefixes to
Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs). Nor are interfaces without any full
adjacencies described. All other interfaces to the area add zero, one
or more link descriptions, the number and content of which depend on
the interface type. Within each link description, the Metric field is
always set the interface's output cost and the Interface ID field is
set to the interface's OSPF Interface ID.
Point-to-point interfaces
If the neighboring router is fully adjacent, add a Type 1 link
description (point-to-point). The Neighbor Interface ID field is
set to the Interface ID advertised by the neighbor in its Hello
packets, and the Neighbor Router ID field is set to the neighbor's
Router ID.
Broadcast and NBMA interfaces
If the router is fully adjacent to the link's Designated Router,
or if the router itself is Designated Router and is fully adjacent
to at least one other router, add a single Type 2 link description
(transit network). The Neighbor Interface ID field is set to the
Interface ID advertised by the Designated Router in its Hello
packets, and the Neighbor Router ID field is set to the Designated
Router's Router ID.
Virtual links
If the neighboring router is fully adjacent, add a Type 4 link
description (virtual). The Neighbor Interface ID field is set to
the Interface ID advertised by the neighbor in its Hello packets,
and the Neighbor Router ID field is set to the neighbor's Router
ID. Note that the output cost of a virtual link is calculated
during the routing table calculation (see Section 3.7).
Point-to-MultiPoint interfaces
For each fully adjacent neighbor associated with the interface,
add a separate Type 1 link description (point-to-point) with
Neighbor Interface ID field set to the Interface ID advertised by
the neighbor in its Hello packets, and Neighbor Router ID field
set to the neighbor's Router ID.
As an example, consider the router-LSA that router RT3 would
originate for Area 1 in Figure 1. Only a single interface must be
described, namely that which connects to the transit network N3. It
assumes that RT4 has been elected Designated Router of Network N3.
; RT3's router-LSA for Area 1
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x2001 ;router-LSA
Link State ID = 0 ;first fragment
Advertising Router = 192.1.1.3 ;RT3's Router ID
bit E = 0 ;not an AS boundary router
bit B = 1 ;area border router
Options = (V6-bit|E-bit|R-bit)
Type = 2 ;connects to N3
Metric = 1 ;cost to N3
Interface ID = 1 ;RT3's Interface ID on N3
Neighbor Interface ID = 1 ;RT4's Interface ID on N3
Neighbor Router ID = 192.1.1.4 ; RT4's Router ID
If for example another router was added to Network N4, RT3 would have
to advertise a second link description for its connection to (the now
transit) network N4. This could be accomplished by reoriginating the
above router-LSA, this time with two link descriptions. Or, a
separate router-LSA could be originated with a separate Link State ID
(e.g., using a Link State ID of 1) to describe the connection to N4.
Host routes no longer appear in the router-LSA, but are instead
included in intra-area-prefix-LSAs.
3.4.3.2. Network-LSAs
The LS type of a network-LSA is set to the value 0x2002. Network-
LSAs have area flooding scope. A network-LSA is originated for every
broadcast or NBMA link having two or more attached routers, by the
link's Designated Router. The network-LSA lists all routers attached
to the link.
The procedure for originating network-LSAs in IPv6 is the same as the
IPv4 procedure documented in Section 12.4.2 of [Ref1], with the
following exceptions:
o An IPv6 network-LSA's Link State ID is set to the Interface ID of
the Designated Router on the link.
o IPv6 network-LSAs do not contain a Network Mask. All addressing
information formerly contained in the IPv4 network-LSA has now
been consigned to intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs.
o The Options field in the network-LSA is set to the logical OR of
the Options fields contained within the link's associated link-
LSAs. In this way, the network link exhibits a capability when at
least one of the link's routers requests that the capability be
asserted.
As an example, assuming that Router RT4 has been elected Designated
Router of Network N3 in Figure 1, the following network-LSA is
originated:
; Network-LSA for Network N3
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x2002 ;network-LSA
Link State ID = 1 ;RT4's Interface ID on N3
Advertising Router = 192.1.1.4 ;RT4's Router ID
Options = (V6-bit|E-bit|R-bit)
Attached Router = 192.1.1.4 ;Router ID
Attached Router = 192.1.1.1 ;Router ID
Attached Router = 192.1.1.2 ;Router ID
Attached Router = 192.1.1.3 ;Router ID
3.4.3.3. Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs
The LS type of an inter-area-prefix-LSA is set to the value 0x2003.
Inter-area-prefix-LSAs have area flooding scope. In IPv4, inter-
area-prefix-LSAs were called type 3 summary-LSAs. Each inter-area-
prefix-LSA describes a prefix external to the area, yet internal to
the Autonomous System.
The procedure for originating inter-area-prefix-LSAs in IPv6 is the
same as the IPv4 procedure documented in Sections 12.4.3 and 12.4.3.1
of [Ref1], with the following exceptions:
o The Link State ID of an inter-area-prefix-LSA has lost all of its
addressing semantics, and instead simply serves to distinguish
multiple inter-area-prefix-LSAs that are originated by the same
router.
o The prefix is described by the PrefixLength, PrefixOptions and
Address Prefix fields embedded within the LSA body. Network Mask
is no longer specified.
o The NU-bit in the PrefixOptions field should be clear. The coding
of the MC-bit depends upon whether, and if so how, MOSPF is
operating in the routing domain (see [Ref8]).
o Link-local addresses must never be advertised in inter-area-
prefix-LSAs.
As an example, the following shows the inter-area-prefix-LSA that
Router RT4 originates into the OSPF backbone area, condensing all
of Area 1's prefixes into the single prefix 5f00:0000:c001::/48.
The cost is set to 4, which is the maximum cost to all of the
prefix' individual components. The prefix is padded out to an even
number of 32-bit words, so that it consumes 64-bits of space
instead of 48 bits.
; Inter-area-prefix-LSA for Area 1 addresses
; originated by Router RT4 into the backbone
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x2003 ;inter-area-prefix-LSA
Advertising Router = 192.1.1.4 ;RT4's ID
Metric = 4 ;maximum to components
PrefixLength = 48
PrefixOptions = 0
Address Prefix = 5f00:0000:c001 ;padded to 64-bits
3.4.3.4. Inter-Area-Router-LSAs
The LS type of an inter-area-router-LSA is set to the value
0x2004. Inter-area-router-LSAs have area flooding scope. In IPv4,
inter-area-router-LSAs were called type 4 summary-LSAs. Each
inter-area-router-LSA describes a path to a destination OSPF
router (an ASBR) that is external to the area, yet internal to the
Autonomous System.
The procedure for originating inter-area-router-LSAs in IPv6 is
the same as the IPv4 procedure documented in Section 12.4.3 of
[Ref1], with the following exceptions:
o The Link State ID of an inter-area-router-LSA is no longer the
destination router's OSPF Router ID, but instead simply serves to
distinguish multiple inter-area-router-LSAs that are originated by
the same router. The destination router's Router ID is now found
in the body of the LSA.
o The Options field in an inter-area-router-LSA should be set equal
to the Options field contained in the destination router's own
router-LSA. The Options field thus describes the capabilities
supported by the destination router.
As an example, consider the OSPF Autonomous System depicted in Figure
6 of [Ref1]. Router RT4 would originate into Area 1 the following
inter-area-router-LSA for destination router RT7.
; inter-area-router-LSA for AS boundary router RT7
; originated by Router RT4 into Area 1
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x2004 ;inter-area-router-LSA
Advertising Router = 192.1.1.4 ;RT4's ID
Options = (V6-bit|E-bit|R-bit) ;RT7's capabilities
Metric = 14 ;cost to RT7
Destination Router ID = Router RT7's ID
3.4.3.5. AS-external-LSAs
The LS type of an AS-external-LSA is set to the value 0x4005. AS-
external-LSAs have AS flooding scope. Each AS-external-LSA describes
a path to a prefix external to the Autonomous System.
The procedure for originating AS-external-LSAs in IPv6 is the same as
the IPv4 procedure documented in Section 12.4.4 of [Ref1], with the
following exceptions:
o The Link State ID of an AS-external-LSA has lost all of its
addressing semantics, and instead simply serves to distinguish
multiple AS-external-LSAs that are originated by the same router.
o The prefix is described by the PrefixLength, PrefixOptions and
Address Prefix fields embedded within the LSA body. Network Mask
is no longer specified.
o The NU-bit in the PrefixOptions field should be clear. The coding
of the MC-bit depends upon whether, and if so how, MOSPF is
operating in the routing domain (see [Ref8]).
o Link-local addresses can never be advertised in AS-external-LSAs.
o The forwarding address is present in the AS-external-LSA if and
only if the AS-external-LSA's bit F is set.
o The external route tag is present in the AS-external-LSA if and
only if the AS-external-LSA's bit T is set.
o The capability for an AS-external-LSA to reference another LSA has
been included, by inclusion of the Referenced LS Type field and
the optional Referenced Link State ID field (the latter present if
and only if Referenced LS Type is non-zero). This capability is
for future use; for now Referenced LS Type should be set to 0 and
received non-zero values for this field should be ignored.
As an example, consider the OSPF Autonomous System depicted in Figure
6 of [Ref1]. Assume that RT7 has learned its route to N12 via BGP,
and that it wishes to advertise a Type 2 metric into the AS. Further
assume the the IPv6 prefix for N12 is the value 5f00:0000:0a00::/40.
RT7 would then originate the following AS-external-LSA for the
external network N12. Note that within the AS-external-LSA, N12's
prefix occupies 64 bits of space, to maintain 32-bit alignment.
; AS-external-LSA for Network N12,
; originated by Router RT7
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x4005 ;AS-external-LSA
Link State ID = 123 ;or something else
Advertising Router = Router RT7's ID
bit E = 1 ;Type 2 metric
bit F = 0 ;no forwarding address
bit T = 1 ;external route tag included
Metric = 2
PrefixLength = 40
PrefixOptions = 0
Referenced LS Type = 0 ;no Referenced Link State ID
Address Prefix = 5f00:0000:0a00 ;padded to 64-bits
External Route Tag = as per BGP/OSPF interaction
3.4.3.6. Link-LSAs
The LS type of a Link-LSA is set to the value 0x0008. Link-LSAs have
link-local flooding scope. A router originates a separate Link-LSA
for each attached link that supports 2 or more (including the
originating router itself) routers.
Link-LSAs have three purposes: 1) they provide the router's link-
local address to all other routers attached to the link and 2) they
inform other routers attached to the link of a list of IPv6 prefixes
to associate with the link and 3) they allow the router to assert a
collection of Options bits in the Network-LSA that will be originated
for the link.
A Link-LSA for a given Link L is built in the following fashion:
o The Link State ID is set to the router's Interface ID on Link L.
o The Router Priority of the router's interface to Link L is
inserted into the Link-LSA.
o The Link-LSA's Options field is set to those bits that the router
wishes set in Link L's Network LSA.
o The router inserts its link-local address on Link L into the
Link-LSA. This information will be used when the other routers on
Link L do their next hop calculations (see Section 3.8.1.1).
o Each IPv6 address prefix that has been configured into the router
for Link L is added to the Link-LSA, by specifying values for
PrefixLength, PrefixOptions, and Address Prefix fields.
After building a Link-LSA for a given link, the router installs the
link-LSA into the associate interface data structure and floods the
Link-LSA onto the link. All other routers on the link will receive
the Link-LSA, but it will go no further.
As an example, consider the Link-LSA that RT3 will build for N3 in
Figure 1. Suppose that the prefix 5f00:0000:c001:0100::/56 has been
configured within RT3 for N3. This will give rise to the following
Link-LSA, which RT3 will flood onto N3, but nowhere else. Note that
not all routers on N3 need be configured with the prefix; those not
configured will learn the prefix when receiving RT3's Link-LSA.
; RT3's Link-LSA for N3
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x0008 ;Link-LSA
Link State ID = 1 ;RT3's Interface ID on N3
Advertising Router = 192.1.1.3 ;RT3's Router ID
Rtr Pri = 1 ;RT3's N3 Router Priority
Options = (V6-bit|E-bit|R-bit)
Link-local Interface Address = fe80:0001::RT3
# prefixes = 1
PrefixLength = 56
PrefixOptions = 0
Address Prefix = 5f00:0000:c001:0100 ;pad to 64-bits
3.4.3.7. Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs
The LS type of an intra-area-prefix-LSA is set to the value 0x2009.
Intra-area-prefix-LSAs have area flooding scope. An intra-area-
prefix-LSA has one of two functions. It associates a list of IPv6
address prefixes with a transit network link by referencing a
network- LSA, or associates a list of IPv6 address prefixes with a
router by referencing a router-LSA. A stub link's prefixes are
associated with its attached router.
A router may originate multiple intra-area-prefix-LSAs for a given
area, distinguished by their Link State ID fields. Each intra-area-
prefix-LSA contains an integral number of prefix descriptions.
A link's Designated Router originates one or more intra-area-prefix-
LSAs to advertise the link's prefixes throughout the area. For a link
L, L's Designated Router builds an intra-area-prefix-LSA in the
following fashion:
o In order to indicate that the prefixes are to be associated with
the Link L, the fields Referenced LS type, Referenced Link State
ID, and Referenced
Advertising Router are set to the corresponding fields in Link L's
network-LSA (namely LS type, Link State ID, and Advertising Router
respectively). This means that Referenced LS Type is set to
0x2002, Referenced Link State ID is set to the Designated Router's
Interface ID on Link L, and Referenced Advertising Router is set
to the Designated Router's Router ID.
o Each Link-LSA associated with Link L is examined (these are in the
Designated Router's interface structure for Link L). If the Link-
LSA's Advertising Router is fully adjacent to the Designated
Router, the list of prefixes in the Link-LSA is copied into the
intra-area-prefix-LSA that is being built. Prefixes having the
NU-bit and/or LA-bit set in their Options field should not be
copied, nor should link-local addresses be copied. Each prefix is
described by the PrefixLength, PrefixOptions, and Address Prefix
fields. Multiple prefixes having the same PrefixLength and Address
Prefix are considered to be duplicates; in this case their Prefix
Options fields should be merged by logically OR'ing the fields
together, and a single resulting prefix should be copied into the
intra-area-prefix-LSA. The Metric field for all prefixes is set to
0.
o The "# prefixes" field is set to the number of prefixes that the
router has copied into the LSA. If necessary, the list of prefixes
can be spread across multiple intra-area-prefix-LSAs in order to
keep the LSA size small.
A router builds an intra-area-prefix-LSA to advertise its own
prefixes, and those of its attached stub links. A Router RTX
would build its intra-area-prefix-LSA in the following fashion:
o In order to indicate that the prefixes are to be associated with
the Router RTX itself, RTX sets Referenced LS type to 0x2001,
Referenced Link State ID to 0, and Referenced Advertising Router
to RTX's own Router ID.
o Router RTX examines its list of interfaces to the area. If the
interface is in state Down, its prefixes are not included. If the
interface has been reported in RTX's router-LSA as a Type 2 link
description (link to transit network), its prefixes are not
included (they will be included in the intra-area-prefix-LSA for
the link instead). If the interface type is Point-to-MultiPoint,
or the interface is in state Loopback, or the interface connects
to a point-to-point link which has not been assigned a prefix,
then the site-local and global scope IPv6 addresses associated
with the interface (if any) are copied into the intra-area-
prefix-LSA, setting the LA-bit in the PrefixOptions field, and
setting the PrefixLength to 128 and the Metric to 0. Otherwise,
the list of site-local and global prefixes configured in RTX for
the link are copied into the intra-area-prefix-LSA by specifying
the PrefixLength, PrefixOptions, and Address Prefix fields. The
Metric field for each of these prefixes is set to the interface's
output cost.
o RTX adds the IPv6 prefixes for any directly attached hosts
belonging to the area (see Section C.7) to the intra-area-prefix-
LSA.
o If RTX has one or more virtual links configured through the area,
it includes one of its site-local or global scope IPv6 interface
addresses in the LSA (if it hasn't already), setting the LA-bit in
the PrefixOptions field, and setting the PrefixLength to 128 and
the Metric to 0. This information will be used later in the
routing calculation so that the two ends of the virtual link can
discover each other's IPv6 addresses.
o The "# prefixes" field is set to the number of prefixes that the
router has copied into the LSA. If necessary, the list of prefixes
can be spread across multiple intra-area-prefix-LSAs in order to
keep the LSA size small.
For example, the intra-area-prefix-LSA originated by RT4 for Network
N3 (assuming that RT4 is N3's Designated Router), and the intra-
area-prefix-LSA originated into Area 1 by Router RT3 for its own
prefixes, are pictured below.
; Intra-area-prefix-LSA
; for network link N3
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x2009 ;Intra-area-prefix-LSA
Link State ID = 5 ;or something
Advertising Router = 192.1.1.4 ;RT4's Router ID
# prefixes = 1
Referenced LS type = 0x2002 ;network-LSA reference
Referenced Link State ID = 1
Referenced Advertising Router = 192.1.1.4
PrefixLength = 56 ;N3's prefix
PrefixOptions = 0
Metric = 0
Address Prefix = 5f00:0000:c001:0100 ;pad
; RT3's Intra-area-prefix-LSA
; for its own prefixes
LS age = 0 ;newly (re)originated
LS type = 0x2009 ;Intra-area-prefix-LSA
Link State ID = 177 ;or something
Advertising Router = 192.1.1.3 ;RT3's Router ID
# prefixes = 1
Referenced LS type = 0x2001 ;router-LSA reference
Referenced Link State ID = 0
Referenced Advertising Router = 192.1.1.3
PrefixLength = 56 ;N4's prefix
PrefixOptions = 0
Metric = 2 ;N4 interface cost
Address Prefix = 5f00:0000:c001:0400 ;pad
When network conditions change, it may be necessary for a router to
move prefixes from one intra-area-prefix-LSA to another. For example,
if the router is Designated Router for a link but the link has no
other attached routers, the link's prefixes are advertised in an
intra-area-prefix-LSA referring to the Designated Router's router-
LSA. When additional routers appear on the link, a network-LSA is
originated for the link and the link's prefixes are moved to an
intra-area-prefix-LSA referring to the network-LSA.
Note that in the intra-area-prefix-LSA, the "Referenced Advertising
Router" is always equal to the router that is originating the intra-
area-prefix-LSA (i.e., the LSA's Advertising Router). The reason that
the Referenced Advertising Router field appears is that, even though
it is currently redundant, it may not be in the future. We may
sometime want to use the same LSA format to advertise address
prefixes for other protocol suites. In that event, the Designated
Router may not be running the other protocol suite, and so another of
the link's routers may need to send out the prefix-LSA. In that case,
"Referenced Advertising Router" and "Advertising Router" would be
different.
3.5. Flooding
Most of the flooding algorithm remains unchanged from the IPv4
flooding mechanisms described in Section 13 of [Ref1]. In particular,
the processes for determining which LSA instance is newer (Section
13.1 of [Ref1]), responding to updates of self-originated LSAs
(Section 13.4 of [Ref1]), sending Link State Acknowledgment packets
(Section 13.5 of [Ref1]), retransmitting LSAs (Section 13.6 of
[Ref1]) and receiving Link State Acknowledgment packets (Section 13.7
of [Ref1]) are exactly the same for IPv6 and IPv4.
However, the addition of flooding scope and handling options for
unrecognized LSA types (see Section A.4.2.1) has caused some changes
in the OSPF flooding algorithm: the reception of Link State Updates
(Section 13 in [Ref1]) and the sending of Link State Updates (Section
13.3 of [Ref1]) must take into account the LSA's scope and U-bit
setting. Also, installation of LSAs into the OSPF database (Section
13.2 of [Ref1]) causes different events in IPv6, due to the
reorganization of LSA types and contents in IPv6. These changes are
described in detail below.
3.5.1. Receiving Link State Update packets
The encoding of flooding scope in the LS type and the need to process
unknown LS types causes modifications to the processing of received
Link State Update packets. As in IPv4, each LSA in a received Link
State Update packet is examined. In IPv4, eight steps are executed
for each LSA, as described in Section 13 of [Ref1]. For IPv6, all the
steps are the same, except that Steps 2 and 3 are modified as
follows:
(2) Examine the LSA's LS type. If the LS type is
unknown, the area has been configured as a stub area,
and either the LSA's flooding scope is set to "AS
flooding scope" or the U-bit of the LS type is set to
1 (flood even when unrecognized), then discard the
LSA and get the next one from the Link State Update
Packet. This generalizes the IPv4 behavior where AS-
external-LSAs are not flooded into/throughout stub
areas.
(3) Else if the flooding scope of the LSA is set to
"reserved", discard the LSA and get the next one from
the Link State Update Packet.
Steps 5b (sending Link State Update packets) and 5d (installing LSAs
in the link state database) in Section 13 of [Ref1] are also somewhat
different for IPv6, as described in Sections 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 below.
3.5.2. Sending Link State Update packets
The sending of Link State Update packets is described in Section 13.3
of [Ref1]. For IPv4 and IPv6, the steps for sending a Link State
Update packet are the same (steps 1 through 5 of Section 13.3 in
[Ref1]). However, the list of eligible interfaces out which to flood
the LSA is different. For IPv6, the eligible interfaces are selected
based on the following factors:
o The LSA's flooding scope.
o For LSAs with area or link-local flooding scoping, the particular
area or interface that the LSA is associated with.
o Whether the LSA has a recognized LS type.
o The setting of the U-bit in the LS type. If the U-bit is set to 0,
unrecognized LS types are treated as having link-local scope. If
set to 1, unrecognized LS types are stored and flooded as if they
were recognized.
Choosing the set of eligible interfaces then breaks into the
following cases:
Case 1
The LSA's LS type is recognized. In this case, the set of eligible
interfaces is set depending on the flooding scope encoded in the
LS type. If the flooding scope is "AS flooding scope", the
eligible interfaces are all router interfaces excepting virtual
links. In addition, AS-external-LSAs are not flooded out
interfaces connecting to stub areas. If the flooding scope is
"area flooding scope", the set of eligible interfaces are those
interfaces connecting to the LSA's associated area. If the
flooding scope is "link-local flooding scope", then there is a
single eligible interface, the one connecting to the LSA's
associated link (which, when the LSA is received in a Link State
Update packet, is also the interface the LSA was received on).
Case 2
The LS type is unrecognized, and the U-bit in the LS Type is set
to 0 (treat the LSA as if it had link-local flooding scope). In
this case there is a single eligible interface, namely, the
interface on which the LSA was received.
Case 3
The LS type is unrecognized, and the U-bit in the LS Type is set
to 1 (store and flood the LSA, as if type understood). In this
case, select the eligible interfaces based on the encoded flooding
scope as in Case 1 above. However, in this case interfaces
attached to stub areas are always excluded.
A further decision must sometimes be made before adding an LSA to a
given neighbor's link-state retransmission list (Step 1d in Section
13.3 of [Ref1]). If the LS type is recognized by the router, but not
by the neighbor (as can be determined by examining the Options field
that the neighbor advertised in its Database Description packet) and
the LSA's U-bit is set to 0, then the LSA should be added to the
neighbor's link-state retransmission list if and only if that
neighbor is the Designated Router or Backup Designated Router for the
attached link. The LS types described in detail by this memo, namely
router-LSAs (LS type 0x2001), network-LSAs (0x2002), Inter-Area-
Prefix-LSAs (0x2003), Inter-Area-Router-LSAs (0x2004), AS-External-
LSAs (0x4005), Link-LSAs (0x0008) and Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs (0x2009)
are assumed to be understood by all routers. However, as an example
the group-membership-LSA (0x2006) is understood only by MOSPF routers
and since it has its U-bit set to 0, it should only be forwarded to a
non-MOSPF neighbor (determined by examining the MC-bit in the
neighbor's Database Description packets' Options field) when the
neighbor is Designated Router or Backup Designated Router for the
attached link.
The previous paragraph solves a problem in IPv4 OSPF extensions such
as MOSPF, which require that the Designated Router support the
extension in order to have the new LSA types flooded across broadcast
and NBMA networks (see Section 10.2 of [Ref8]).
3.5.3. Installing LSAs in the database
There are three separate places to store LSAs, depending on their
flooding scope. LSAs with AS flooding scope are stored in the global
OSPF data structure (see Section 3.1) as long as their LS type is
known or their U-bit is 1. LSAs with area flooding scope are stored
in the appropriate area data structure (see Section 3.1.1) as long as
their LS type is known or their U-bit is 1. LSAs with link-local
flooding scope, and those LSAs with unknown LS type and U-bit set to
0 (treat the LSA as if it had link-local flooding scope) are stored
in the appropriate interface structure.
When storing the LSA into the link-state database, a check must be
made to see whether the LSA's contents have changed. Changes in
contents are indicated exactly as in Section 13.2 of [Ref1]. When an
LSA's contents have been changed, the following parts of the routing
table must be recalculated, based on the LSA's LS type:
Router-LSAs, Network-LSAs, Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs and Link-LSAs
The entire routing table is recalculated, starting with the
shortest path calculation for each area (see Section 3.8).
Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs and Inter-Area-Router-LSAs
The best route to the destination described by the LSA must be
recalculated (see Section 16.5 in [Ref1]). If this destination is
an AS boundary router, it may also be necessary to re-examine all
the AS-external-LSAs.
AS-external-LSAs
The best route to the destination described by the AS-external-LSA
must be recalculated (see Section 16.6 in [Ref1]).
As in IPv4, any old instance of the LSA must be removed from the
database when the new LSA is installed. This old instance must also
be removed from all neighbors' Link state retransmission lists.
3.6. Definition of self-originated LSAs
In IPv6 the definition of a self-originated LSA has been simplified
from the IPv4 definition appearing in Sections 13.4 and 14.1 of
[Ref1]. For IPv6, self-originated LSAs are those LSAs whose
Advertising Router is equal to the router's own Router ID.
3.7. Virtual links
OSPF virtual links for IPv4 are described in Section 15 of [Ref1].
Virtual links are the same in IPv6, with the following exceptions:
o LSAs having AS flooding scope are never flooded over virtual
adjacencies, nor are LSAs with AS flooding scope summarized over
virtual adjacencies during the Database Exchange process. This is
a generalization of the IPv4 treatment of AS-external-LSAs.
o The IPv6 interface address of a virtual link must be an IPv6
address having site-local or global scope, instead of the link-
local addresses used by other interface types. This address is
used as the IPv6 source for OSPF protocol packets sent over the
virtual link.
o Likewise, the virtual neighbor's IPv6 address is an IPv6 address
with site-local or global scope. To enable the discovery of a
virtual neighbor's IPv6 address during the routing calculation,
the neighbor advertises its virtual link's IPv6 interface address
in an Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA originated for the virtual link's
transit area (see Sections 3.4.3.7 and 3.8.1).
o Like all other IPv6 OSPF interfaces, virtual links are assigned
unique (within the router) Interface IDs. These are advertised in
Hellos sent over the virtual link, and in the router's router-
LSAs.
3.8. Routing table calculation
The IPv6 OSPF routing calculation proceeds along the same lines as
the IPv4 OSPF routing calculation, following the five steps specified
by Section 16 of [Ref1]. High level differences between the IPv6 and
IPv4 calculations include:
o Prefix information has been removed from router-LSAs, and now is
advertised in intra-area-prefix-LSAs. Whenever [Ref1] specifies
that stub networks within router-LSAs be examined, IPv6 will
instead examine prefixes within intra-area-prefix-LSAs.
o Type 3 and 4 summary-LSAs have been renamed inter-area-prefix-LSAs
and inter-area-router-LSAs (respectively).
o Addressing information is no longer encoded in Link State IDs, and
must instead be found within the body of LSAs.
o In IPv6, a router can originate multiple router-LSAs within a
single area, distinguished by Link State ID. These router-LSAs
must be treated as a single aggregate by the area's shortest path
calculation (see Section 3.8.1).
For each area, routing table entries have been created for the area's
routers and transit links, in order to store the results of the
area's shortest-path tree calculation (see Section 3.8.1). These
entries are then used when processing intra-area-prefix-LSAs, inter-
area-prefix-LSAs and inter-area-router-LSAs, as described in Section
3.8.2.
Events generated as a result of routing table changes (Section 16.7
of [Ref1]), and the equal-cost multipath logic (Section 16.8 of
[Ref1]) are identical for both IPv4 and IPv6.
3.8.1. Calculating the shortest path tree for an area
The IPv4 shortest path calculation is contained in Section 16.1 of
[Ref1]. The graph used by the shortest-path tree calculation is
identical for both IPv4 and IPv6. The graph's vertices are routers
and transit links, represented by router-LSAs and network-LSAs
respectively. A router is identified by its OSPF Router ID, while a
transit link is identified by its Designated Router's Interface ID
and OSPF Router ID. Both routers and transit links have associated
routing table entries within the area (see Section 3.3).
Section 16.1 of [Ref1] splits up the shortest path calculations into
two stages. First the Dijkstra calculation is performed, and then the
stub links are added onto the tree as leaves. The IPv6 calculation
maintains this split.
The Dijkstra calculation for IPv6 is identical to that specified for
IPv4, with the following exceptions (referencing the steps from the
Dijkstra calculation as described in Section 16.1 of [Ref1]):
o The Vertex ID for a router is the OSPF Router ID. The Vertex ID
for a transit network is a combination of the Interface ID and
OSPF Router ID of the network's Designated Router.
o In Step 2, when a router Vertex V has just been added to the
shortest path tree, there may be multiple LSAs associated with the
router. All Router-LSAs with Advertising Router set to V's OSPF
Router ID must processed as an aggregate, treating them as
fragments of a single large router-LSA. The Options field and the
router type bits (bits W, V, E and B) should always be taken from
"fragment" with the smallest Link State ID.
o Step 2a is not needed in IPv6, as there are no longer stub network
links in router-LSAs.
o In Step 2b, if W is a router, there may again be multiple LSAs
associated with the router. All Router-LSAs with Advertising
Router set to W's OSPF Router ID must processed as an aggregate,
treating them as fragments of a single large router-LSA.
o In Step 4, there are now per-area routing table entries for each
of an area's routers, instead of just the area border routers.
These entries subsume all the functionality of IPv4's area border
router routing table entries, including the maintenance of virtual
links. When the router added to the area routing table in this
step is the other end of a virtual link, the virtual neighbor's IP
address is set as follows: The collection of intra-area-prefix-
LSAs originated by the virtual neighbor is examined, with the
virtual neighbor's IP address being set to the first prefix
encountered having the "LA-bit" set.
o Routing table entries for transit networks, which are no longer
associated with IP networks, are also modified in Step 4.
The next stage of the shortest path calculation proceeds similarly to
the two steps of the second stage of Section 16.1 in [Ref1]. However,
instead of examining the stub links within router-LSAs, the list of
the area's intra-area-prefix-LSAs is examined. A prefix advertisement
whose "NU-bit" is set should not be included in the routing
calculation. The cost of any advertised prefix is the sum of the
prefix' advertised metric plus the cost to the transit vertex (either
router or transit network) identified by intra-area-prefix-LSA's
Referenced LS type, Referenced Link State ID and Referenced
Advertising Router fields. This latter cost is stored in the transit
vertex' routing table entry for the area.
3.8.1.1. The next hop calculation
In IPv6, the calculation of the next hop's IPv6 address (which will
be a link-local address) proceeds along the same lines as the IPv4
next hop calculation (see Section 16.1.1 of [Ref1]). The only
difference is in calculating the next hop IPv6 address for a router
(call it Router X) which shares a link with the calculating router.
In this case the calculating router assigns the next hop IPv6 address
to be the link-local interface address contained in Router X's Link-
LSA (see Section A.4.8) for the link. This procedure is necessary
since on some links, such as NBMA links, the two routers need not be
neighbors, and therefore might not be exchanging OSPF Hellos.
3.8.2. Calculating the inter-area routes
Calculation of inter-area routes for IPv6 proceeds along the same
lines as the IPv4 calculation in Section 16.2 of [Ref1], with the
following modifications:
o The names of the Type 3 summary-LSAs and Type 4 summary-LSAs have
been changed to inter-area-prefix-LSAs and inter-area-router-LSAs
respectively.
o The Link State ID of the above LSA types no longer encodes the
network or router described by the LSA. Instead, an address
prefix is contained in the body of an inter-area-prefix-LSA, and a
described router's OSPF Router ID is carried in the body of an
inter-area- router-LSA.
o Prefixes having the "NU-bit" set in their Prefix Options field
should be ignored by the inter-area route calculation.
When a single inter-area-prefix-LSA or inter-area-router-LSA has
changed, the incremental calculations outlined in Section 16.5 of
[Ref1] can be performed instead of recalculating the entire routing
table.
3.8.3. Examining transit areas' summary-LSAs
Examination of transit areas' summary-LSAs in IPv6 proceeds along the
same lines as the IPv4 calculation in Section 16.3 of [Ref1],
modified in the same way as the IPv6 inter-area route calculation in
Section 3.8.2.
3.8.4. Calculating AS external routes
The IPv6 AS external route calculation proceeds along the same lines
as the IPv4 calculation in Section 16.4 of [Ref1], with the following
exceptions:
o The Link State ID of the AS-external-LSA types no longer encodes
the network described by the LSA. Instead, an address prefix is
contained in the body of an AS- external-LSA.
o The default route is described by AS-external-LSAs which advertise
zero length prefixes.
o Instead of comparing the AS-external-LSA's Forwarding address
field to 0.0.0.0 to see whether a forwarding address has been
used, bit F of the external-LSA is examined. A forwarding address
is in use if and only if bit F is set.
o Prefixes having the "NU-bit" set in their Prefix Options field
should be ignored by the inter-area route calculation.
When a single AS-external-LSA has changed, the incremental
calculations outlined in Section 16.6 of [Ref1] can be performed
instead of recalculating the entire routing table.
3.9. Multiple interfaces to a single link
In OSPF for IPv6, a router may have multiple interfaces to a single
link. All interfaces are involved in the reception and transmission
of data traffic, however only a single interface sends and receives
OSPF control traffic. In more detail:
o Each of the multiple interfaces are assigned different Interface
IDs. In this way the router can automatically detect when
multiple interfaces attach to the same link, when receiving Hellos
from its own Router ID but with an Interface ID other than the
receiving interface's.
o The router turns off the sending and receiving of OSPF packets
(that is, control traffic) on all but one of the interfaces to the
link. The choice of interface to send and receive control traffic
is implementation dependent; as one example, the interface with
the highest Interface ID could be chosen. If the router is
elected DR, it will be this interface's Interface ID that will be
used as the network-LSA's Link State ID.
o All the multiple interfaces to the link will however appear in the
router-LSA. In addition, a Link-LSA will be generated for each of
the multiple interfaces. In this way, all interfaces will be
included in OSPF's routing calculations.
o If the interface which is responsible for sending and receiving
control traffic fails, another will have to take over, reforming
all neighbor adjacencies from scratch. This failure can be
detected by the router itself, when the other interfaces to the
same link cease to hear the router's own Hellos.
References
[Ref1] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328, April 1998.
[Ref2] McKenzie, A., "ISO Transport Protocol specification ISO DP
8073", RFC 905, April 1984.
[Ref3] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group MIB
using SMIv2", RFC 2233, November 1997.
[Ref4] Fuller, V., Li, T, Yu, J. and K. Varadhan, "Classless Inter-
Domain Routing (CIDR): an Address Assignment and Aggregation
Strategy", RFC 1519, September 1993.
[Ref5] Varadhan, K., Hares, S. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP4/IDRP for IP---
OSPF Interaction", RFC 1745, December 1994
[Ref6] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC
1700, October 1994.
[Ref7] deSouza, O. and M. Rodrigues, "Guidelines for Running OSPF
Over Frame Relay Networks", RFC 1586, March 1994.
[Ref8] Moy, J., "Multicast Extensions to OSPF", RFC 1584, March
1994.
[Ref9] Coltun, R. and V. Fuller, "The OSPF NSSA Option", RFC 1587,
March 1994.
[Ref10] Ferguson, D., "The OSPF External Attributes LSA",
unpublished.
[Ref11] Moy, J., "Extending OSPF to Support Demand Circuits", RFC
1793, April 1995.
[Ref12] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191,
November 1990.
[Ref13] Rekhter, Y. and T. Li, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)",
RFC 1771, March 1995.
[Ref14] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
[Ref15] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998.
[Ref16] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
Specification" RFC 2463, December 1998.
[Ref17] Narten, T., Nordmark, E. and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery
for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December 1998.
[Ref18] McCann, J., Deering, S. and J. Mogul, "Path MTU Discovery for
IP version 6", RFC 1981, August 1996.
[Ref19] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", RFC
2402, November 1998.
[Ref20] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security Payload
(ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998.
A. OSPF data formats
This appendix describes the format of OSPF protocol packets and OSPF
LSAs. The OSPF protocol runs directly over the IPv6 network layer.
Before any data formats are described, the details of the OSPF
encapsulation are explained.
Next the OSPF Options field is described. This field describes
various capabilities that may or may not be supported by pieces of
the OSPF routing domain. The OSPF Options field is contained in OSPF
Hello packets, Database Description packets and in OSPF LSAs.
OSPF packet formats are detailed in Section A.3.
A description of OSPF LSAs appears in Section A.4. This section
describes how IPv6 address prefixes are represented within LSAs,
details the standard LSA header, and then provides formats for each
of the specific LSA types.
A.1 Encapsulation of OSPF packets
OSPF runs directly over the IPv6's network layer. OSPF packets are
therefore encapsulated solely by IPv6 and local data-link headers.
OSPF does not define a way to fragment its protocol packets, and
depends on IPv6 fragmentation when transmitting packets larger than
the link MTU. If necessary, the length of OSPF packets can be up to
65,535 bytes. The OSPF packet types that are likely to be large
(Database Description Packets, Link State Request, Link State Update,
and Link State Acknowledgment packets) can usually be split into
several separate protocol packets, without loss of functionality.
This is recommended; IPv6 fragmentation should be avoided whenever
possible. Using this reasoning, an attempt should be made to limit
the sizes of OSPF packets sent over virtual links to 1280 bytes
unless Path MTU Discovery is being performed [Ref14].
The other important features of OSPF's IPv6 encapsulation are:
o Use of IPv6 multicast. Some OSPF messages are multicast, when
sent over broadcast networks. Two distinct IP multicast
addresses are used. Packets sent to these multicast addresses
should never be forwarded; they are meant to travel a single hop
only. As such, the multicast addresses have been chosen with
link-local scope, and packets sent to these addresses should have
their IPv6 Hop Limit set to 1.
AllSPFRouters
This multicast address has been assigned the value FF02::5. All
routers running OSPF should be prepared to receive packets sent to
this address. Hello packets are always sent to this destination.
Also, certain OSPF protocol packets are sent to this address
during the flooding procedure.
AllDRouters
This multicast address has been assigned the value FF02::6. Both
the Designated Router and Backup Designated Router must be
prepared to receive packets destined to this address. Certain
OSPF protocol packets are sent to this address during the flooding
procedure.
o OSPF is IP protocol 89. This number should be inserted in the
Next Header field of the encapsulating IPv6 header.
A.2 The Options field
The 24-bit OSPF Options field is present in OSPF Hello packets,
Database Description packets and certain LSAs (router-LSAs, network-
LSAs, inter-area-router-LSAs and link-LSAs). The Options field
enables OSPF routers to support (or not support) optional
capabilities, and to communicate their capability level to other OSPF
routers. Through this mechanism routers of differing capabilities
can be mixed within an OSPF routing domain.
An option mismatch between routers can cause a variety of behaviors,
depending on the particular option. Some option mismatches prevent
neighbor relationships from forming (e.g., the E-bit below); these
mismatches are discovered through the sending and receiving of Hello
packets. Some option mismatches prevent particular LSA types from
being flooded across adjacencies (e.g., the MC-bit below); these are
discovered through the sending and receiving of Database Description
packets. Some option mismatches prevent routers from being included
in one or more of the various routing calculations because of their
reduced functionality (again the MC-bit is an example); these
mismatches are discovered by examining LSAs.
Six bits of the OSPF Options field have been assigned. Each bit is
described briefly below. Routers should reset (i.e. clear)
unrecognized bits in the Options field when sending Hello packets or
Database Description packets and when originating LSAs. Conversely,
routers encountering unrecognized Option bits in received Hello
Packets, Database Description packets or LSAs should ignore the
capability and process the packet/LSA normally.
1 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DC| R| N|MC| E|V6|
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--+--+--+--+--+--+
The Options field
V6-bit
If this bit is clear, the router/link should be excluded from IPv6
routing calculations. See Section 3.8 of this memo.
E-bit
This bit describes the way AS-external-LSAs are flooded, as
described in Sections 3.6, 9.5, 10.8 and 12.1.2 of [Ref1].
MC-bit
This bit describes whether IP multicast datagrams are forwarded
according to the specifications in [Ref7].
N-bit
This bit describes the handling of Type-7 LSAs, as specified in
[Ref8].
R-bit
This bit (the `Router' bit) indicates whether the originator is an
active router. If the router bit is clear routes which transit the
advertising node cannot be computed. Clearing the router bit would
be appropriate for a multi-homed host that wants to participate in
routing, but does not want to forward non-locally addressed
packets.
DC-bit
This bit describes the router's handling of demand circuits, as
specified in [Ref10].
A.3 OSPF Packet Formats
There are five distinct OSPF packet types. All OSPF packet types
begin with a standard 16 byte header. This header is described
first. Each packet type is then described in a succeeding section.
In these sections each packet's division into fields is displayed,
and then the field definitions are enumerated.
All OSPF packet types (other than the OSPF Hello packets) deal with
lists of LSAs. For example, Link State Update packets implement the
flooding of LSAs throughout the OSPF routing domain. The format of
LSAs is described in Section A.4.
The receive processing of OSPF packets is detailed in Section 3.2.2.
The sending of OSPF packets is explained in Section 3.2.1.
A.3.1 The OSPF packet header
Every OSPF packet starts with a standard 16 byte header. Together
with the encapsulating IPv6 headers, the OSPF header contains all the
information necessary to determine whether the packet should be
accepted for further processing. This determination is described in
Section 3.2.2 of this memo.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Version # | Type | Packet length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Area ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Instance ID | 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Version #
The OSPF version number. This specification documents version 3
of the OSPF protocol.
Type
The OSPF packet types are as follows. See Sections A.3.2 through
A.3.6 for details.
Type Description
---------------------------------
1 Hello
2 Database Description
3 Link State Request
4 Link State Update
5 Link State Acknowledgment
Packet length
The length of the OSPF protocol packet in bytes. This length
includes the standard OSPF header.
Router ID
The Router ID of the packet's source.
Area ID
A 32 bit number identifying the area that this packet belongs to.
All OSPF packets are associated with a single area. Most travel
a single hop only. Packets travelling over a virtual link are
labelled with the backbone Area ID of 0.
Checksum
OSPF uses the standard checksum calculation for IPv6
applications: The 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement
sum of the entire contents of the packet, starting with the OSPF
packet header, and prepending a "pseudo-header" of IPv6 header
fields, as specified in [Ref14, section 8.1]. The "Upper-Layer
Packet Length" in the pseudo-header is set to value of the OSPF
packet header's length field. The Next Header value used in the
pseudo-header is 89. If the packet's length is not an integral
number of 16-bit words, the packet is padded with a byte of zero
before checksumming. Before computing the checksum, the checksum
field in the OSPF packet header is set to 0.
Instance ID
Enables multiple instances of OSPF to be run over a single link.
Each protocol instance would be assigned a separate Instance ID;
the Instance ID has local link significance only. Received
packets whose Instance ID is not equal to the receiving
interface's Instance ID are discarded.
0 These fields are reserved. They must be 0.
A.3.2 The Hello packet
Hello packets are OSPF packet type 1. These packets are sent
periodically on all interfaces (including virtual links) in order to
establish and maintain neighbor relationships. In addition, Hello
Packets are multicast on those links having a multicast or broadcast
capability, enabling dynamic discovery of neighboring routers.
All routers connected to a common link must agree on certain
parameters (HelloInterval and RouterDeadInterval). These parameters
are included in Hello packets, so that differences can inhibit the
forming of neighbor relationships. The Hello packet also contains
fields used in Designated Router election (Designated Router ID and
Backup Designated Router ID), and fields used to detect bi-
directionality (the Router IDs of all neighbors whose Hellos have
been recently received).
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 3 | 1 | Packet length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Area ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Instance ID | 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Rtr Pri | Options |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| HelloInterval | RouterDeadInterval |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Designated Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Backup Designated Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Neighbor ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
Interface ID
32-bit number uniquely identifying this interface among the
collection of this router's interfaces. For example, in some
implementations it may be possible to use the MIB-II IfIndex
([Ref3]).
Rtr Pri
This router's Router Priority. Used in (Backup) Designated
Router election. If set to 0, the router will be ineligible to
become (Backup) Designated Router.
Options
The optional capabilities supported by the router, as documented
in Section A.2.
HelloInterval
The number of seconds between this router's Hello packets.
RouterDeadInterval
The number of seconds before declaring a silent router down.
Designated Router ID
The identity of the Designated Router for this network, in the
view of the sending router. The Designated Router is identified
by its Router ID. Set to 0.0.0.0 if there is no Designated
Router.
Backup Designated Router ID
The identity of the Backup Designated Router for this network, in
the view of the sending router. The Backup Designated Router is
identified by its IP Router ID. Set to 0.0.0.0 if there is no
Backup Designated Router.
Neighbor ID
The Router IDs of each router from whom valid Hello packets have
been seen recently on the network. Recently means in the last
RouterDeadInterval seconds.
A.3.3 The Database Description packet
Database Description packets are OSPF packet type 2. These packets
are exchanged when an adjacency is being initialized. They describe
the contents of the link-state database. Multiple packets may be
used to describe the database. For this purpose a poll-response
procedure is used. One of the routers is designated to be the
master, the other the slave. The master sends Database Description
packets (polls) which are acknowledged by Database Description
packets sent by the slave (responses). The responses are linked to
the polls via the packets' DD sequence numbers.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 3 | 2 | Packet length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Area ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Instance ID | 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | Options |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Interface MTU | 0 |0|0|0|0|0|I|M|MS
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| DD sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- -+
| |
+- An LSA Header -+
| |
+- -+
| |
+- -+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
The format of the Database Description packet is very similar to both
the Link State Request and Link State Acknowledgment packets. The
main part of all three is a list of items, each item describing a
piece of the link-state database. The sending of Database
Description Packets is documented in Section 10.8 of [Ref1]. The
reception of Database Description packets is documented in Section
10.6 of [Ref1].
Options
The optional capabilities supported by the router, as documented
in Section A.2.
Interface MTU
The size in bytes of the largest IPv6 datagram that can be sent
out the associated interface, without fragmentation. The MTUs
of common Internet link types can be found in Table 7-1 of
[Ref12]. Interface MTU should be set to 0 in Database Description
packets sent over virtual links.
I-bit
The Init bit. When set to 1, this packet is the first in the
sequence of Database Description Packets.
M-bit
The More bit. When set to 1, it indicates that more Database
Description Packets are to follow.
MS-bit
The Master/Slave bit. When set to 1, it indicates that the router
is the master during the Database Exchange process. Otherwise,
the router is the slave.
DD sequence number
Used to sequence the collection of Database Description Packets.
The initial value (indicated by the Init bit being set) should be
unique. The DD sequence number then increments until the complete
database description has been sent.
The rest of the packet consists of a (possibly partial) list of the
link-state database's pieces. Each LSA in the database is described
by its LSA header. The LSA header is documented in Section
A.4.1. It contains all the information required to uniquely identify
both the LSA and the LSA's current instance.
A.3.4 The Link State Request packet
Link State Request packets are OSPF packet type 3. After exchanging
Database Description packets with a neighboring router, a router may
find that parts of its link-state database are out-of-date. The Link
State Request packet is used to request the pieces of the neighbor's
database that are more up-to-date. Multiple Link State Request
packets may need to be used.
A router that sends a Link State Request packet has in mind the
precise instance of the database pieces it is requesting. Each
instance is defined by its LS sequence number, LS checksum, and LS
age, although these fields are not specified in the Link State
Request Packet itself. The router may receive even more recent
instances in response.
The sending of Link State Request packets is documented in Section
10.9 of [Ref1]. The reception of Link State Request packets is
documented in Section 10.7 of [Ref1].
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 3 | 3 | Packet length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Area ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Instance ID | 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | LS type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
Each LSA requested is specified by its LS type, Link State ID, and
Advertising Router. This uniquely identifies the LSA, but not its
instance. Link State Request packets are understood to be requests
for the most recent instance (whatever that might be).
A.3.5 The Link State Update packet
Link State Update packets are OSPF packet type 4. These packets
implement the flooding of LSAs. Each Link State Update packet
carries a collection of LSAs one hop further from their origin.
Several LSAs may be included in a single packet.
Link State Update packets are multicast on those physical networks
that support multicast/broadcast. In order to make the flooding
procedure reliable, flooded LSAs are acknowledged in Link State
Acknowledgment packets. If retransmission of certain LSAs is
necessary, the retransmitted LSAs are always carried by unicast Link
State Update packets. For more information on the reliable flooding
of LSAs, consult Section 3.5.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 3 | 4 | Packet length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Area ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Instance ID | 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| # LSAs |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- +-+
| LSAs |
+- +-+
| ... |
# LSAs
The number of LSAs included in this update.
The body of the Link State Update packet consists of a list of LSAs.
Each LSA begins with a common 20 byte header, described in Section
A.4.2. Detailed formats of the different types of LSAs are described
in Section A.4.
A.3.6 The Link State Acknowledgment packet
Link State Acknowledgment Packets are OSPF packet type 5. To make
the flooding of LSAs reliable, flooded LSAs are explicitly
acknowledged. This acknowledgment is accomplished through the
sending and receiving of Link State Acknowledgment packets. The
sending of Link State Acknowledgement packets is documented in
Section 13.5 of [Ref1]. The reception of Link State Acknowledgement
packets is documented in Section 13.7 of [Ref1].
Multiple LSAs can be acknowledged in a single Link State
Acknowledgment packet. Depending on the state of the sending
interface and the sender of the corresponding Link State Update
packet, a Link State Acknowledgment packet is sent either to the
multicast address AllSPFRouters, to the multicast address
AllDRouters, or as a unicast (see Section 13.5 of [Ref1] for
details).
The format of this packet is similar to that of the Data Description
packet. The body of both packets is simply a list of LSA headers.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 3 | 5 | Packet length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Area ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Checksum | Instance ID | 0 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- -+
| |
+- An LSA Header -+
| |
+- -+
| |
+- -+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
Each acknowledged LSA is described by its LSA header. The LSA header
is documented in Section A.4.2. It contains all the information
required to uniquely identify both the LSA and the LSA's current
instance.
A.4 LSA formats
This memo defines seven distinct types of LSAs. Each LSA begins with
a standard 20 byte LSA header. This header is explained in Section
A.4.2. Succeeding sections then diagram the separate LSA types.
Each LSA describes a piece of the OSPF routing domain. Every router
originates a router-LSA. A network-LSA is advertised for each link by
its Designated Router. A router's link-local addresses are advertised
to its neighbors in link-LSAs. IPv6 prefixes are advertised in
intra-area-prefix-LSAs, inter-area-prefix-LSAs and AS-external-LSAs.
Location of specific routers can be advertised across area boundaries
in inter-area-router-LSAs. All LSAs are then flooded throughout the
OSPF routing domain. The flooding algorithm is reliable, ensuring
that all routers have the same collection of LSAs. (See Section 3.5
for more information concerning the flooding algorithm). This
collection of LSAs is called the link-state database.
From the link state database, each router constructs a shortest path
tree with itself as root. This yields a routing table (see Section
11 of [Ref1]). For the details of the routing table build process,
see Section 3.8.
A.4.1 IPv6 Prefix Representation
IPv6 addresses are bit strings of length 128. IPv6 routing
algorithms, and OSPF for IPv6 in particular, advertise IPv6 address
prefixes. IPv6 address prefixes are bit strings whose length ranges
between 0 and 128 bits (inclusive).
Within OSPF, IPv6 address prefixes are always represented by a
combination of three fields: PrefixLength, PrefixOptions, and Address
Prefix. PrefixLength is the length in bits of the prefix.
PrefixOptions is an 8-bit field describing various capabilities
associated with the prefix (see Section A.4.2). Address Prefix is an
encoding of the prefix itself as an even multiple of 32-bit words,
padding with zero bits as necessary; this encoding consumes
(PrefixLength + 31) / 32) 32-bit words.
The default route is represented by a prefix of length 0.
Examples of IPv6 Prefix representation in OSPF can be found in
Sections A.4.5, A.4.7, A.4.8 and A.4.9.
A.4.1.1 Prefix Options
Each prefix is advertised along with an 8-bit field of capabilities.
These serve as input to the various routing calculations, allowing,
for example, certain prefixes to be ignored in some cases, or to be
marked as not readvertisable in others.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| | | | | P|MC|LA|NU|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
The Prefix Options field
NU-bit
The "no unicast" capability bit. If set, the prefix should be
excluded from IPv6 unicast calculations, otherwise it should be
included.
LA-bit
The "local address" capability bit. If set, the prefix is actually
an IPv6 interface address of the advertising router.
MC-bit
The "multicast" capability bit. If set, the prefix should be
included in IPv6 multicast routing calculations, otherwise it
should be excluded.
P-bit
The "propagate" bit. Set on NSSA area prefixes that should be
readvertised at the NSSA area border.
A.4.2 The LSA header
All LSAs begin with a common 20 byte header. This header contains
enough information to uniquely identify the LSA (LS type, Link State
ID, and Advertising Router). Multiple instances of the LSA may exist
in the routing domain at the same time. It is then necessary to
determine which instance is more recent. This is accomplished by
examining the LS age, LS sequence number and LS checksum fields that
are also contained in the LSA header.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age | LS type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
LS age
The time in seconds since the LSA was originated.
LS type
The LS type field indicates the function performed by the LSA.
The high-order three bits of LS type encode generic properties of
the LSA, while the remainder (called LSA function code) indicate
the LSA's specific functionality. See Section A.4.2.1 for a
detailed description of LS type.
Link State ID
Together with LS type and Advertising Router, uniquely identifies
the LSA in the link-state database.
Advertising Router
The Router ID of the router that originated the LSA. For example,
in network-LSAs this field is equal to the Router ID of the
network's Designated Router.
LS sequence number
Detects old or duplicate LSAs. Successive instances of an LSA are
given successive LS sequence numbers. See Section 12.1.6 in
[Ref1] for more details.
LS checksum
The Fletcher checksum of the complete contents of the LSA,
including the LSA header but excluding the LS age field. See
Section 12.1.7 in [Ref1] for more details.
length
The length in bytes of the LSA. This includes the 20 byte LSA
header.
A.4.2.1 LS type
The LS type field indicates the function performed by the LSA. The
high-order three bits of LS type encode generic properties of the
LSA, while the remainder (called LSA function code) indicate the
LSA's specific functionality. The format of the LS type is as
follows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|U |S2|S1| LSA Function Code |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
The U bit indicates how the LSA should be handled by a router which
does not recognize the LSA's function code. Its values are:
U-bit LSA Handling
-------------------------------------------------------------
0 Treat the LSA as if it had link-local flooding scope
1 Store and flood the LSA, as if type understood
The S1 and S2 bits indicate the flooding scope of the LSA. The values
are:
S2 S1 Flooding Scope
---------------------------------------------------------------------
0 0 Link-Local Scoping. Flooded only on link it is originated on.
0 1 Area Scoping. Flooded to all routers in the originating area
1 0 AS Scoping. Flooded to all routers in the AS
1 1 Reserved
The LSA function codes are defined as follows. The origination and
processing of these LSA function codes are defined elsewhere in this
memo, except for the group-membership-LSA (see [Ref7]) and the Type-
7-LSA (see [Ref8]). Each LSA function code also implies a specific
setting for the U, S1 and S2 bits, as shown below.
LSA function code LS Type Description
----------------------------------------------------
1 0x2001 Router-LSA
2 0x2002 Network-LSA
3 0x2003 Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA
4 0x2004 Inter-Area-Router-LSA
5 0x4005 AS-External-LSA
6 0x2006 Group-membership-LSA
7 0x2007 Type-7-LSA
8 0x0008 Link-LSA
9 0x2009 Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA
A.4.3 Router-LSAs
Router-LSAs have LS type equal to 0x2001. Each router in an area
originates one or more router-LSAs. The complete collection of
router-LSAs originated by the router describe the state and cost of
the router's interfaces to the area. For details concerning the
construction of router-LSAs, see Section 3.4.3.1. Router-LSAs are
flooded throughout a single area only.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age |0|0|1| 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 |W|V|E|B| Options |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | 0 | Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Neighbor Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Neighbor Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | 0 | Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Neighbor Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Neighbor Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
A single router may originate one or more Router LSAs, distinguished
by their Link-State IDs (which are chosen arbitrarily by the
originating router). The Options field and V, E and B bits should be
the same in all Router LSAs from a single originator. However, in
the case of a mismatch the values in the LSA with the lowest Link
State ID take precedence. When more than one Router LSA is received
from a single router, the links are processed as if concatenated into
a single LSA.
bit V
When set, the router is an endpoint of one or more fully adjacent
virtual links having the described area as Transit area (V is for
virtual link endpoint).
bit E
When set, the router is an AS boundary router (E is for external).
bit B
When set, the router is an area border router (B is for border).
bit W
When set, the router is a wild-card multicast receiver. When
running MOSPF, these routers receive all multicast datagrams,
regardless of destination. See Sections 3, 4 and A.2 of [Ref8] for
details.
Options
The optional capabilities supported by the router, as documented
in Section A.2.
The following fields are used to describe each router interface. The
Type field indicates the kind of interface being described. It may
be an interface to a transit network, a point-to-point connection to
another router or a virtual link. The values of all the other fields
describing a router interface depend on the interface's Type field.
Type
The kind of interface being described. One of the following:
Type Description
---------------------------------------------------
1 Point-to-point connection to another router
2 Connection to a transit network
3 Reserved
4 Virtual link
Metric
The cost of using this router interface, for outbound traffic.
Interface ID
The Interface ID assigned to the interface being described. See
Sections 3.1.2 and C.3.
Neighbor Interface ID
The Interface ID the neighbor router (or the attached link's
Designated Router, for Type 2 interfaces) has been advertising
in hello packets sent on the attached link.
Neighbor Router ID
The Router ID the neighbor router (or the attached link's
Designated Router, for Type 2 interfaces).
For Type 2 links, the combination of Neighbor Interface ID and
Neighbor Router ID allows the network-LSA for the attached link
to be found in the link-state database.
A.4.4 Network-LSAs
Network-LSAs have LS type equal to 0x2002. A network-LSA is
originated for each broadcast and NBMA link in the area which
supports two or more routers. The network-LSA is originated by the
link's Designated Router. The LSA describes all routers attached to
the link, including the Designated Router itself. The LSA's Link
State ID field is set to the Interface ID that the Designated Router
has been advertising in Hello packets on the link.
The distance from the network to all attached routers is zero. This
is why the metric fields need not be specified in the network-LSA.
For details concerning the construction of network-LSAs, see Section
3.4.3.2.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age |0|0|1| 2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | Options |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Attached Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
Attached Router
The Router IDs of each of the routers attached to the link.
Actually, only those routers that are fully adjacent to the
Designated Router are listed. The Designated Router includes
itself in this list. The number of routers included can be
deduced from the LSA header's length field.
A.4.5 Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs
Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs have LS type equal to 0x2003. These LSAs are
are the IPv6 equivalent of OSPF for IPv4's type 3 summary-LSAs (see
Section 12.4.3 of [Ref1]). Originated by area border routers, they
describe routes to IPv6 address prefixes that belong to other areas.
A separate Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA is originated for each IPv6 address
prefix. For details concerning the construction of Inter-Area-
Prefix-LSAs, see Section 3.4.3.3.
For stub areas, Inter-Area-Prefix-LSAs can also be used to describe a
(per-area) default route. Default summary routes are used in stub
areas instead of flooding a complete set of external routes. When
describing a default summary route, the Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA's
PrefixLength is set to 0.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age |0|0|1| 3 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | PrefixOptions | (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Prefix |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Metric
The cost of this route. Expressed in the same units as the
interface costs in the router-LSAs. When the Inter-Area-Prefix-LSA
is describing a route to a range of addresses (see Section C.2)
the cost is set to the maximum cost to any reachable component of
the address range.
PrefixLength, PrefixOptions and Address Prefix
Representation of the IPv6 address prefix, as described in Section
A.4.1.
A.4.6 Inter-Area-Router-LSAs
Inter-Area-Router-LSAs have LS type equal to 0x2004. These LSAs are
are the IPv6 equivalent of OSPF for IPv4's type 4 summary-LSAs (see
Section 12.4.3 of [Ref1]). Originated by area border routers, they
describe routes to routers in other areas. (To see why it is
necessary to advertise the location of each ASBR, consult Section
16.4 in [Ref1].) Each LSA describes a route to a single router. For
details concerning the construction of Inter-Area-Router-LSAs, see
Section 3.4.3.4.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age |0|0|1| 4 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | Options |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 0 | Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Destination Router ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Options
The optional capabilities supported by the router, as documented
in Section A.2.
Metric
The cost of this route. Expressed in the same units as the
interface costs in the router-LSAs.
Destination Router ID
The Router ID of the router being described by the LSA.
A.4.7 AS-external-LSAs
AS-external-LSAs have LS type equal to 0x4005. These LSAs are
originated by AS boundary routers, and describe destinations external
to the AS. Each LSA describes a route to a single IPv6 address
prefix. For details concerning the construction of AS-external-LSAs,
see Section 3.4.3.5.
AS-external-LSAs can be used to describe a default route. Default
routes are used when no specific route exists to the destination.
When describing a default route, the AS-external-LSA's PrefixLength
is set to 0.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age |0|1|0| 5 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |E|F|T| Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | PrefixOptions | Referenced LS Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Prefix |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- -+
| |
+- Forwarding Address (Optional) -+
| |
+- -+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| External Route Tag (Optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Referenced Link State ID (Optional) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
bit E
The type of external metric. If bit E is set, the metric
specified is a Type 2 external metric. This means the metric is
considered larger than any intra-AS path. If bit E is zero, the
specified metric is a Type 1 external metric. This means that it
is expressed in the same units as the link state metric (i.e., the
same units as interface cost).
bit F
If set, a Forwarding Address has been included in the LSA.
bit T
If set, an External Route Tag has been included in the LSA.
Metric
The cost of this route. Interpretation depends on the external
type indication (bit E above).
PrefixLength, PrefixOptions and Address Prefix
Representation of the IPv6 address prefix, as described in Section
A.4.1.
Referenced LS type
If non-zero, an LSA with this LS type is to be associated with
this LSA (see Referenced Link State ID below).
Forwarding address
A fully qualified IPv6 address (128 bits). Included in the LSA if
and only if bit F has been set. If included, Data traffic for the
advertised destination will be forwarded to this address. Must not
be set to the IPv6 Unspecified Address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0).
External Route Tag
A 32-bit field which may be used to communicate additional
information between AS boundary routers; see [Ref5] for example
usage. Included in the LSA if and only if bit T has been set.
Referenced Link State ID Included if and only if Reference LS Type is
non-zero. If included, additional information concerning the
advertised external route can be found in the LSA having LS type
equal to "Referenced LS Type", Link State ID equal to "Referenced
Link State ID" and Advertising Router the same as that specified
in the AS-external-LSA's link state header. This additional
information is not used by the OSPF protocol itself. It may be
used to communicate information between AS boundary routers; the
precise nature of such information is outside the scope of this
specification.
All, none or some of the fields labeled Forwarding address, External
Route Tag and Referenced Link State ID may be present in the AS-
external-LSA (as indicated by the setting of bit F, bit T and
Referenced LS type respectively). However, when present Forwarding
Address always comes first, with External Route Tag always preceding
Referenced Link State ID.
A.4.8 Link-LSAs
Link-LSAs have LS type equal to 0x0008. A router originates a
separate Link-LSA for each link it is attached to. These LSAs have
local-link flooding scope; they are never flooded beyond the link
that they are associated with. Link-LSAs have three purposes: 1) they
provide the router's link-local address to all other routers attached
to the link and 2) they inform other routers attached to the link of
a list of IPv6 prefixes to associate with the link and 3) they allow
the router to assert a collection of Options bits to associate with
the Network-LSA that will be originated for the link.
A link-LSA's Link State ID is set equal to the originating router's
Interface ID on the link.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age |0|0|0| 8 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Rtr Pri | Options |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+- -+
| |
+- Link-local Interface Address -+
| |
+- -+
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| # prefixes |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | PrefixOptions | (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Prefix |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | PrefixOptions | (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Prefix |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Rtr Pri
The Router Priority of the interface attaching the originating
router to the link.
Options
The set of Options bits that the router would like set in the
Network-LSA that will be originated for the link.
Link-local Interface Address
The originating router's link-local interface address on the
link.
# prefixes
The number of IPv6 address prefixes contained in the LSA.
The rest of the link-LSA contains a list of IPv6 prefixes to be
associated with the link.
PrefixLength, PrefixOptions and Address Prefix
Representation of an IPv6 address prefix, as described in
Section A.4.1.
A.4.9 Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs
Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs have LS type equal to 0x2009. A router uses
Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs to advertise one or more IPv6 address
prefixes that are associated with a) the router itself, b) an
attached stub network segment or c) an attached transit network
segment. In IPv4, a) and b) were accomplished via the router's
router-LSA, and c) via a network-LSA. However, in OSPF for IPv6 all
addressing information has been removed from router-LSAs and
network-LSAs, leading to the introduction of the Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA.
A router can originate multiple Intra-Area-Prefix-LSAs for each
router or transit network; each such LSA is distinguished by its
Link State ID.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS age |0|0|1| 9 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| LS checksum | length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| # prefixes | Referenced LS type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Referenced Link State ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Referenced Advertising Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | PrefixOptions | Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Prefix |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | PrefixOptions | Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Address Prefix |
| ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
# prefixes
The number of IPv6 address prefixes contained in the LSA.
Router
Referenced LS type, Referenced Link State ID and Referenced
Advertising
Identifies the router-LSA or network-LSA with which the IPv6
address prefixes should be associated. If Referenced LS type is 1,
the prefixes are associated with a router-LSA, Referenced Link
State ID should be 0 and Referenced Advertising Router should be
the originating router's Router ID. If Referenced LS type is 2,
the prefixes are associated with a network-LSA, Referenced Link
State ID should be the Interface ID of the link's Designated
Router and Referenced Advertising Router should be the Designated
Router's Router ID.
The rest of the Intra-Area-Prefix-LSA contains a list of IPv6
prefixes to be associated with the router or transit link, together
with the cost of each prefix.
PrefixLength, PrefixOptions and Address Prefix
Representation of an IPv6 address prefix, as described in Section
A.4.1.
Metric
The cost of this prefix. Expressed in the same units as the
interface costs in the router-LSAs.
B. Architectural Constants
Architectural constants for the OSPF protocol are defined in Appendix
B of [Ref1]. The only difference for OSPF for IPv6 is that
DefaultDestination is encoded as a prefix of length 0 (see Section
A.4.1).
C. Configurable Constants
The OSPF protocol has quite a few configurable parameters. These
parameters are listed below. They are grouped into general
functional categories (area parameters, interface parameters, etc.).
Sample values are given for some of the parameters.
Some parameter settings need to be consistent among groups of
routers. For example, all routers in an area must agree on that
area's parameters, and all routers attached to a network must agree
on that network's HelloInterval and RouterDeadInterval.
Some parameters may be determined by router algorithms outside of
this specification (e.g., the address of a host connected to the
router via a SLIP line). From OSPF's point of view, these items are
still configurable.
C.1 Global parameters
In general, a separate copy of the OSPF protocol is run for each
area. Because of this, most configuration parameters are defined on
a per-area basis. The few global configuration parameters are listed
below.
Router ID
This is a 32-bit number that uniquely identifies the router in the
Autonomous System. If a router's OSPF Router ID is changed, the
router's OSPF software should be restarted before the new Router
ID takes effect. Before restarting in order to change its Router
ID, the router should flush its self-originated LSAs from the
routing domain (see Section 14.1 of [Ref1]), or they will persist
for up to MaxAge minutes.
Because the size of the Router ID is smaller than an IPv6 address,
it cannot be set to one of the router's IPv6 addresses (as is
commonly done for IPv4). Possible Router ID assignment procedures
for IPv6 include: a) assign the IPv6 Router ID as one of the
router's IPv4 addresses or b) assign IPv6 Router IDs through some
local administrative procedure (similar to procedures used by
manufacturers to assign product serial numbers).
The Router ID of 0.0.0.0 is reserved, and should not be used.
C.2 Area parameters
All routers belonging to an area must agree on that area's
configuration. Disagreements between two routers will lead to an
inability for adjacencies to form between them, with a resulting
hindrance to the flow of routing protocol and data traffic. The
following items must be configured for an area:
Area ID
This is a 32-bit number that identifies the area. The Area
ID of 0 is reserved for the backbone.
List of address ranges
Address ranges control the advertisement of routes across
area boundaries. Each address range consists of the
following items:
[IPv6 prefix, prefix length]
Describes the collection of IPv6 addresses contained in
the address range.
Status Set to either Advertise or DoNotAdvertise. Routing
information is condensed at area boundaries. External to
the area, at most a single route is advertised (via a
inter-area-prefix-LSA) for each address range. The route
is advertised if and only if the address range's Status
is set to Advertise. Unadvertised ranges allow the
existence of certain networks to be intentionally hidden
from other areas. Status is set to Advertise by default.
ExternalRoutingCapability
Whether AS-external-LSAs will be flooded into/throughout the area.
If AS-external-LSAs are excluded from the area, the area is called
a "stub". Internal to stub areas, routing to external
destinations will be based solely on a default inter-area route.
The backbone cannot be configured as a stub area. Also, virtual
links cannot be configured through stub areas. For more
information, see Section 3.6 of [Ref1].
StubDefaultCost
If the area has been configured as a stub area, and the router
itself is an area border router, then the StubDefaultCost
indicates the cost of the default inter-area-prefix-LSA that the
router should advertise into the area. See Section 12.4.3.1 of
[Ref1] for more information.
C.3 Router interface parameters
Some of the configurable router interface parameters (such as Area
ID, HelloInterval and RouterDeadInterval) actually imply properties
of the attached links, and therefore must be consistent across all
the routers attached to that link. The parameters that must be
configured for a router interface are:
IPv6 link-local address
The IPv6 link-local address associated with this interface. May
be learned through auto-configuration.
Area ID
The OSPF area to which the attached link belongs.
Instance ID
The OSPF protocol instance associated with this OSPF interface.
Defaults to 0.
Interface ID
32-bit number uniquely identifying this interface among the
collection of this router's interfaces. For example, in some
implementations it may be possible to use the MIB-II IfIndex
([Ref3]).
IPv6 prefixes
The list of IPv6 prefixes to associate with the link. These will
be advertised in intra-area-prefix-LSAs.
Interface output cost(s)
The cost of sending a packet on the interface, expressed in the
link state metric. This is advertised as the link cost for this
interface in the router's router-LSA. The interface output cost
must always be greater than 0.
RxmtInterval
The number of seconds between LSA retransmissions, for adjacencies
belonging to this interface. Also used when retransmitting
Database Description and Link State Request Packets. This should
be well over the expected round-trip delay between any two routers
on the attached link. The setting of this value should be
conservative or needless retransmissions will result. Sample
value for a local area network: 5 seconds.
InfTransDelay
The estimated number of seconds it takes to transmit a Link State
Update Packet over this interface. LSAs contained in the update
packet must have their age incremented by this amount before
transmission. This value should take into account the
transmission and propagation delays of the interface. It must be
greater than 0. Sample value for a local area network: 1 second.
Router Priority
An 8-bit unsigned integer. When two routers attached to a network
both attempt to become Designated Router, the one with the highest
Router Priority takes precedence. If there is still a tie, the
router with the highest Router ID takes precedence. A router
whose Router Priority is set to 0 is ineligible to become
Designated Router on the attached link. Router Priority is only
configured for interfaces to broadcast and NBMA networks.
HelloInterval
The length of time, in seconds, between the Hello Packets that the
router sends on the interface. This value is advertised in the
router's Hello Packets. It must be the same for all routers
attached to a common link. The smaller the HelloInterval, the
faster topological changes will be detected; however, more OSPF
routing protocol traffic will ensue. Sample value for a X.25 PDN:
30 seconds. Sample value for a local area network (LAN): 10
seconds.
RouterDeadInterval
After ceasing to hear a router's Hello Packets, the number of
seconds before its neighbors declare the router down. This is
also advertised in the router's Hello Packets in their
RouterDeadInterval field. This should be some multiple of the
HelloInterval (say 4). This value again must be the same for all
routers attached to a common link.
C.4 Virtual link parameters
Virtual links are used to restore/increase connectivity of the
backbone. Virtual links may be configured between any pair of area
border routers having interfaces to a common (non-backbone) area.
The virtual link appears as an unnumbered point-to-point link in the
graph for the backbone. The virtual link must be configured in both
of the area border routers.
A virtual link appears in router-LSAs (for the backbone) as if it
were a separate router interface to the backbone. As such, it has
most of the parameters associated with a router interface (see
Section C.3). Virtual links do not have link-local addresses, but
instead use one of the router's global-scope or site-local IPv6
addresses as the IP source in OSPF protocol packets it sends along
the virtual link. Router Priority is not used on virtual links.
Interface output cost is not configured on virtual links, but is
dynamically set to be the cost of the intra-area path between the two
endpoint routers. The parameter RxmtInterval must be configured, and
should be well over the expected round-trip delay between the two
routers. This may be hard to estimate for a virtual link; it is
better to err on the side of making it too large.
A virtual link is defined by the following two configurable
parameters: the Router ID of the virtual link's other endpoint, and
the (non-backbone) area through which the virtual link runs (referred
to as the virtual link's Transit area). Virtual links cannot be
configured through stub areas.
C.5 NBMA network parameters
OSPF treats an NBMA network much like it treats a broadcast network.
Since there may be many routers attached to the network, a Designated
Router is selected for the network. This Designated Router then
originates a network-LSA, which lists all routers attached to the
NBMA network.
However, due to the lack of broadcast capabilities, it may be
necessary to use configuration parameters in the Designated Router
selection. These parameters will only need to be configured in those
routers that are themselves eligible to become Designated Router
(i.e., those router's whose Router Priority for the network is non-
zero), and then only if no automatic procedure for discovering
neighbors exists:
List of all other attached routers
The list of all other routers attached to the NBMA network. Each
router is configured with its Router ID and IPv6 link-local
address on the network. Also, for each router listed, that
router's eligibility to become Designated Router must be defined.
When an interface to a NBMA network comes up, the router sends
Hello Packets only to those neighbors eligible to become
Designated Router, until the identity of the Designated Router is
discovered.
PollInterval If a neighboring router has become inactive (Hello
Packets have not been seen for RouterDeadInterval seconds), it may
still be necessary to send Hello Packets to the dead neighbor.
These Hello Packets will be sent at the reduced rate PollInterval,
which should be much larger than HelloInterval. Sample value for
a PDN X.25 network: 2 minutes.
C.6 Point-to-MultiPoint network parameters
On Point-to-MultiPoint networks, it may be necessary to configure the
set of neighbors that are directly reachable over the Point-to-
MultiPoint network. Each neighbor is configured with its Router ID
and IPv6 link-local address on the network. Designated Routers are
not elected on Point-to-MultiPoint networks, so the Designated Router
eligibility of configured neighbors is undefined.
C.7 Host route parameters
Host prefixes are advertised in intra-area-prefix-LSAs. They
indicate either internal router addresses, router interfaces to
point-to-point networks, looped router interfaces, or IPv6 hosts that
are directly connected to the router (e.g., via a PPP connection).
For each host directly connected to the router, the following items
must be configured:
Host IPv6 prefix
The IPv6 prefix belonging to the host.
Cost of link to host
The cost of sending a packet to the host, in terms of the link
state metric. However, since the host probably has only a single
connection to the internet, the actual configured cost(s) in many
cases is unimportant (i.e., will have no effect on routing).
Area ID
The OSPF area to which the host's prefix belongs.
Security Considerations
When running over IPv6, OSPF relies on the IP Authentication Header
(see [Ref19]) and the IP Encapsulating Security Payload (see [Ref20])
to ensure integrity and authentication/confidentiality of routing
exchanges.
Most OSPF implementations will be running on systems that support
multiple protocols, many of them having independent security
assumptions and domains. When IPSEC is used to protect OSPF packets,
it is important for the implementation to check the IPSEC SA, and
local SA database to make sure that the packet originates from a
source THAT IS TRUSTED FOR OSPF PURPOSES.
Authors' Addresses
Rob Coltun
Siara Systems
300 Ferguson Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: (650) 390-9030
EMail: rcoltun@siara.com
Dennis Ferguson
Juniper Networks
385 Ravendale Drive
Mountain View, CA 94043
Phone: +1 650 526 8004
EMail: dennis@juniper.com
John Moy
Sycamore Networks, Inc.
10 Elizabeth Drive
Chelmsford, MA 01824
Phone: (978) 367-2161
Fax: (978) 250-3350
EMail: jmoy@sycamorenet.com
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