| Rfc | 6144 |
|---|
| Title | Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation |
|---|
| Author | F. Baker, X. Li, C. Bao, K.
Yin |
|---|
| Date | April 2011 |
|---|
| Format: | TXT, HTML |
|---|
| Status: | INFORMATIONAL |
|---|
|
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) F. Baker
Request for Comments: 6144 Cisco Systems
Category: Informational X. Li
ISSN: 2070-1721 C. Bao
CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
K. Yin
Cisco Systems
April 2011
Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation
Abstract
This note describes a framework for IPv4/IPv6 translation. This is
in the context of replacing Network Address Translation - Protocol
Translation (NAT-PT), which was deprecated by RFC 4966, and to enable
networks to have IPv4 and IPv6 coexist in a somewhat rational manner
while transitioning to an IPv6 network.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6144.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Why Translation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3. Translation Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4. Transition Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Scenarios for IPv4/IPv6 Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1. Scenario 1: An IPv6 Network to the IPv4 Internet . . . . . 12
2.2. Scenario 2: The IPv4 Internet to an IPv6 Network . . . . . 13
2.3. Scenario 3: The IPv6 Internet to an IPv4 Network . . . . . 14
2.4. Scenario 4: An IPv4 Network to the IPv6 Internet . . . . . 15
2.5. Scenario 5: An IPv6 Network to an IPv4 Network . . . . . . 16
2.6. Scenario 6: An IPv4 Network to an IPv6 Network . . . . . . 17
2.7. Scenario 7: The IPv6 Internet to the IPv4 Internet . . . . 18
2.8. Scenario 8: The IPv4 Internet to the IPv6 Internet . . . . 19
3. Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1. Translation Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.1. Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.2. IP and ICMP Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.3. Maintaining Translation State . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.4. DNS64 and DNS46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1.5. ALGs for Other Applications Layer Protocols . . . . . 22
3.2. Operation Mode for Specific Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2.1. Stateless Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.2.2. Stateful Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3. Layout of the Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4. Translation in Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5. Unsolved Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Introduction
This note describes a framework for IPv4/IPv6 translation. This is
in the context of replacing NAT-PT (Network Address Translation -
Protocol Translation) [RFC2766], which was deprecated by [RFC4966],
and to enable networks to have IPv4 and IPv6 coexist in a somewhat
rational manner while transitioning to an IPv6-only network.
NAT-PT was deprecated to inform the community that NAT-PT had
operational issues and was not considered a viable medium- or long-
term strategy for either coexistence or transition. It wasn't
intended to say that IPv4<->IPv6 translation was bad, but the way
that NAT-PT did it was bad, and in particular using NAT-PT as a
general-purpose solution was bad. As with the deprecation of the RIP
routing protocol [RFC1923] at the time the Internet was converting to
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), the point was to encourage
network operators to actually move away from technology with known
issues.
[RFC4213] describes the IETF's view of the most sensible transition
model. The IETF recommends, in short, that network operators
(transit providers, service providers, enterprise networks, small and
medium businesses, SOHO (Small Office, Home Office) and residential
customers, and any other kind of network that may currently be using
IPv4) obtain an IPv6 prefix, turn on IPv6 routing within their
networks and between themselves and any peer, upstream, or downstream
neighbors, enable it on their computers, and use it in normal
processing. This should be done while leaving IPv4 stable, until a
point is reached that any communication that can be carried out could
use either protocol equally well. At that point, the economic
justification for running both becomes debatable, and network
operators can justifiably turn IPv4 off. This process is comparable
to that of [RFC4192], which describes how to renumber a network using
the same address family without a flag day. While running stably
with the older system, deploy the new. Use the coexistence period to
work out such kinks as they arise. When the new is also running
stably, shift production to it. When network and economic conditions
warrant, remove the old, which is now no longer necessary.
The question arises: what if that is infeasible due to the time
available to deploy or other considerations? What if the process of
moving a network and its components or customers is starting too late
for contract cycles to effect IPv6 turn-up on important parts at a
point where it becomes uneconomical to deploy global IPv4 addresses
in new services? How does one continue to deploy new services
without balkanizing the network?
This document describes translation as one of the tools networks
might use to facilitate coexistence and ultimate transition.
1.1. Why Translation?
Besides dual-stack deployment, there are two fundamental approaches
one could take to interworking between IPv4 and IPv6: tunneling and
translation. One could -- and in the [6NET] we did -- build an
overlay network that tunnels one protocol over the other. Various
proposals take that model, including 6to4 [RFC3056], Teredo
[RFC4380], Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)
[RFC5214], and Dual-Stack Lite [DS-LITE]. The advantage of doing so
is that the new protocol is enabled to work without disturbing the
old protocol, providing connectivity between users of the new
protocol. There are two disadvantages to tunneling:
o Users of the new architecture are unable to use the services of
the underlying infrastructure -- it is just bandwidth, and
o It doesn't enable new protocol users to communicate with old
protocol users without dual-stack hosts.
As noted, in this work, we look at Internet Protocol translation as a
transition strategy. [RFC4864] forcefully makes the point that
people use Network Address Translators to meet various needs, many of
which are met as well by routing or protocol mechanisms that preserve
the end-to-end addressability of the Internet. What it did not
consider is the case in which there is an ongoing requirement to
communicate with IPv4 systems, but, for example, configuring IPv4
routing is not the most desirable strategy in the network operator's
view, or is infeasible due to a shortage of global address space.
Translation enables the client of a network, whether a transit
network, an access network, or an edge network, to access the
services of the network and communicate with other network users
regardless of their protocol usage -- within limits. Like NAT-PT,
IPv4/IPv6 translation under this rubric is not a long-term support
strategy, but it is a medium-term coexistence strategy that can be
used to facilitate a long-term program of transition.
1.2. Terminology
The following terminology is used in this document and other
documents related to it.
An IPv4 network: A specific network that has an IPv4-only
deployment. This could be an enterprise's IPv4-only network, an
ISP's IPv4-only network, or even an IPv4-only host. The IPv4
Internet is the set of all interconnected IPv4 networks.
An IPv6 network: A specific network that has an IPv6-only
deployment. This could be an enterprise's IPv6-only network, an
ISP's IPv6-only network, or even an IPv6-only host. The IPv6
Internet is the set of all interconnected IPv6 networks.
DNS46: A DNS translator that translates AAAA record to A record.
DNS64: A DNS translator that translates A record to AAAA record.
Dual-Stack implementation: A dual-stack implementation, in this
context, comprises an IPv4/IPv6-enabled end system stack,
applications plus routing in the network. It implies that two
application instances are capable of communicating using either
IPv4 or IPv6 -- they have stacks, they have addresses, and they
have any necessary network support including routing.
IPv4-converted addresses: IPv6 addresses used to represent IPv4
nodes in an IPv6 network. They have an explicit mapping
relationship to IPv4 addresses. Both stateless and stateful
translators use IPv4-converted addresses to represent IPv4
addresses.
IPv4-only: An IPv4-only implementation, in this context, comprises
an IPv4-enabled end system stack, applications directly or
indirectly using that IPv4 stack, plus routing in the network. It
implies that two application instances are capable of
communicating using IPv4, but not IPv6 -- they have an IPv4 stack,
addresses, and network support including IPv4 routing and
potentially IPv4/IPv4 translation, but some element is missing
that prevents communication with IPv6 hosts.
IPv4-translatable addresses: IPv6 addresses to be assigned to IPv6
nodes for use with stateless translation. They have an explicit
mapping relationship to IPv4 addresses. A stateless translator
uses the corresponding IPv4 addresses to represent the IPv6
addresses. A stateful translator does not use this kind of
addresses, since IPv6 hosts are represented by the IPv4 address
pool in the translator via dynamic state.
IPv6-only: An IPv6-only implementation, in this context, comprises
an IPv6-enabled end system stack, applications directly or
indirectly using that IPv6 stack, plus routing in the network. It
implies that two application instances are capable of
communicating using IPv6, but not IPv4 -- they have an IPv6 stack,
addresses, and network support including routing in IPv6, but some
element is missing that prevents communication with IPv4 hosts.
Network-Specific Prefix (NSP): From an IPv6 prefix assigned to a
network operator, the operator chooses a longer prefix for use by
the operator's translator(s). Hence, a given IPv4 address would
have different IPv6 representations in different networks that use
different network-specific prefixes. A network-specific prefix is
also known as a Local Internet Registry (LIR) prefix.
State: "State" refers to dynamic information that is stored in a
network element. For example, if two systems are communicating
using a TCP connection, each stores information about the
connection, which is called "connection state". In this context,
the term refers to dynamic correlations between IP addresses on
either side of a translator, or {IP address, transport protocol,
transport port number} tuples on either side of the translator.
Of stateful algorithms, there are at least two major flavors
depending on the kind of state they maintain:
Hidden state: the existence of this state is unknown outside the
network element that contains it.
Known state: the existence of this state is known by other
network elements.
Stateful Translation: A translation algorithm may be said to
"require state in a network element" or be "stateful" if the
transmission or reception of a packet creates or modifies a data
structure in the relevant network element.
Stateful Translator: A translator that uses stateful translation for
either the source or destination address. A stateful translator
typically also uses a stateless translation algorithm for the
other type of address.
Stateless Translation: A translation algorithm that is not
"stateful" is "stateless". It derives its needed information
algorithmically from the messages it is translating and from pre-
configured information.
Stateless Translator: A translator that uses only stateless
translation for both destination address and source address.
Well-Known Prefix (WKP): The IPv6 prefix defined in [RFC6052] for
use in an algorithmic mapping.
1.3. Translation Objectives
In any translation model, there is a question of objectives.
Ideally, one would like to make any system and any application
running on it able to "talk with" -- exchange datagrams supporting
applications with -- any other system running the same application
regardless of whether they have an IPv4 stack and connectivity or
IPv6 stack and connectivity. That was the model for NAT-PT, and the
things it necessitated led to scaling and operational difficulties
[RFC4966].
So the question comes back to what different kinds of connectivity
can be easily supported, what kinds are harder, and what technologies
are needed to at least pick the low-hanging fruit. We observe that
applications today fall into two main categories:
Client/Server Application: Per whatis.com, "'Client/server'
describes the relationship between two computer programs in which
one program, the client, makes a service request from another
program, the server, which fulfills the request." In networking,
the behavior of the applications is that connections are initiated
from client software and systems to server software and systems.
Examples include mail handling between an end user and his mail
system (POP3, IMAP, and MUA->MTA SMTP), FTP, the web, and DNS name
resolution.
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Application: A P2P application is an application
that uses the same endpoint to initiate outgoing sessions to
peering hosts as well as accept incoming sessions from peering
hosts. These in turn fall broadly into two categories:
Peer-to-peer infrastructure applications: Examples of
"infrastructure applications" include SMTP between MTAs,
Network News, and SIP. Any MTA might open an SMTP session with
any other at any time; any SIP Proxy might similarly connect
with any other SIP Proxy. An important characteristic of these
applications is that they use ephemeral sessions -- they open
sessions when they are needed and close them when they are
done.
Peer-to-peer file exchange applications: Examples of these
include Limewire, BitTorrent, and UTorrent. These are
applications that open some sessions between systems and leave
them open for long periods of time, and where ephemeral
sessions are important, these applications are able to learn
about the reliability of peers from history or by reputation.
They use the long-term sessions to map content availability.
Short-term sessions are used to exchange content. They tend to
prefer to ask for content from peers that they find reliable
and available.
If the goal is the ability to open connections between systems, then
one must ask who opens connections.
o We need a technology that will enable systems that act as clients
to be able to open sessions with other systems that act as
servers, whether in the IPv6->IPv4 direction or the IPv4->IPv6
direction. Ideally, this is stateless; especially in a carrier
infrastructure, the preponderance of accesses will be to servers,
and this optimizes access to them. However, a stateful algorithm
is acceptable if the complexity is minimized and a stateless
algorithm cannot be constructed.
o We also need a technology that will allow peers to connect with
each other, whether in the IPv6->IPv4 direction or the IPv4->IPv6
direction. Again, it would be ideal if this was stateless, but a
stateful algorithm is acceptable if the complexity is minimized
and a stateless algorithm cannot be constructed.
o In some situations, hosts are purely clients. In those
situations, we do not need an algorithm to enable connections to
those hosts.
The complexity arguments bring us in the direction of hidden state:
if state must be shared between the application and the translator or
between translation components, complexity and deployment issues are
greatly magnified. The objective of the translators is to avoid, as
much as possible, any software changes in hosts or applications
necessary to support translation.
NAT-PT is an example of a facility with known state -- at least two
software components (the data-plane translator and the DNS
Application Layer Gateway, which may be implemented in the same or
different systems) share and must coordinate translation state. A
typical IPv4/IPv4 NAT implements an algorithm with hidden state.
Obviously, stateless translation requires less computational overhead
than stateful translation, and less memory to maintain the state,
because the translation tables and their associated methods and
processes exist in a stateful algorithm and don't exist in a
stateless one.
1.4. Transition Plan
While the design of IPv4 made it impossible for IPv6 to be compatible
on the wire, the designers intended that it would coexist with IPv4
during a period of transition. The primary mode of coexistence was
dual-stack operation -- routers would be dual-stacked so that the
network could carry both address families, and IPv6-capable hosts
could be dual-stack to maintain access to IPv4-only partners. The
goal was that the preponderance of hosts and routers in the Internet
would be IPv6-capable long before IPv4 address space allocation was
completed. At this time, it appears the exhaustion of IPv4 address
space will occur before significant IPv6 adoption.
Curran's "A Transition Plan" [RFC5211] proposes a three-phase
progression:
Preparation Phase (current): characterized by pilot use of IPv6,
primarily through transition mechanisms defined in [RFC4213], and
planning activities.
Transition Phase (2010 through 2011): characterized by general
availability of IPv6 in provider networks, which should be native
IPv6; organizations should provide IPv6 connectivity for their
Internet-facing servers, but should still provide IPv4-based
services via a separate service name.
Post-Transition Phase (2012 and beyond): characterized by a
preponderance of IPv6-based services and diminishing support for
IPv4-based services.
Various timelines have been discussed, but most will agree with the
pattern of the above three transition phases, also known as an "S"
curve transition pattern.
In each of these phases, the coexistence problem and solution space
have a different focus:
Preparation Phase: Coexistence tools are needed to facilitate early
adopters by removing impediments to IPv6 deployment and to assure
that nothing is lost by adopting IPv6 -- in particular, that the
IPv6 adopter has unfettered access to the global IPv4 Internet
regardless of whether they have a global IPv4 address (or any IPv4
address or stack at all). While it might appear reasonable for
the cost and operational burden to be borne by the early adopter,
the shared goal of promoting IPv6 adoption would argue against
that model. Additionally, current IPv4 users should not be forced
to retire or upgrade their equipment, and the burden remains on
service providers to carry and route native IPv4. This is known
as the early stage of the "S" curve.
Transition Phase: During the middle stage of the "S" curve, while
IPv6 adoption can be expected to accelerate, there will still be a
significant portion of the Internet operating IPv4-only or
preferring IPv4. During this phase, the norm shifts from IPv4 to
IPv6, and coexistence tools evolve to ensure interoperability
between domains that may be restricted to IPv4 or IPv6.
Post-Transition Phase: This is the last stage of the "S" curve. In
this phase, IPv6 is ubiquitous and the burden of maintaining
interoperability shifts to those who choose to maintain IPv4-only
systems. While these systems should be allowed to live out their
economic life cycles, the IPv4-only legacy users at the edges
should bear the cost of coexistence tools, and at some point
service provider networks should not be expected to carry and
route native IPv4 traffic.
The choice between the terms "transition" versus "coexistence" has
engendered long philosophical debate. "Transition" carries the sense
that one is going somewhere, while "coexistence" seems more like one
is sitting somewhere. Historically with the IETF, "transition" has
been the term of choice [RFC4213] [RFC5211], and the tools for
interoperability have been called "transition mechanisms". There is
some perception or conventional wisdom that adoption of IPv6 is being
impeded by the deficiency of tools to facilitate interoperability of
nodes or networks that are constrained (in some way, fully or
partially) from full operation in one of the address families. In
addition, it is apparent that transition will involve a period of
coexistence; the only real question is how long that will last.
Thus, coexistence is an integral part of the transition plan, not in
conflict with it, but there will be a balancing act. It starts out
being a way for early IPv6 adopters to easily exploit the bigger IPv4
Internet, and ends up being a way for late/never adopters to hang on
with IPv4 (at their own expense, with minimal impact or visibility to
the Internet). One way to look at solutions is that cost incentives
(both monetary cost and the operational overhead for the end user)
should encourage IPv6 and discourage IPv4. That way natural market
forces will keep the transition moving -- especially as the legacy
IPv4-only stuff ages out of use. The end goal should not be to
eliminate IPv4 by fiat, but rather render it redundant through
ubiquitous IPv6 deployment. IPv4 may never go away completely, but
rational plans should move the costs of maintaining IPv4 to those who
insist on using it after wide adoption of IPv6.
2. Scenarios for IPv4/IPv6 Translation
It is important to note that the choice of translation solution and
the assumptions about the network where they are used impact the
consequences. A translator for the general case has a number of
issues that a translator for a more specific situation may not have
at all.
The intention of this document is to focus on translation solutions
under all kinds of situations. All IPv4/IPv6 translation cases can
be easily described in terms of "interoperation between a set of
systems (applications) that only communicate using IPv4 and a set of
systems that only communicate using IPv6", but the differences at a
detailed level make them interesting.
Based on the transition plan described in Section 1.4, there are four
types of IPv4/IPv6 translation cases:
a. Interoperation between an IPv6 network and the IPv4 Internet
b. Interoperation between an IPv4 network and the IPv6 Internet
c. Interoperation between an IPv6 network and an IPv4 network
d. Interoperation between the IPv6 Internet and the IPv4 Internet
Each one of the above can be divided into two scenarios, depending on
whether the IPv6 side or the IPv4 side initiates communication, so
there are a total of eight scenarios.
Scenario 1: an IPv6 network to the IPv4 Internet
Scenario 2: the IPv4 Internet to an IPv6 network
Scenario 3: the IPv6 Internet to an IPv4 network
Scenario 4: an IPv4 network to the IPv6 Internet
Scenario 5: an IPv6 network to an IPv4 network
Scenario 6: an IPv4 network to an IPv6 network
Scenario 7: the IPv6 Internet to the IPv4 Internet
Scenario 8: the IPv4 Internet to the IPv6 Internet
We will discuss each scenario in detail in the next section.
2.1. Scenario 1: An IPv6 Network to the IPv4 Internet
Due to the lack of IPv4 addresses or due to other technical or
economical constraints, the network is IPv6-only, but the hosts in
the network require communicating with the global IPv4 Internet.
This is the typical scenario for what we sometimes call "green-field"
deployments. One example is an enterprise network that wishes to
operate only IPv6 for operational simplicity, but still wishes to
reach the content in the IPv4 Internet. The green-field enterprise
scenario is different from an ISP's network in the sense that there
is only one place that the enterprise can easily modify: the border
between its network and the IPv4 Internet. Obviously, the IPv4
Internet operates the way it already does. But, in addition, the
hosts in the enterprise network are commercially available devices,
personal computers with existing operating systems. This restriction
drives us to a "one box" type of solution, where IPv6 can be
translated into IPv4 to reach the public Internet.
Other cases that have been mentioned include wireless ISP networks
and sensor networks. These bear a striking resemblance to this
scenario as well, if one considers the ISP network to simply be a
very special kind of enterprise network.
--------
// \\ -----------
/ \ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| The IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Internet +----+ Network | XLAT: IPv6/IPv4
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS64
\ / \\ //
\\ // -----------
--------
<====
Figure 1: Scenario 1
Both stateless and stateful solutions can support Scenario 1.
2.2. Scenario 2: The IPv4 Internet to an IPv6 Network
When the enterprise networks or ISP networks adopt Scenario 1, the
IPv6-only users will not only want to access servers on the IPv4
Internet but also will want to setup their own servers in the network
that are accessible by the users on the IPv4 Internet, since the
majority of the Internet users are still in the IPv4 Internet. Thus,
with a translation solution for this scenario, the benefits would be
clear. Not only could servers move directly to IPv6 without trudging
through a difficult transition period, but they could do so without
risk of losing connectivity with the IPv4-only Internet.
--------
// \\ ----------
/ \ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| The IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Internet +----+ Network | XLAT: IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS46
\ / \\ //
\\ // ----------
--------
====>
Figure 2: Scenario 2
In general, this scenario presents a hard case for translation.
Stateful translation such as NAT-PT [RFC2766] can be used in this
scenario, but it requires a tightly coupled DNS Application Level
Gateway (ALG) in the translator, and this technique was deprecated by
the IETF [RFC4966].
The stateless translation solution in Scenario 1 can also work in
Scenario 2, since it can support IPv4-initiated communications with a
subset of the IPv6 addresses (IPv4-translatable addresses) in an IPv6
network.
2.3. Scenario 3: The IPv6 Internet to an IPv4 Network
There is a requirement for a legacy IPv4 network to provide services
to IPv6 hosts.
-----------
---------- // \\
// \\ / \
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| An IPv4 +----+ The IPv6 |
| Network +----+ Internet | XLAT: IPv6/IPv4
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS64
\\ // \ /
--------- \\ //
-----------
<====
Figure 3: Scenario 3
Stateless translation will not work for this scenario, because an
IPv4 network needs to communicate with all of the IPv6 Internet, not
just a small subset, and stateless can only support a subset of the
IPv6 addresses. However, IPv6-initiated communication can be
achieved through stateful translation. In this case, a Network
Specific Prefix assigned to the translator will give the hosts unique
IPv4-converted IPv6 addresses, no matter whether the legacy IPv4
network uses public IPv4 addresses or [RFC1918] addresses. Also
there is no need to synthesize AAAA from A records, since static AAAA
records can be put in the regular DNS to represent these IPv4-only
hosts as discussed in Section 7.3 of [RFC6147].
2.4. Scenario 4: An IPv4 Network to the IPv6 Internet
Due to technical or economical constraints, the network is IPv4-only,
and IPv4-only hosts (applications) may require communicating with the
global IPv6 Internet.
-----------
---------- // \\
// \\ / \
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| An IPv4 +----+ The IPv6 | XLAT: IPv4/IPv6
| Network +----+ Internet | Translator
| |DNS | | DNS: DNS46
\ +----+ /
\\ // \ /
--------- \\ //
----------
=====>
Figure 4: Scenario 4
In general, this scenario presents a hard case for translation.
Stateful translation such as NAT-PT [RFC2766] can be used in this
scenario, but it requires a tightly coupled DNS ALG in the
translator, and this technique was deprecated by the IETF [RFC4966].
From the transition phase discussion in Section 1.4, this scenario
will probably only occur when we are well past the early stage of the
"S" curve, and the IPv4/IPv6 transition has already moved to the
right direction. Therefore, in-network translation is not considered
viable for this scenario, and other techniques should be considered.
2.5. Scenario 5: An IPv6 Network to an IPv4 Network
In this scenario, both an IPv4 network and an IPv6 network are within
the same organization.
The IPv4 addresses used are either public IPv4 addresses or [RFC1918]
addresses. The IPv6 addresses used are either public IPv6 addresses
or ULAs (Unique Local Addresses) [RFC4193].
--------- ---------
// \\ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| An IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Network +----+ Network | XLAT: IPv6/IPv4
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS64
\\ // \\ //
-------- ---------
<====
Figure 5: Scenario 5
The translation requirement from this scenario has no significant
difference from Scenario 1, so both the stateful and stateless
translation schemes discussed in Section 2.1 apply here.
2.6. Scenario 6: An IPv4 Network to an IPv6 Network
This is another scenario when both an IPv4 network and an IPv6
network are within the same organization.
The IPv4 addresses used are either public IPv4 addresses or [RFC1918]
addresses. The IPv6 addresses used are either public IPv6 addresses
or ULAs (Unique Local Addresses) [RFC4193].
-------- ---------
// \\ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| An IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Network +----+ Network | XLAT: IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS46
\\ // \\ //
-------- ---------
====>
Figure 6: Scenario 6
The translation requirement from this scenario has no significant
difference from Scenario 2, so the translation scheme discussed in
Section 2.2 applies here.
2.7. Scenario 7: The IPv6 Internet to the IPv4 Internet
This seems the ideal case for in-network translation technology,
where any IPv6-only host or application on the global Internet can
initiate communication with any IPv4-only host or application on the
global Internet.
-------- ---------
// \\ // \\
/ \ / \
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| The IPv4 +----+ The IPv6 |
| Internet +----+ Internet | XLAT: IPv6/IPv4
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS64
\ / \ /
\\ // \\ //
-------- ---------
<====
Figure 7: Scenario 7
Due to the huge difference in size between the address spaces of the
IPv4 Internet and the IPv6 Internet, there is no viable translation
technique to handle unlimited IPv6 address translation.
If we ever run into this scenario, fortunately, the IPv4/IPv6
transition has already passed the early stage of the "S" curve.
Therefore, there is no obvious business reason to demand a
translation solution as the only transition strategy.
2.8. Scenario 8: The IPv4 Internet to the IPv6 Internet
This case is very similar to Scenario 7. The analysis and
conclusions for Scenario 7 also apply for this scenario.
-------- ---------
// \\ // \\
/ \ / \
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| The IPv4 +----+ The IPv6 |
| Internet +----+ Internet | XLAT: IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS46
\ / \ /
\\ // \\ //
-------- ---------
====>
Figure 8: Scenario 8
3. Framework
Having laid out the preferred transition model and the options for
implementing it (Section 1.1), defined terms (Section 1.2),
considered the requirements (Section 1.3), considered the transition
model (Section 1.4), and considered the kinds of scenarios the
facility would support (Section 2), we now turn to a framework for
IPv4/IPv6 translation. The framework contains the following
components:
o Address translation
o IP and ICMP translation
o Maintaining translation state
o DNS64 and DNS46
o ALGs for other application-layer protocols (e.g., FTP)
3.1. Translation Components
3.1.1. Address Translation
When IPv6/IPv4 translation is performed, we should specify how an
individual IPv6 address is translated to a corresponding IPv4
address, and vice versa, in cases where an algorithmic mapping is
used. This includes the choice of IPv6 prefix and the choice of
method by which the remainder of the IPv6 address is derived from an
IPv4 address [RFC6052]. The usages of the IPv6 addresses are shown
in the following figures.
------------
H4 - (IPv4 network) - IPv4 address corresponding to H6's IPv4-
(IPv4 ------------ translatable address
address) \
--------------
|Stateless XLAT|
--------------
\
-----------
IPv4-converted address of H4 - (IPv6 network) - H6 (IPv4-
----------- translatable address)
Figure 9: IPv6 Address Representation for Stateless Translation
------------
H4 - (IPv4 network) - IPv4 address in the translator's IPv4 pool
(IPv4 ------------
address) \
--------------
|Stateful XLAT |
--------------
\
-----------
IPv4-converted address of H4 - (IPv6 network) - H6 (any IPv6 address)
-----------
Figure 10: IPv6 Address Representation for Stateful Translation
For both stateless and stateful translation, an algorithmic mapping
table is used to translate IPv6 destination addresses (IPv4-converted
addresses) to IPv4 destination addresses in the IPv6-to-IPv4
direction and translate IPv4 source addresses to IPv6 source
addresses (IPv4-converted addresses) in the IPv4-to-IPv6 direction.
Note that translating IPv6 source addresses to IPv4 source addresses
in the IPv6-to-IPv4 direction and translating IPv4 destination
addresses to IPv6 destination addresses in the IPv4-to-IPv6 direction
will be different for stateless translation and stateful translation.
o For stateless translation, the same algorithmic mapping table is
used to translate IPv6 source addresses (IPv4-translatable
addresses) to IPv4 source addresses in the IPv6-to-IPv4 direction
and translate IPv4 destination addresses to IPv6 destination
addresses (IPv4-translatable addresses) in the IPv4-to-IPv6
direction. In this case, blocks of the service provider's IPv4
addresses are mapped into IPv6 and used by physical IPv6 nodes.
The original IPv4 form of these blocks of the service provider's
IPv4 addresses are used to represent the physical IPv6 nodes in
IPv4. Note that stateless translation supports both IPv6
initiated as well as IPv4 initiated communications.
o For stateful translation, the algorithmic mapping table is not
used to translate source addresses in the IPv6-to-IPv4 direction
and destination addresses in the IPv4-to-IPv6 direction. Instead,
a state table is used to translate IPv6 source addresses to IPv4
source addresses in the IPv6-to-IPv4 direction and translate IPv4
destination addresses to IPv6 destination addresses in the IPv4-
to-IPv6 direction. In this case, blocks of the service provider's
IPv4 addresses are maintained in the translator as the IPv4
address pools and are dynamically bound to specific IPv6
addresses. The original IPv4 form of these blocks of the service
provider's IPv4 addresses is used to represent the IPv6 address in
IPv4. However, due to the dynamic binding, stateful translation
in general only supports IPv6-initiated communication.
3.1.2. IP and ICMP Translation
The IPv4/IPv6 translator is based on the update to the Stateless IP/
ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT) described in [RFC2765]. The
algorithm translates between IPv4 and IPv6 packet headers (including
ICMP headers).
The IP and ICMP translation document [RFC6145] discusses header
translation for both stateless and stateful modes, but does not cover
maintaining state in the stateful mode. In the stateless mode,
translation is performed using a combination of information carried
in the address and information configured in the translator. This
permits both IPv4->IPv6 and IPv6->IPv4 session establishment. In the
stateful mode, translation state is maintained between IPv4 address/
transport port tuples and IPv6 address/transport port tuples,
enabling IPv6 systems to open sessions with IPv4 systems. The choice
of operational mode is made by the operator deploying the network and
is critical to the operation of the applications using it.
3.1.3. Maintaining Translation State
For the stateful translator, besides IP and ICMP translation, special
action must be taken to maintain the translation states. [RFC6146]
describes a mechanism for maintaining state.
3.1.4. DNS64 and DNS46
DNS64 [RFC6147] and possible future DNS46 documents describe the
mechanisms by which a DNS translator is intended to operate. It is
designed to operate on the basis of known address translation
algorithms defined in [RFC6052].
There are at least two possible implementations of a DNS64 and DNS46:
Static records: One could literally populate DNS with corresponding
A and AAAA records. This mechanism works for scenarios 2, 3, 5,
and 6.
Dynamic Translation of static records: In more general operation,
the preferred behavior is an A record to be (retrieved and)
translated to a AAAA record by the DNS64 if and only if no
reachable AAAA record exists, or for a AAAA record to be
(retrieved and) translated to an A record by the DNS46 if and only
if no reachable A record exists.
3.1.5. ALGs for Other Applications Layer Protocols
In addition, some applications require special support. An example
is FTP. FTP's active mode doesn't work well across NATs without
extra support such as SOCKS [RFC1928] [RFC3089]. Across NATs, it
generally uses passive mode. However, the designers of FTP wrote
different and incompatible passive-mode implementations for IPv4 and
IPv6 networks. Hence, either they need to fix FTP, or a translator
must be written for the application. Other applications may be
similarly broken.
As a general rule, a simple operational recommendation will work
around many application issues: there should be a server in each
domain, or an instance of the server should have an interface in each
domain. For example, an SMTP MTA may be confused by finding an IPv6
address in its HELO when it is connected to using IPv4 (or vice
versa), but would work perfectly well if it had an interface in both
the IPv4 and IPv6 domains and was used as an application-layer bridge
between them.
3.2. Operation Mode for Specific Scenarios
Currently, the proposed solutions for IPv6/IPv4 translation are
classified into stateless translation and stateful translation.
3.2.1. Stateless Translation
For stateless translation, the translation information is carried in
the address itself plus configuration in the translators, permitting
both IPv4->IPv6 and IPv6->IPv4 session initiation. Stateless
translation supports end-to-end address transparency and has better
scalability compared with stateful translation [RFC6145].
The stateless translation mechanisms typically put constraints on
what IPv6 addresses can be assigned to IPv6 nodes that want to
communicate with IPv4 destinations using an algorithmic mapping. For
Scenario 1 ("an IPv6 network to the IPv4 Internet"), it is not a
serious drawback, since the address assignment policy can be applied
to satisfy this requirement for the IPv6 nodes that need to
communicate with the IPv4 Internet. In addition, stateless
translation supports Scenario 2 ("the IPv4 Internet to an IPv6
network"), which means that not only could servers move directly to
IPv6 without trudging through a difficult transition period, but also
they could do so without risk of losing connectivity with the IPv4-
only Internet.
Stateless translation can be used for Scenarios 1, 2, 5, and 6, i.e.,
it supports "an IPv6 network to the IPv4 Internet", "the IPv4
Internet to an IPv6 network", "an IPv6 network to an IPv4 network",
and "an IPv4 network to an IPv6 network".
--------
// \\ -----------
/ \ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| The IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Internet +----+ Network | XLAT: Stateless IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | (address | Translator
\ +----+ subset) / DNS: DNS64/DNS46
\ / \\ //
\\ // ----------
--------
<====>
Figure 11: Stateless Translation for Scenarios 1 and 2
-------- ---------
// \\ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| An IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Network +----+ Network | XLAT: Stateless IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | (address | Translator
\ +----+ subset) / DNS: DNS64/DNS46
\\ // \\ //
-------- ---------
<====>
Figure 12: Stateless Translation for Scenarios 5 and 6
The implementation of the stateless translator needs to refer to
[RFC6145] and [RFC6052].
3.2.2. Stateful Translation
For stateful translation, the translation state is maintained between
IPv4 address/port pairs and IPv6 address/port pairs, enabling IPv6
systems to open sessions with IPv4 systems [RFC6145] [RFC6146].
Stateful translation can be used for Scenarios 1, 3, and 5, i.e., it
supports "an IPv6 network to the IPv4 Internet", "the IPv6 Internet
to an IPv4 network", and "an IPv6 network to an IPv4 network".
For Scenario 1, any IPv6 addresses in an IPv6 network can use
stateful translation; however, it typically only supports initiation
from the IPv6 side. In addition, it does not result in stable
addresses of IPv6 nodes that can be used in DNS, which may cause
problems for the protocols and applications that do not deal well
with highly dynamic addresses.
--------
// \\ -----------
/ \ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| The IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Internet +----+ Network | XLAT: Stateful IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS64
\ / \\ //
\\ // -----------
--------
<====
Figure 13: Stateful Translation for Scenario 1
Scenario 3 handles servers using IPv4 private addresses [RFC1918] and
being reached from the IPv6 Internet. This includes cases of servers
that for some reason cannot be upgraded to IPv6 and don't have public
IPv4 addresses, and yet need to be reached by IPv6 nodes in the IPv6
Internet.
-----------
---------- // \\
// \\ / \
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| An IPv4 +----+ The IPv6 |
| Network +----+ Internet | XLAT: Stateful IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS64
\\ // \ /
--------- \\ //
-----------
<====
Figure 14: Stateful Translation for Scenario 3
Similarly, stateful translation can also be used for Scenario 5.
-------- ---------
// \\ // \\
/ +----+ \
| |XLAT| |
| An IPv4 +----+ An IPv6 |
| Network +----+ Network | XLAT: Stateful IPv4/IPv6
| |DNS | | Translator
\ +----+ / DNS: DNS64
\\ // \\ //
-------- ---------
<====
Figure 15: Stateful Translation for Scenario 5
The implementation of the stateful translator needs to refer to
[RFC6145], [RFC6146], and [RFC6052].
3.3. Layout of the Related Documents
Based on the above analysis, the IPv4/IPv6 translation series
consists of the following documents.
o Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation (this document).
o Address translation (the choice of IPv6 prefix and the choice of
method by which the remainder of the IPv6 address is derived from
an IPv4 address, part of the SIIT update) [RFC6052].
o IP and ICMP Translation (header translation and ICMP handling,
part of the SIIT update) [RFC6145].
o Table maintenance (stateful translation including session database
and mapping table handling) [RFC6146].
o DNS64 (DNS64: A to AAAA mapping and DNSSEC discussion) [RFC6147].
o FTP ALG [FTP64].
o Others (DNS46, Multicast, etc.).
The relationship among these documents is shown in the following
figure.
-----------------------------------------
| Framework for IPv4/IPv6 Translation |
-----------------------------------------
|| ||
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| || stateless and stateful || |
| -------------------- --------------------- |
| |Address Translation | <======== | IP/ICMP Translation | |
| -------------------- --------------------- |
| /\ /\ |
| || ------------------||------------ |
| || | stateful \/ |
| ----------------- | --------------------- |
| | DNS64/DNS46 | | | Table Maintenance | |
| ----------------- | --------------------- |
-------------------------------------------------------------------
/\ /\
|| ||
----------------- --------------------
| FTP ALG | | Others |
----------------- --------------------
Figure 16: Document Layout
In the document layout, the IP/ICMP Translation and DNS64/DNS46
normatively refer to Address Translation. The Table Maintenance and
IP/ICMP Translation normatively refer to each other.
The FTP ALG and other documents normatively refer to the Address
Format, IP/ICMP Translation, and Table Maintenance documents.
4. Translation in Operation
Operationally, there are two ways that translation could be used --
as a permanent solution thereby making transition "the other guy's
problem", and as a temporary solution for a new part of one's network
while bringing up IPv6 services in the remaining parts of one's
network. We obviously recommend the latter at the present stage.
For the IPv4 parts of the network, [RFC4213]'s recommendation holds.
Bring IPv6 up in those domains, move production to it, and then take
down the now-unnecessary IPv4 service when economics warrant. This
approach to transition entails the least risk.
----------------------
////// \\\\\\
/// IPv4 or Dual Stack \\\
|| +----+ Routing +-----+ ||
| |IPv4| |IPv4+| |
| |Host| |IPv6 | |
|| +----+ |Host | ||
\\\ +-----+ ///
\\\\\----+----+-+-----+ +----+-/////
|XLAT|-|DNS64|-|FTP |
| |-|DNS46|-|ALG |
/////----+----+ +-----+ +----+-\\\\\
/// \\\
|| +-----+ +----+ ||
| |IPv4+| |IPv6| |
| |IPv6 | |Host| |
|| |Host | +----+ ||
\\\ +-----+ IPv6-only Routing ///
\\\\\\ //////
----------------------
Figure 17: Translation Operational Model
Figure 17 shows that, during the coexistence phase, one expects a
combination of hosts, applications, and networks. Hosts might
include IPv6-only gaming devices and handsets, older computer
operating systems that are IPv4-only, and modern mainline operating
systems that support both. Applications might include ones that are
IPv4-only and modern applications that support both IPv4 and IPv6.
Networks might include dual-stack devices operating in single-stack
networks (whether that stack is IPv4 or IPv6) and fully functional
dual-stack networks.
5. Unsolved Problems
The framework does not cover all possible scenarios, and it may be
extended in the future to address them.
6. Security Considerations
This document is the framework of IPv4/IPv6 translation. The
security issues are addressed in individual IPv4/IPv6 translation
documents, i.e., [RFC6052], [RFC6145], [RFC6146], [RFC6147], and
[FTP64].
7. Acknowledgements
This is under development by a large group of people. Those who have
posted to the list during the discussion include Andrew Sullivan,
Andrew Yourtchenko, Bo Zhou, Brian Carpenter, Dan Wing, Dave Thaler,
David Harrington, Ed Jankiewicz, Gang Chen, Hui Deng, Hiroshi Miyata,
Iljitsch van Beijnum, John Schnizlein, Magnus Westerlund, Marcelo
Bagnulo Braun, Margaret Wasserman, Masahito Endo, Phil Roberts,
Philip Matthews, Remi Denis-Courmont, and Remi Despres.
Ed Jankiewicz described the transition plan.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[RFC6052] Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
October 2010.
[RFC6145] Li, X., Bao, C., and F. Baker, "IP/ICMP Translation
Algorithm", RFC 6145, April 2011.
[RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum, "Stateful
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011.
[RFC6147] Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. Beijnum,
"DNS64: DNS extensions for Network Address Translation
from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147, April 2011.
8.2. Informative References
[6NET] 6NET Consortium, "6NET", <http://www.6net.org/>.
[DS-LITE] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", Work in Progress, March 2011.
[FTP64] Beijnum, I., "An FTP ALG for IPv6-to-IPv4 translation",
Work in Progress, March 2011.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., Groot, G., and
E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, February 1996.
[RFC1923] Halpern, J. and S. Bradner, "RIPv1 Applicability Statement
for Historic Status", RFC 1923, March 1996.
[RFC1928] Leech, M., Ganis, M., Lee, Y., Kuris, R., Koblas, D., and
L. Jones, "SOCKS Protocol Version 5", RFC 1928,
March 1996.
[RFC2765] Nordmark, E., "Stateless IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm
(SIIT)", RFC 2765, February 2000.
[RFC2766] Tsirtsis, G. and P. Srisuresh, "Network Address
Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)", RFC 2766,
February 2000.
[RFC3056] Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains
via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001.
[RFC3089] Kitamura, H., "A SOCKS-based IPv6/IPv4 Gateway Mechanism",
RFC 3089, April 2001.
[RFC4192] Baker, F., Lear, E., and R. Droms, "Procedures for
Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day", RFC 4192,
September 2005.
[RFC4193] Hinden, R. and B. Haberman, "Unique Local IPv6 Unicast
Addresses", RFC 4193, October 2005.
[RFC4213] Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms
for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213, October 2005.
[RFC4380] Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through
Network Address Translations (NATs)", RFC 4380,
February 2006.
[RFC4864] Van de Velde, G., Hain, T., Droms, R., Carpenter, B., and
E. Klein, "Local Network Protection for IPv6", RFC 4864,
May 2007.
[RFC4966] Aoun, C. and E. Davies, "Reasons to Move the Network
Address Translator - Protocol Translator (NAT-PT) to
Historic Status", RFC 4966, July 2007.
[RFC5211] Curran, J., "An Internet Transition Plan", RFC 5211,
July 2008.
[RFC5214] Templin, F., Gleeson, T., and D. Thaler, "Intra-Site
Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)", RFC 5214,
March 2008.
Authors' Addresses
Fred Baker
Cisco Systems
Santa Barbara, California 93117
USA
Phone: +1-408-526-4257
Fax: +1-413-473-2403
EMail: fred@cisco.com
Xing Li
CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
Beijing, 100084
China
Phone: +86 10-62785983
EMail: xing@cernet.edu.cn
Congxiao Bao
CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
Room 225, Main Building, Tsinghua University
Beijing, 100084
China
Phone: +86 10-62785983
EMail: congxiao@cernet.edu.cn
Kevin Yin
Cisco Systems
No. 2 Jianguomenwai Ave, Chaoyang District
Beijing, 100022
China
Phone: +86-10-8515-5094
EMail: kyin@cisco.com